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Ch3

GAINSANDLOSSESFROMTRADEINTHESPECIFIC-FACTORSMODEL1.TheModel2.No-TradeEquilibrium3.Trade-Equilibrium3.1PatternofTrade3.2Returntomobilefactors3.3ReturntospecificfactorsI.TheModel1.ProblemsoftheRicardianmodel2.ModelAssumptions 2.1 PPFinSpecificFactorModel 2.2Theno-Tradeequilibrium2.2.1Goodsmarket2.2.2FactormarketProblemsoftheRicardianmodelStrongspecializationpattern/discontinuousadjustmentNoIncomeDistributionEffectsSpecific-Factorsmodelhelpsexplainwhogainsandwholoses.Howdoestradeaffecttheearningsofcapital,labor,andland?Freetradeleadsto:RisingrelativepricesintheexportsectorFallingrelativepricesintheimportsectorWhatwereallywanttoknowishowchangesinrelativepricesaffecttheearningsoffactors/IncomedistributionModelAssumptions2countries:HomeandForeign3factors:Labor,CapitalandLandAllfactorsarefixedinsupplyandimmobileacrosscountries2goods:Manufacturinguseslaborandcapital(specificfactor).Agricultureuseslaborandland(specificfactor).Laboristhemobilefactoracrossindustries.CRTStechnologyimpliesdiminishingmarginalproductsinbothindustriesThePPFisconcavetotheorigin.Homotheticpreferences(e.g.,Cobb-Douglasutility)AllmarketsareperfectlycompetitiveDiminishingMarginalProductofLaborPPFinSpecificFactorModelTheslopeofthePPFisthenegativeoftheratioofthemarginalproductsTheslopeofthePPFequalstheopportunitycostortherelativepriceofthegoodonthehorizontalaxis(manufacturing).Theno-TradeequilibriumGoodsmarketequilibriumPM/PA=−(slopeofPPF)=−(slopeofindifferencecurve)TheindifferencecurveistangenttoPPFTheno-TradeequilibriumFactormarketequilibriumLabormarketequilibriumFirmsinthetwoindustrieshirelaboruptothepointwherethecostofonemorehouroflabor(thewage)equalsthevalueofonemorehouroflaborinproduction.Sinceweassumethatlaborismobile,thewagesinthetwoindustriesmustbeequal.Again,thisimpliesthattherelativepriceofmanufacturingequalstheopportunitycostofmanufacturing(slopeofPPF).Theno-TradeequilibriumWage

WageManufacturinglaborAgriculturelaborTotallaborsupplyPM*MPLMisdrawnfromlefttorightPMMPLMValueofmarginalproductofmanufacturingPAMPLAValueofmarginalproductofagriculturePA*MPLAisdrawnfromrighttoleftALabormarketequilibriumWLaborMarketEquilibriumiswherethetwocurvescrossAllocationofLaborbetweenManufacturingandAgricultureTheForeigncountryAssumetheno-tradepriceintheforeigncountry(PM*/PA*)ishigherthanthatintheHomeCountry(PM/PA).Fornowwewillignorereasonsforpricedifferences.Homehascomparativeadvantageinmanufacturing(canproduceatloweropportunitycostthanForeign).U1ManufacturingOutput,QMAAgricultureOutput,QAPPFSlope=–(PM/PA)ForeignCountrywithoutTrade*******II.TheTradeEquilibrium1.TheGoodsmarketequilibrium 1.1Overallgainsfromtrade 1.2PatternofTrade2.TheFactormarketequilibriumGoodsmarketequilibriumWhentradeopens,theworldpricewillendupbetweentheno-tradepricesoftheHomeandForeigncountries.Aftertrade,RelativeHomepriceofmanufacturingwillriseRelativeForeignpriceofmanufacturingwillfallOncetradeisopenedandconsumersfacethenewworldprice,theyareabletomovetoahigherindifferencecurveU2(OverallGainsfromTrade)PatternofTradeWhathashappenedatHome?Therelativelyhigherpriceinmanufacturingattractsmoreworkerstothatindustry—productionnowatpointB(insteadofA).ManufacturedgoodsareexportedandAgriculturalgoodsareimported.Consumptionchanges—movingindividualstoahigherindifferencecurveallowingthemtonowconsumeatC(insteadofA).Thegoodwhoserelativepriceincreasesbecomestheexportedgood.Thegoodwhoserelativepricedecreasesistheimportedgood.Acountryasawholecanneverbemadeworseofffromtrade.DistributionalaspectsinInternationalTradeAlthoughacountryasawholeisbetterofffromtrade,thatdoesnotmeanthateveryindividualisbetteroff.Howarereturnstolabor,capitalandlandaffectedinimportingandexportingindustriesaftertrade?WewillfirstfocusontheHomemobilefactor,labor.II.TheTradeEquilibrium2.TheFactormarketequilibrium 2.1 Labormarketequilibrium 2.1.1Realwageearnedbylabor 2.1.2Unemploymentissue 2.2CapitalandLandmarketequilibrium 2.2.1DeterminingrentalstoCapitalandLand 2.2.2ChangeintheRealRentalonCapital 2.2.3ChangeintheRealRentalonLandLa很bo排r尺Ma迫rk灯et贪e溪qu夏il护ib柄ri哗umCh庭an休ge级i阅n粮Re亏la欢ti畅ve踪蝶P愉ri葛ce故o可f泉Ma才nu耀fa写ct晨ur萌esAs分su壁me狮t钻he替r拨el咸at贺iv耻e子pr瓦ic旱e彼of床m哑an汉uf腹ac技tu传re翁s辰ri坑se痰s践(b睡ec恢au更se默o附f故th从e表fo瓦re版ig焰n深de屯ma郊nd五f偿or妥t后he仇m)碰.Wi遇th途ou森t境lo蔑ss数o誉f惜ge壶ne凶ra循li舰ty槐,吧as爱su壤me柱PMri贿se燃s,PM*M怪PLMcu涂rv韵e涉sh带if案ts蛙u土p窗byΔPM∙MP沙LMNe盆w午eq础ui营li头br黑iu拼m幅at李h缠ig捉he弟r牢wa书geLMha侨s爆in亚cr符ea系se军d扫an峰d寸LAha朋s页de另cr惕ea锻se彩dLa凶bo之r父Ma歇rk磁et快e寸qu它il境ib村ri送umBPM'MPLMWageWagePMMPLMPAMPLAAWPM*M粉PLMsh检if召ts测u象p桑cr陵ea某ti炊ng挨a涌n蕉ew惠e痕qu魂il牧ib刚ri均um跟.W’Verticaldistance

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