中英荷载强度和结构安全

河北建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系别：土木工程系专业：土木工程专业班级：工043班姓名：臧海月学号：19EnglishCivilEngineering（用外文写）腥指导教师界评语：规签字：裤遥点年纯侦篮月旁影嚼日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。外文原文Loads,Strength,andStructuralSafetyA.LoadsLoadsthatactonstructuresareusuallyclassifiedasdeadloadsorliveloads.Deadloadsarefixedinlocationandconstantinmagnitudethroughoutthelifeofthestructure.Usuallytheself-weightofastructureisthemostimportantpartofthedeadload.Thiscanbecalculatedclosely,basedonthedimensionsofthestructureandtheunitweightofthematerial.Concretedensityvariesfromabout90to120pcf(14to19kN/m3)forlightweightconcrete,andisabout145pcf(23kN/m3)fornormalconcrete.Incalculatingthedeadloadofstructuralconcrete,usuallya5pcf(1kN/m3)incrementisincludedwiththeweightoftheconcretetoaccountforthepresenceofthereinforcement.Liveloadsareloadssuchasoccupancy,snow,wind,ortrafficloads,orseismicforces.Theymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyinplace,ornotpresentatall.Theymayalsochangeinlocation.Althoughitistheresponsibilityoftheengineertocalculatedeadloads,liveloadsareusuallyspecifiedbylocal,regional,ornationalcodesandspecifications.TypicalsourcesarethepublicationsoftheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,theAmericanAssociationoftheStateHighwayandTransportationOfficialsand,forwendloads,therecommendationsoftheASCETaskCommitteeonWindForce.Specifiedliveloadsusuallyincludesomeallowanceforoverload,andmayincludedynamiceffects,explicitlyorimplicitly.Liveloadscanbecontrolledtosomeextentbymeasuressuchaspostingofmaximumloadsforfloorsorbridges,buttherecanbenocertaintythatsuchloadswillnotbeexceeded.Itisoftenimportanttodistinguishbetweenthespecifiedload,andwhatistermedthecharacteristicload,thatis,theloadthatactuallyisineffectundernormalconditionsofservice,whichmaybesignificantlyless.Inestimatingthelong-termdeflectionofastructure,forexample,itisthecharacteristicloadthatisimportant,notthespecifiedload.省妈The未sum味of谨the让calc职ulat溜edd斤ead蜡load骄and德the倚spe艺cifi响edl懂ive揪load松is狭call朋edt坚hes万ervi拐cel江oad,汁bec扎ause扫thi吵sis邻the唇max拼imum吨loa魂dwh永ich谣may屑reas饶onab浩lyb壮eex隙pect烤edt较oac太tdu冈ring僻the琴ser暖vice惩lif六eof成the臂str隔uctu煤re.弃The蹲fact武ored暖loa耽d,o乞rfa申ilur题elo析adw便hich术as蝶truc美ture象mus牲tju屡stb染eca礼pabl骑eof并res油isti谅ngi更sa拐mult寻iple款of辽the穴serv且ice桥load堪.怜艘Loa锯dsa让rer晌ando饮mpr为oces男ses;压mor循epr叛ecis现ely,粱the桐yar船est看ocha狡stic拴pro狡cess粱es.虾Howe陆ver,嚷in钞orde致rto润mat誓cht猜her验equi园reme信nts填oft跳hem膛etho穿dso狗fca涝lcul丸atio姿nac眨tual打lyu揭sed姐inm误ost井stru形ctur椅als阿peci提fica抬tion绣(al饥lowa委ble歉stre蓝sses踩and昌sem洽i-pr式obab考ilis渗tic动meth也ods)结,ea牧chl误oad差isa掠lso鼠char适acte储rize宅dby冠the锦par慨amet枪ers作repr旺esen夫tati移veo葬fth宵e缎diff检eren铸t零com育puta闸tion涝alm艰etho稠ds.它沿The柜loa摇dsc泛anb塔ecl缴assi者fied录wit村hre糊spec抽tto野the豆ire奖ffec疑ton老the右str谋uctu凯re(抛stat拐ico磁rdy讲nami俗c)o粪rwi药thr识espe假ctt贿oth养eir环vari腾atio踢nof巾int免ensi翼ty.睁Load斯sca农nal授sob割ecl帅assi谢fied警wit裕hre格spec躲tto瓦som唤epa卸rtic斗ular座asp娘ect,练suc奴has捧lim坡ited绕or幻not墨limi谁ted,价hav俘ing北long稿or仰shor宋tdu地rati既on,活depe敌nden亚tor狐not升on递huma驻nac晓tivi度ties以etc酱.携Load旅sco突nsis职tof驴:(闸1)关conc宏entr垄ated捎and吹dis揪trib祸uted允for恶ces雀(di挂rect抽act候ions随),赚(2)幅impo卖sed谎defo驼rmat章ions锤(i键ndir烂ect拆acti椒ons映).室陈Al标oad乖isa疤ssum罪eda勤sa莫sing刮lel踪oad呼ifi烦tis戚not疫rel懒ated充to殊any即othe懂rlo赠ado丸rim刺pose伐dde小form着atio照nac穿ting治on撞the爽stru坏ctur渔e.I屈npr骂acti票cem还ore镜than坏one声sin林gle海load迎act岛son格the拨str请uctu辆re,诸alth纯ough向it邀isc槽onve喘nien落tto月con连side突rea细chl获oad渐sepa走rate狡ly.坚升Loa家dsa珍rer锈ando愈mpr俱oces婶ses;吗mor凭epr风ecis酱ely,衔the妻yar乌est碧ocha落stic企pro道cess忌es.凯Howe荡ver,巴in集orde在rto赶mat搜cht姨her省equi柏reme刺nts编oft聪he:炭meth剧ods荷ofc棍alcu帜lati仓ona宵ctua惕lly顿used蚀in次most拢str珍uctu洒ral毛spec斜ific鄙atio净ns(叹'all僻owab责les骄tres誓ses俱and挑semi蛙-p搬ro昼babi季list味icm案etho姨ds),垂eac取hlo告adi贫sal期soc森hara亦cter利ized最by倚the锻para购mete绣rsr住epre膏sent孤ativ顶eof锹the然dif扣fere数ntc抓ompu床tati率onal认met昆hods顽',坑银Th串elo残ads三can旷bec益lass垂ifie渠dwi胡thr奴espe贸ctt嫩oth登eir立effe枣cto钻nth防est贫ruct杨ure菌(sta脑tic董ord环ynam纷ic)环or蔑with狭res棕pect填to貌thei办rva创riat炼ion失ofi财nten费sity配.Lo续ads目can锤also盆be慨clas弦sifi第edw精ith没resp扰ect马tos乓ome检part绵icul锤ara端spec崖t,s纱uch颜asl遗imit订edo骑rno垃tli炼mite暗d,h档avin蜂glo普ngo挪rsh杆ort予dura扣tion俭,de阿pend稼ent余orn众oto卷nhu寨man混acti皮viti制ese卡tc.番B.S琴tren闭gth懂懂The械str愁engt那hof熄as汪truc博ture血dep壶ends芳on周the朽stre换ngth燕of忠the欣mate倘rial询sfr耐omw诱hich斗it饮ism咐ade.彻The监prop皮erti旅eso亿fst翅eel猫that车hav搅ebe临end沃escr黑ibed赞so棍far或are草appl良icab奉leo锤nly店ift棒he栏amb否ient哲付temp披erat同ure喘stay清swi砍thin势rea秃sona搅ble剥prox冤imit派yof股70恭。由F分,sa融y,f久rom缓30t制oll0岂。以F探.Th美epr建oper仰ties膜of鉴stee纷ldo勿not车cha竭nge厌appr鬼ecia志bly他for准temp常erat什ures躬up游toa型ppro概xima请tely纳300绪。秩F护to灯400讽。挑F,a税ltho京ugh委the占stre纺ss-s询trai椒ncu须rve椅show四sin延crea械sing病non林line膨arit补ywhe士nth喘ete谷mper连atur诚eex释ceed里s25商0芬。使F.I礼tis纯the算refo撒ref已ortu屯nate与tha据tmo败sts境truc姑ture盾swi艺lln呼ever跳exp吉erie槐nce碎heat捐lev袜els医that揪go倚past控the结sep还oint赤s,a阶nde厌ven冰int劲hose践tha获tdo枪,the朝hig宽hte航mper粉atur霉esa痒ren咐orma暗lly穴ofv毙ery激shor给tdu什rati炭ona型nda屋ppea露ron陡lyo济ver锐asma患llp催orti潜ono孩fth原est慰ruct替ure.败At绝ypic竖ale胖xamp泻lei击swh击atm谦ayt玩ake剥plac想ein衬as讯truc冒ture撑dur悄ing核afi歼re:则The戒temp燃erat绝ures梢may兼rea傲chh进igh拳leve炒ls,舱but嘴only识for脉av供ery裕sho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