新托福听力分类词汇英英版-地理类

地理类

altitude/ˈæltɪtjuːdUS-tuːd/n[C]

theheightofanobjectorplaceabovethesea

altitudeof

We'reflyingatanaltitudeof40,000feet.

high/lowaltitudes

Athighaltitudesitisdifficulttogetenoughoxygen.

arctic/ˈɑːktɪkUSˈɑːrk-/adj[onlybeforenoun]

relatingtothemostnorthernpartoftheworld→Antarctic

theArcticislandofNovayaZemlya

extremelycold

arcticconditions

Arcticn

theArctic

thelargeareaoflandsurroundingtheNorthPole

Antarctic/ænˈtɑːktɪkUS-ɑːr-/n

theAntarctic

theverycoldmostsouthernpartoftheworld

Antarctica

thecontinentwhichisthemostsouthernareaoflandontheEarthandismostlycoveredwithice→southPole

SouthPolen

theSouthPole

themostsouthernpointonthesurfaceoftheEarth→magneticpole

theNorthPole

themostnorthernpointonthesurfaceoftheEarth

magneticpolen[C]

oneofthetwopointsthatarenotfirmlyfixedbutareneartheNorthandSouthPolesoftheEarth,towardswhichtheneedleonacompasspoints

oneoftwopointsattheendsofamagnetwhereitspowerisstrongest

arid/ˈærɪd/adj

aridlandoranaridclimateisverydrybecauseithasverylittlerain

WaterfromtheGreatLakesispumpedtoaridregions.

nothavinganynew,interesting,orexcitingfeaturesorqualities

Mymindwasarid,allinspirationgone.

>aridity/əˈrɪdɪti/n[U]

basin/ˈbeɪsən/n[C]

anareaoflandthatisloweratthecentrethanattheedges,especiallyonefromwhichwaterrunsdownintoariver

theAmazonbasin

aplacewheretheEarth'ssurfaceislowerthaninotherareas

thePacificBasin

canal/kəˈnæl/n[C]

alongpassagedugintothegroundandfilledwithwater,eitherforboatstotravelalong,ortotakewatertoaplace

Wewalkedalongbythesideofthecanal.

thePanamaCanal

bycanal

ThegoodsweretransportedbycanaltoLondon

canyon/ˈkænjən/n[C]

adeepvalleywithverysteepsidesofrockthatusuallyhasariverrunningthroughit

cavern/ˈkævənUS-ərn/n[C]

alargecave

cave/keɪv/n[C]

alargenaturalholeinthesideofaclifforhill,orundertheground

theentrancetoacave

channel/ˈtʃænl/n[C]

【SEA/RIVER】

a)anareaofwaterthatconnectstwolargerareasofwater

StGeorge'sChannel

b)theChannelBrEtheareaofwaterbetweenFranceandEngland=theEnglishChannel

c)thedeepestpartofariver,harbor,orsea,especiallywhereitisdeepenoughtoallowshipstosailin

【WATER】

apassagethatwaterorotherliquidsflowalong

anirrigationchannel

cleft/kleft/n[C]

anaturalcrackinsomething,especiallythesurfaceofrocksortheEarthetc

anareaonthechinorlipthatgoesslightlyinwards

cliff/klɪf/n[C]

alargeareaofrockoramountainwithaverysteepside,oftenattheedgeoftheseaorariver

coastlandn

thelandalongacoast

collide/kəˈlaɪd/v[I]

tohitsomethingorsomeonethatismovinginadifferentdirectionfromyou→collision

Acarandavancollidedonthemotorway.

collidewith

Iranaroundthecorner,andalmostcollidedwithMrsLaurence.

Twotrainscollidedhead-on(=whentheyweremovingdirectlytowardseachother).

todisagreestronglywithapersonorgroup,especiallyonaparticularsubject

collidewith

ThePresidenthasagaincollidedwithCongressoverhisbudgetplans.

iftwoverydifferentideas,waysofthinkingetccollide,theycometogetherandproduceaninterestingresult

Istanbul,whereeastandwestcollide

collision/kəˈlɪʒən/n[UandC]

anaccidentinwhichtwoormorepeopleorvehicleshiteachotherwhilemovingindifferentdirections

collisionwith

Theschoolbuswasinvolvedinacollisionwithatruck.

Twopeoplewerekilledinahead-oncollision(=betweentwovehiclesthataremovingdirectlytowardseachother)onhighway218.

astrongdisagreementbetweentwopeopleorgroups

collisionbetween

acollisionbetweenthetwocountriesoverfishingrights

beonacollisioncourse

a)tobelikelytohaveserioustroublebecauseyouraimsareverydifferentfromsomeoneelse's

Thetwonationsareonacollisioncoursethatcouldleadtowar.

b)tobemovinginadirectioninwhichyouwillhitsomething

anasteroidonacollisioncoursewithEarth

continent/ˈkɔntɪnəntUSˈkɑːn-/n[C]

alargemassoflandsurroundedbysea

thecontinentsofAsiaandAfrica

theContinentBrEold-fashionedWesternEurope,notincludingBritain

continentaldriftn[U]

theveryslowmovementofthecontinentsacrosstheEarth'ssurface

continentalisland

continentalshelfn[C]technicalpluralcontinentalshelves

theedgeofacontinentwhereitslopesdownsteeplytothebottomoftheocean

contour/ˈkɔntuəUSˈkɑːntur/n[C]

theshapeoftheouteredgesofsomethingsuchasanareaoflandorsomeone'sbody

thecontoursofthehills

thecontoursofherface

alsocontourlinealineonamapthatshowspointsthatareofequalheightsabovesealevel

copper/ˈkɔpəUSˈkɑːpər/n

[U]asoftreddish-brownmetalthatallowselectricityandheattopassthroughiteasily,andisusedtomakeelectricalwires,waterpipesetc.Itisachemicalelement:symbolCu

coppers[plural]BrEmoneyoflowvaluemadeofcopperorbronze

Heofferedtodothejobforafewcoppers.

>copperyadj

copperyskin

coral/ˈkɔrəlUSˈkɔː-,ˈkɑː-/n[U]

ahardred,white,orpinksubstanceformedfromthebonesofverysmallseacreatures,whichisoftenusedtomakejewellery

coralisland/reef

core/kɔːUSkɔːr/n[C]

【FRUIT】thehardcentralpartofafruitsuchasanapple

Removethecores,andbaketheapplesfor40minutes.

【MOSTIMPORTANTPART】themostimportantorcentralpartofsomething

coreof

Thecoreofthebookfocusesontheperiodbetween1660and1857.

Debtisatthecoreoftheproblem.

【PEOPLE】anumberofpeoplewhoformagroupwhichisveryimportanttoanorganization→hardcore

Thebusinessneedsanewcoreoftrainedadministrators.

acoregroupofclients

tothecoreextremelyorcompletely

shaken/shocked/thrilledtothecore

WhenIheardthenews,Iwasshakentothecore.

Thatwomanisrottentothecore!

Hewasabureaucrattothecore.

【PLANET】thecentralpartoftheEarthoranyotherplanet

【NUCLEARREACTOR】thecentralpartofanuclearreactor

hard-core/ˈhɑːdkɔːUSˈhɑːrdkɔːr/adj

[onlybeforenoun]havinganextremewayoflifeoranextremebeliefthatisveryunlikelytochange

ahard-coredrugaddict

hard-coreracists

hard-corepornographymagazines,filmsetcthatshowthedetailsofsexualbehavior,ofteninanunpleasantway

soft-coreadj

beinglessexplicitthanhard-corematerialindepictingordescribingsexualactivity:soft-corepornography

cosmopolitan/ˌkɔzməˈpɔlɪtənUSˌkɑːzmə-ˈpɑː-/adj

acosmopolitanplacehaspeoplefrommanydifferentpartsoftheworld-usethistoshowapproval

avibrant,cosmopolitancity

alivelyhotelwithacosmopolitanatmosphere

acosmopolitanperson,belief,opinionetcshowsawideexperienceofdifferentpeopleandplaces

Brigittahassuchacosmopolitanoutlookonlife.

crack/kræk/

【GAP】[C]averynarrowspacebetweentwothingsortwopartsofsomething

crackbetween

Hesqueezedintoacrackbetweentworocks.

crackin

Hecouldseethemthroughacrackinthedoor.

Sheopenedthedooracrackandpeepedintotheroom.

【BREAK】[C]athinlineonthesurfaceofsomethingwhenitisbrokenbuthasnotactuallycomeapart

crackin

Therewereseveralsmallcracksintheglass.

【WEAKNESS】[C]aweaknessorfaultinanidea,system,ororganization

crackin

Thecracksintheirrelationshipwerestartingtoshow.

Thefirstcracksarebeginningtoappearintheeconomicpolicy.

crest/krest/n[C]

thetoporhighestpointofsomethingsuchasahillorawave

crestof

Ittookusoveranhourtoreachthecrestofthehill.

aspecialpicturethatisusedasasignofafamily,town,school,ororganization→coatofarms

school/familycrest

agroupoffeathersthatstickuponthetopofabird'shead

exoticbirdswithcolorfulcrests

adecorationoflongbrightfeathersthatsoldiersworeinthepastontopoftheirhats

beon/ridingthecrestofawavetobeverysuccessful

ayoungfilmdirectorwhoisonthecrestofawaveatthemoment

coatofarmsn[C]

pluralcoatsofarms

asetofpicturesorpatternspaintedonashieldandusedasthespecialsignofafamily,town,universityetc

crevice/ˈkrevɪs/n[C]

anarrowcrackinthesurfaceofsomething,especiallyinrock

smallcreaturesthathideincrevicesintherock

crust/krʌst/n[UandC]

thehardbrownoutersurfaceofbread

sandwicheswiththecrustscutoff

thebakedouterpartoffoodssuchaspiesorpizzas

athincrustpizza

athinharddrylayeronthesurfaceofsomething

Ahardgraycrusthadformedonthebottomoftheteakettle.

thehardouterlayeroftheEarth

deepwithintheEarth'scrust

→earnacrust,uppercrust

earnacrustBritishEnglish(=earnenoughmoneytolive)

uppercrustn[singular]informalthegroupofpeoplewhobelongtothehighestsocialclass

>upper-crustadj

cycle/ˈsaɪkəl/n[C]

anumberofrelatedeventsthathappenagainandagaininthesameorder→lifecycle,viciouscircle

awoman'smenstrualcycle

cycleof

thecycleoftheseasons

Sometimestheonlywaytobreakthecycleofviolenceinthehomeisforthewifetoleave.

especiallyBrEabicycleormotorcycle

amapshowingcycleroutes

theperiodoftimeneededforamachinetofinishaprocess

Thiswashingmachinehasa50-minutecycle.

agroupofsongs,poemsetcthatareallaboutaparticularimportantevent

lifecyclen[C]

allthedifferentlevelsofdevelopmentthatananimalorplantgoesthroughduringitslife

viciouscirclealsoviciouscyclen[singular]

asituationinwhichoneproblemcausesanotherproblem,thatthencausesthefirstproblemagain,sothatthewholeprocesscontinuestoberepeated

dam/dæm/n[C]

aspecialwallbuiltacrossariverorstreamtostopthewaterfromflowing,especiallyinordertomakealakeorproduceelectricity

technicalthemotherofafour-leggedanimal,especiallyahorse→sire

sire/saɪəUSsaɪr/n

olduseusedwhenspeakingtoaking

Thepeopleawaityou,sire.

[Cusuallysingular]thefatherofafour-leggedanimal,especiallyahorse

debris/ˈdebriː,ˈdeɪ-USdəˈbriː,deɪ-/n[U]

thepiecesofsomethingthatareleftafterithasbeendestroyedinanaccident,explosionetc

Shewashitbyflyingdebrisfromtheblast.

technicalpiecesofwastematerial,paperetc

plant/garden/industrialetcdebris

Cleantheventilationductstoremovedustandinsectdebris.

delta/ˈdeltə/n[C]

thefourthletteroftheGreekalphabet

anareaoflowlandwhereariverspreadsintomanysmallerriversnearthesea

theNiledelta

demolish/dɪˈmɔlɪʃUSdɪˈmɑː-/v[T]

tocompletelydestroyabuilding

Theentireeastwingofthebuildingwasdemolishedinthefire.

toprovethatanideaoropinioniscompletelywrong

Hedemolishedmyargumentinminutes.

toendorruinsomethingcompletely

Theseantscandemolishlargeareasofforest.

todefeatsomeoneveryeasily

MiamidemolishedTexas46-3.

especiallyBrEinformaltoeatallofsomethingveryquickly

Hedemolishedasecondhelpingofpie.

>demolition/ˌdeməˈlɪʃən/n[UandC]

deposit/dɪˈpɔzɪtUSdɪˈpɑː-/n[C]

alayerofamineral,metaletcthatisleftinsoilorrocksthroughanaturalprocess

depositof

richdepositsofgoldinthehills

anamountorlayerofasubstancethatgraduallydevelopsinaparticularplace

fattydepositsontheheart

desert/ˈdezətUS-ərt/n

[UandC]alargeareaoflandwhereitisalwaysveryhotanddry,andthereisalotofsand

theSaharaDesert

Thisareaofthecountryismostlydesert.

inthedesert

Theplanecrash-landedinthedesert.

[C]aplacewherethereisnoactivityorwherenothinginterestinghappens

Therailroadyardwasadesertnow.

diffuse/dɪˈfjuːz/v

[IandT]tomakeheat,light,liquidetcspreadthroughsomething,ortospreadlikethis

diffusethrough/into/across

Thepollutantsdiffuseintothesoil.

[IandT]tospreadideasorinformationamongalotofpeople,ortospreadlikethis

TheirideasdiffusedquicklyacrossEurope.

[T]tomakeabadfeelingorsituationlessstrongorserious

anattempttodiffusehisanger

>diffusion/dɪˈfjuːʒən/n[U]

disintegrate/dɪsˈɪntɪgreɪt/v

[IandT]tobreakup,ormakesomethingbreakup,intoverysmallpieces

Thewholeplanejustdisintegratedinmid-air.

[I]tobecomeweakerorlessunitedandbegraduallydestroyed

asocietydisintegratingundereconomicpressures

>disintegration/dɪsˌɪntɪˈgreɪʃən/n[U]

thedisintegrationoftheSovietempireintoseparaterepublics

dispose/dɪˈspəuzUS-ˈspouz/v[Talways+adverb/preposition]

formaltoarrangethingsorputthemintheirplaces

Chinesevasesaredisposedaroundthegallery.

disposeof[disposeofsth]phrv

togetridofsomething,especiallysomethingthatisdifficulttogetridof

anincineratorbuilttodisposeoftoxicwaste

tosellsomething,especiallypartofabusiness

Iamstillnotsurehowbesttodisposeoftheshares.

formaltodealwithsomethingsuchasaproblemorquestionsuccessfully

Yourideaatleastdisposesoftheimmediateproblem.

todefeatanopponent

TwogoalsbyRauldisposedofBarcelona.

disposeto/towards[disposesbto/towardssth]phrv

tomakesomeonemorelikelytohaveparticularfeelingsorthoughts

Thebodyreleasesachemicalthatdisposesyoutowardssleep

distribute/dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/v[T]

tosharethingsamongagroupofpeople,especiallyinaplannedway=giveout

distributesthamong/tosb

Clothesandblanketshavebeendistributedamongtherefugees.

amandistributingleafletstopassers-by

tosupplygoodstoshopsandcompaniessothattheycansellthem

MilkisdistributedtothelocalshopsbyHerald'sDairies.

tospreadsomethingoveralargearea

Makesuretheweightoftheloadisevenlydistributed.

bedistributedtoexistindifferentpartsofanareaorgroup

bewidely/evenlydistributed

Thisspeciesofdolphiniswidelydistributedthroughouttheworld.

Thepopulationisdistributedinaveryunevenpattern.

diversity/daɪˈvəːsɪti,dɪ-US-əːr-/n

[U]thefactofincludingmanydifferenttypesofpeopleorthings

cultural/ethnic/linguisticetcdiversity

Thecurriculumwilltakeaccountoftheethnicdiversityofthepopulation.

[singular]arangeofdifferentpeople,things,orideas=variety

diversityof

adiversityofopinions

dormant/ˈdɔːməntUSˈdɔːr-/adj

notactiveornotgrowingatthepresenttimebutabletobeactivelater≠

\o"查找:active"

active

lie/remaindormant

Theseedsremaindormantuntilthespring.

ahugedormantvolcano

>dormancyn[U]

drill/drɪl/v

[IandT]tomakeaholeinsomethingusingadrill

Drillaholeineachcorner.

drillinto/through

Heaccidentallydrilledintoawaterpipe.

drillforoil/water/gasetc

BPhasbeenlicensedtodrillforoilinthearea.

[T]toteachstudents,sportsplayersetcbymakingthemrepeatthesamelesson,exerciseetcmanytimes

drillsbinsth

Shewasdrillingtheclassintheformsofthepasttense.

drillsbtodosth

IactedinstinctivelybecauseIhadbeentrainedanddrilledtodojustthat.

Theteamwerewell-drilledandorganized.

[T]totrainsoldierstomarchorperformothermilitaryactions

Thesergeantwasdrillingthenewrecruits.

[T]toplantseedsinrowsusingamachine

drillinto[drillsthintosb]phrv

tokeeptellingsomeonesomethinguntiltheyknowitverywell

Motherhaddrilleditintomenottotalktostrangers.

earthquake/ˈəːθkweɪkUSˈəːrθ-/n[C]

asuddenshakingoftheearth'ssurfacethatoftencausesalotofdamage

Anearthquakemeasuring6.1ontheRichterscalestrucksouthernCaliforniaonJune28.

Thecityisinanearthquakezone.

ebb/eb/n

[singular]alsoebbtidetheflowoftheseaawayfromtheshore,whenthetidegoesout≠floodtide

beatalowebbtobeinabadstateorcondition

Hisconfidenceisatalowebb.

ebbandflowasituationorstateinwhichsomethingincreasesanddecreasesinakindofpattern

theebbandflowoftheconversation

theebbandflowofpassengersinthestation

floodtiden[C]

theflowoftheseaintowardstheland

edge/edʒ/n

【OUTSIDEPART】[C]thepartofanobjectthatisfurthestfromitscentre

Putthelambinthecentreofthedish,withthevegetablesandherbsaroundtheedge.

theedgeofsth

therighthandedgeofthepage

Jenniferwalkedtotheedgeofthewood.

Billysatontheedgeofthebed.

Hestoodatthewater'sedgestaringacrossthelake.

Aleafwasontheground,curlingupattheedges.

【BLADE】[C]thethinsharppartofabladeortoolthatcuts

aknifewithasharpedge

elevation

/ˌelɪˈveɪʃən/n

[singular]aheightabovethelevelofthesea

elevationof

Theroadclimbssteadilytoanelevationof1400feet.

[U]formalanactofmovingsomeonetoamoreimportantrankorposition

elevationto

hersuddenelevationtointernationalstardom

[UandC]formalanincreaseintheamountorlevelofsomething

asuddenelevationofbloodpressure

[C]technicalanuprightsideofabuilding,asshowninadrawingdonebyanarchitect(=personwhoplansbuildings)

thefrontelevationofahouse

eliminate/ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/v[T]

tocompletelygetridofsomethingthatisunnecessaryorunwanted

eliminateaneed/possibility/risk/problemetc

Thecreditcardeliminatestheneedforcashorcheques.

Theteachershouldtrytoeliminatethepossibilitythatthechildhasahearingdefect.

eliminatesth/sbfromsth

Fattyfoodsshouldbeeliminatedfromthediet.

[usuallypassive]todefeatateamorpersoninacompetition,sothattheynolongertakepartinit

Ourteamwaseliminatedinthefirstround.

tokillsomeoneinordertopreventthemfromcausingtrouble

aruthlessdictatorwhoeliminatedallhisrivals

endemic/enˈdemɪk,ɪn-/adj

anendemicdiseaseorproblemisalwayspresentinaparticularplace,oramongaparticulargroupofpeople

→epidemic,pandemic

ViolentcrimeisnowendemicinpartsofChicago.

epidemic/ˌepɪˈdemɪk/n[C]

alargenumberofcasesofadiseasethathappenatthesametime→pandemic

Over500peoplediedduringlastyear'sfluepidemic.

epidemicof

anepidemicofcholera

asuddenincreaseinthenumberoftimesthatsomethingbadhappens

epidemicof

Britainissufferinganepidemicofpettycrime.

>epidemicadj[onlybeforenoun]

Violentcrimeisreachingepidemicproportionsinsomecities.

pandemic/pænˈdemɪk/n[C]

technicaladiseasethataffectspeopleoveraverylargeareaorthewholeworld

theAIDSpandemic

>pandemicadj

epicenter/ˈepɪˌsentəUS-ər/n[C]

theplaceonthesurfaceoftheEarththatisrightabovethepointwhereanearthquakebeginsinsidetheEarth

theplacewherethemostimportantthingshappenandimportantdecisionsaremade

Londonbecametheepicenteroftheworldfashionindustry.

equator/ɪˈkweɪtəUS-ər/n

theequatoranimaginarylinedrawnaroundthemiddleoftheEarththatisexactlythesamedistancefromtheNorthPoleandtheSouthPole

on/at/neartheequator

asmallvillageneartheequator

erode/ɪˈrəudUSɪˈroud/valsoerodeaway[IandT]

iftheweathererodesrockorsoil,orifrockorsoilerodes,itssurfaceisgraduallydestroyed

Thecliffsarebeingconstantlyerodedbyheavyseas.

Therockshavegraduallyerodedaway.

tograduallyreducesomethingsuchassomeone'spowerorconfidence

Ourpersonalfreedomisbeinggraduallyerodedaway.

Repeatedexamfailurehaderodedherconfidence.

erosion/ɪˈrəuʒənUSɪˈrou-/n[U]

theprocessbywhichrockorsoilisgraduallydestroyedbywind,rain,orthesea

theproblemofsoilerosion

theerosionofthecoastline

theprocessbywhichsomethingisgraduallyreducedordestroyed

erosionof

thegradualerosionofourcivilliberties

evaporate/ɪˈvæpəreɪt/v

[IandT]ifaliquidevaporates,orifheatevaporatesit,itchangesintoagas

Mostofthewaterhadevaporated.

Thesunevaporatesmoistureontheleaves.

[I]ifafeelingevaporates,itslowlydisappears

Hopesofachievingpeacearebeginningtoevaporate.

Hiscouragehadevaporatedaway.

>evaporation/ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃən/n[U]

expedition/ˌekspɪˈdɪʃən/n

[C]alongandcarefullyorganizedjourney,especiallytoadangerousorunfamiliarplace,orthepeoplethatmakethisjourney

anexpeditiontotheNorthPole

anotherEverestexpedition

onanexpedition

HewentonanexpeditiontoBorneo.

[C]ashortjourney,usuallymadeforaparticularpurpose=trip

ashoppingexpedition

afishingexpedition

extinct/ɪkˈstɪŋkt/adj

anextincttypeofanimalorplantdoesnotexistanymore

Dinosaurshavebeenextinctformillionsofyears.

Pandascouldbecomeextinctinthewild.

anextinctspecies

ifatypeofperson,custom,skilletcisextinct,itdoesnotexistinsocietyanymore

anextinctvolcanodoesnoteruptanymore≠active

extract/ɪkˈstrækt/v[T]

formaltoremoveanobjectfromsomewhere,especiallywithdifficulty

You'llhavetohavethattoothextracted.

extractsthfromsth

Heextractedanenvelopefromhisinsidepocket.

tocarefullyremoveasubstancefromsomethingwhichcontainsit,usingamachine,chemicalprocessetc

extractsthfromsth

Oilsareextractedfromtheplants.

togetsomethingwhichyouwantfromsomeone,suchasinformation,money,helpetc,especiallywhentheydonotwanttogiveittoyou

extractsthfromsb

Shehadextractedapromisefromhim.

Theyusedtorturetoextractinformationabouttheirfamilies.

totakeinformationorashortpieceofwritingfromabook

Weneedtoextracttherelevantfinancialdata.

togetanadvantageorgoodthingfromasituation

extractsthfromsth

TheyaimtoextractthemaximumpoliticalbenefitfromtheGames.

fault/fɔːltUSfɔːlt/n[C]

【CRACK】alargecrackintherocksthatformtheEarth'ssurface

theSanAndreasfaultinNorthernCalifornia

faultplanen.Geology

theplanealongwhichthebreakorshearofafaultoccurs

fieldstonen.

astoneoccurringnaturallyinfields,oftenusedasabuildingmaterial

flaw/flɔːUSflɔː/n[C]

amistake,mark,orweaknessthatmakessomethingimperfect=defect

flawin

aflawinthesoftware

serious/major/basic/minoretcflaw

aslightflawintheglass

Adesignflaw(=amistakeorweaknessinthewaysomethingwasmade)causedtheenginetoexplode.

amistakeorprobleminanargument,plan,setofideasetc

flawof

Beautifulscenerydoesnotmakeupfortheflawsofthisfilm.

flawin

ThereisafundamentalflawinWalton'sargument.

fatalflaw(=aweaknessthatmakessomethingcertaintofail)

afaultinsomeone'scharacter

JealousyisOthello'smajorflaw.

theformerPresident'scharacterflaws

formation/fɔːˈmeɪʃənUSfɔːr-/n

[U]theprocessofstartinganeworganizationorgroup=creation

formationof

theformationofanewgovernment

[U]theprocessbywhichsomethingdevelopsintoaparticularthingorshape

formationof

thesubstanceswhichleadtotheformationofozone

Wenowknowalotmoreabouttheearlystagesofplanetaryformation.

[C]thewayinwhichagroupofthingsarearrangedtoformapatternorshape

troopformations

informationifagroupofplanes,ships,soldiersetcaremovinginformation,theyareflying,marchingetcinaparticularorderorpattern

asquadronofaircraft,flyinginformation

[UandC]rockorcloudthatisformedinaparticularshape,ortheshapeinwhichitisformed

rock/cloudformation

thecanyon'simpressiverockformations

[UandC]technicalsociety,politicsetcseenasasystemofpracticesandbeliefs

social/political/culturaletcformation

Marxfoundedanewscience:thescienceofthehistoryofsocialformations.

frontier/ˈfrʌntɪəUSfrʌnˈtɪr/n

[C]especiallyBrEtheborderofacountry

frontierbetween/with

LilleisclosetothefrontierbetweenFranceandBelgium.

on/atthefrontier

Troopsestablishedaroadblockonthefrontier.

frontiertown/area/postetc(=atownetconafrontier)

thefrontieranareawherepeoplehaveneverlivedbefore,thatnotmuchisknownabout,especiallyinthewesternUSbeforethe20thcentury

anovelaboutafamily'sstruggleontheAmericanfrontier

space,thefinalfrontier

thefrontiersofknowledge/physicsetcthelimitsofwhatisknownaboutsomething

pushbackthefrontiers(=discovernewthings)

frostheaven.

asectionofrupturedpavementcausedbytheexpansionoffreezingwaterimmediatelyundertheroad.Alsocalledfrostboil.

gap/gæp/n[C]

【ASPACE】aspacebetweentwoobjectsortwopartsofanobject,especiallybecausesomethingismissing

gapin

Theneighbors'doggotinthroughagapinthehedge.

agapinthetraffic

gapbetween

thegapbetweenthetworowsofseats

【DIFFERENCE】abigdifferencebetweentwosituations,amounts,groupsofpeopleetc→gulf

gapbetween

thewideninggapbetweentherichandthepoor

bridge/close/narrowthegap(=reducetheamountorimportanceofadifference)

Hisfilmsattempttobridgethegapbetweentraditionandmodernity.

Thegaphasnarrowedtojust12pointsnow.

Itseemsthatthetradegapiswidening(=thedifferencebetweentheamountacountryimportsandexports).

→

\o"查找:generationgap"

generationgap

gulf/gʌlf/n[C]

alargeareaofseapartlyenclosedbyland

theGulfofMexico

theGulftheArabianGulf,orthecountriesnexttoit

thesmallerGulfstates

agreatdifferenceandlackofunderstandingbetweentwogroupsofpeople,especiallyintheirbeliefs,opinions,andwayoflife=gap

gulfbetween

thehugegulfbetweenmanagementandunions

agrowinggulfbetweenoldandyoung

generationgapn[singular]

thelackofunderstandingorthedifferencesbetweenolderpeopleandyoungerpeople

geographer/dʒiˈɔgrəfə,ˈdʒɔg-US-dʒiˈɑːgrəfər/n[C]

someonewhohasstudiedgeographytoahighlevel

geography/dʒiˈɔgrəfi,ˈdʒɔg-USdʒiˈɑːg-/n[U]

thestudyofthecountries,oceans,rivers,mountains,citiesetcoftheworld

ageographylesson

→physicalgeography,politicalgeography

thegeographyofabuilding,cityetcisthewayallitspartsarearranged

geographyof

Thegeographyoftheflatsmadeithardtogettoknowourneighbours.

physicalgeographyn[U]

thestudyoftheEarth'ssurfaceandofitsrivers,mountainsetc

politicalgeographyn[U]

thestudyofthewaytheEarth'ssurfaceisdividedupintodifferentcountries,ratherthanthewayitismarkedbyrivers,mountainsetc

geothermal/ˌdʒiːəuˈθəːməlUS-ouˈθəːr-/adj

relatingtoorcomingfro