翻译讲义深探考研英语强化课程

讲（所附参考译文，仅做全文理解参考所用。具体划线句子的准确译文，请认真听讲、记好笔记。1998体物理学（典型理科类Theywerebyfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientisthadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration‟sCosmicBackgroundExplorersa lite-CobehaddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasdiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathaseknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominant nationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies, ntsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomersworldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.73)AstrophysicistsworkingSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingsIfthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyusibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitis参考译迄今为止，科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是：离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。（71）更为重要的是，这是科学家令人惊讶，又在人们的意料之中：国家航空航天Cobe号（宇宙背景探测器）已经发现了划时代的，表明宇宙确实于最早的一次爆炸，人们称之为"大"（此理论认为宇宙于一大块能量的。设计 就是要观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还想看到更小的热点，即，像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看他们不必等待很长时间7天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器正在越来越近地观测这些不久会报告他们的观测结 75）2000年与经济（文理科搭配ernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyoneconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthaternmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmunications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whileernmentsareoften dtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelonationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.AllthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsfortheernmentsAdditionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements---themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors, ernmentsareingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsfor nningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.世界各国的行为都基于一个假设，即，本国人民的福利主要依赖于该国经济实力和社会。（71）在现代条件下，这需要程度其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这也就意味着被迫越来越多地干预这些门，以便提高生产率，确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益。例如，可能利用各种方法鼓励研究工作，包括建立自己的；可以改变教育结构，或进行干预，以便减少自然资源的浪费，开发尚未利用的资源；或者在日益增多的科学、经济和工业项目中直接（73）大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，常常得推出的程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。这一切带来的就是，在社会内部营造了异乎寻常的压力和紧张气氛，从而给有关带来了严重问题需要处理。（75）由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。目前，以上所有这些因素产生的就是，各国为了制2001年未来学（文理科搭配）（评分细则解释Inlessthan30years‟timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain‟snervoussystemacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotal71）Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72）Childrenwillywithdollsequippedwith alitychips,computerswithin-built willberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmellevision,anddigitalagewillhaveAccordingtoBT‟sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium（aperiodof1,000years）,whenputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasof73）Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakece.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“ItwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimayleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendthenextThroughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblems2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75）Andhomeapplianceswillalsoesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.拟环境，使《全部回忆》中展示的虚拟假期成为可能。（71）届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话和装有污染器的汽车。一旦这些汽车排污（），器就会使其停驶。（72）儿童将与装有个性化的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前BT的未来学家亚恩做出的预见，这些都属于新世纪头几十年发展计划之列，届时，超级计算机将急剧加速各个生活领域的（73）汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现2024年之间陆续实现。还，在计算机与人的连接上会有一个重大突破。他说：“们希望，它可以模仿感觉，这样，我们就能够发展全方位感知环境，就像 《全部回忆》中的虚拟假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面。”（74）但 ，这个突破仅仅是人机 的开始：“它是人机 漫长 的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之就研制出完全电子化的仿 。” 以进行时间旅行，却依然没有预见。但他的确预见技术进步引起的社会问题。比如，到2010年，住宅区附近监视器数量的剧增将 2003年人类学（典型文科类Humanbeingsinalltimesandcesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirceinit.Humansarethoughtfulcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisnetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologypassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinysis.(63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwitha broughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor‟sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatinlectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor‟sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isan conceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.参考译 “Anthropology”一 人类学属于社会科学。(62)社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方去研究人类及其行为社会科学包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学等学科。社会学的每一学科都包含一门与人类学密切相关的副学科或专业 爵士对文化理念的表述是19世纪科学所取得的重大知识成就之一。(64) (65)因此，人类学中的“文化模拟题（请认真听讲，做好笔记。无配送的参考译文，请以老师课程讲解为准Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)reportedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyingthisyear.Addinescalatingcr