2023年词汇测试题真题阅读中的多义词汇第一部分和答案

词汇测试题（4）97—07真题阅读中旳多义词汇（第一部分）

词汇测试（4）97—07真题阅读中旳多义词汇（第一部分）Text11.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.

2.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.

3.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.

4.Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.

5.

Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.

6.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers—whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming—arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.

Text21.

SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?

2.Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.

3.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.

4.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.

5.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.

Text31.Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.

2.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.

3.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.

4.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.

5.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback—aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.

6.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.

7.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.

8.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.9.

Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen—andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.

10.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.

11.

Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.

12.Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthattheyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.

13.

TheMiddleClassontheCliff

Text41.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem—especiallyinAmerica—thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.

2.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.

3.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset,”saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.

4.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.

5.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore—andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.

6.

Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged—thoughnotjustified—bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.

7.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.

8.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthatshareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto.

＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼Text11.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.

2.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”

3.AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?

4.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.

Text21.

Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry—WilliamShakespeare—buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.

2.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.

3.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.4.Thesightseerswhocomebybus—andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside—don’tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.

5.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftown

bynightfall.

6.Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandthelocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.

7.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.

8.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan’tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.

9.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.

10.Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.

11.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)—lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.

Text31.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.

2.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.

3.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

4.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.

5.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.

6.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.

7.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.

8.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthatlargeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.

9.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthatpeopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation.

Text41.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.

2.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.

3.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.

4.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurrounded

witharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.

5.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.

6.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.

７.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.

＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼Text11.Everybodylovesafatpayrise.

2.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.

3.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.

4．However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.

5.Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.

6.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.

7.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

8.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.

Text21.LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.

2.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.

3.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”

4.Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.

5.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.

6.Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.

7.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.

8.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.

9.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

10.

Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecausealessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer.

Text31.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.

2.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.3.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduring

theday.

4.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.

5.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.

6.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.

7.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendtoshowupindreamsearlyatnight.

8.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthatwakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams.

9.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthatdreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression.

10.

Leadyourlifeasusual.

Text41.

Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.

2.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.

3.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.

4.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

5.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.

6.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.7.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

8.Ofallthevarieties，standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.9.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’sappreciationoftheirefforts.

＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼Text11.Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.

2.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.

3.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.

4.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs—thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.

5.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem—andtheydo.

6.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.

7.

Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.

8.Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.

Text21.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.

2.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.

3.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.

4.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).

5.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.

6.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.

7.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

8.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.9.The4thparagraphsuggeststhatstudentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight.

Text31.Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.

2.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.3.SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.

4.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.

5.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.

6.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.

7.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.

8.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.

9.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.

10．“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysJohnTealdi,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.

11.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.

12.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.

13.

Dinersmightseeanupside,too.14.

By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeansSperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit.

15.

Anewboom,onthehorizon.

Text41.Americanstodaydon’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.

2.“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.

3.Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.

4.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.

5.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.

6.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes,andimagines.

7.

Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobablyanadvocateofregularschooling.

＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼＼

Text11.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesinWorldWarⅡandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.,,,,

,,,,,,,2,,.ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalr,eadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.

3.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.

4.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.

5.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.

6.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.

7.Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.

8.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.

9.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.

10.

Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.

Text21.Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”

2.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.

3.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.

4.Leadersoftheanimalrightmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.

5.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromorisanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.

6.Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”

7.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.8.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.

9.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.

10.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.

11.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchispointlessandwasteful.

12.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshouldemployhi-techmeansinresearch.

Text31.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.

2.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.

3.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.

4.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.

5.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

6.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.

7.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.

8.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.

9.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.

10．Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.

11.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,whichWallStreetcheeringthemon.

12.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.

13.Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.

Text41.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.

2.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedone

forus,evenifit’suseless.

3.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.

4．Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage—say83orso.

5.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.

6.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.

7.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.

8.Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.

9.

Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.词汇测试题（4）97—07真题阅读中旳多义词汇（第一部分答案）

词汇测试（4）97—07真题阅读中旳多义词汇（第一部分答案）Text11.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeed(为……输送或提供)theWorldCupandprofessionalranks,(等级)youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.(明显旳；明确旳)

2.“Withthefirstsubject,(受试验者)afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigit(数字)span(跨度)hadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.

3.

Inotherwords,whateverinborn(先天旳)differencestwopeoplemayexhibit(显示)intheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswamped(压倒；使不起作用)byhowwell(充足地)eachperson“encodes”theinformation.

4.

Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakento(开始从事)studyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,(追求，寻求)includingsoccer.

5.

Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformance(业绩，体现)statisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.(完毕者，到达者)

6.

Or,putanotherway,(换句