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RepeatHislectureisalwaysusefulandThosereferencebooksaretooold,whiletheothersareThecurrentstatisticalevidenceindicatestheneedoffurtherThestudentservicecenterislocatedonthemaincampusbehindtheIfyouwanttosellallyourbooks,itmusthavealistofYoucanonlychooseonesubjectfrombiologyandOurfundamentalrealities,especiallynationalneeds,havebeentheabilitytoIdon’tunderstandwhatthecommentofmyessayItisnowacknowledgedthathisworkisYoumustgotothereceptiontopickupyourstudentAnswerShortWhatkindofthingcan ytheroleofprotectionthatorangesandbananasallhave?Peel第3页共13Canyoufindalligatorsinaswamporalake?AWhatisthehardobjectinthecenterofpeaches,andpears?Whatisthehardestpartofyourhand?Howdoyoudescribethemoneythatcitizensmustcontributetotheernmentforpublicuse?TaxFillintheThesixprogramsrepresentedherereportthatwordofmouthisbyfartheirmosteffectiverecruitmenttool,particularlybecauseittypicallyyieldscandidateswhoaresimilartopreviouslysuccessfulcandidates.Moreover,satisfiedcandidatesandschoolsystemsarelikelytospreadthewordwithoutanyspecialeffortonthepartoftheirprogram.Other,less aladvertisingapproaches,suchasradioandevisionspotsandlocalnewspaperadvertisements,havealsoprovenfruitful,especiallyfornewerprograms.NewYorkusesaprintadvertising ntoinspiredissatisfiedprofessionalsto eteachers.Subwayposterssendprovocativemessagestoburned-outordisillusionedprofessionals."Tired第4页共13diminishingreturns?InvestinNYCkids"wasjustoneofmanyMadisonAvenueinspiredinvitations.Newscoveragehasalsoproventobeaboontoalternativeprograms.WhentheNewYorkTimes,forexample,ranastoryaboutthedistrict'salternativerouteprogram,2,100applicationsfloodedinoverthenextsixweeks.DarkArguablythegreatestmysteryfacinghumanitytodayistheprospectthat75%oftheuniverseismadeupofasubstanceknownas“darkenergy”,aboutwhichwehavealmostnoknowledgeatall.Sinceafurther21%oftheuniverseismadefrominvisible“darkmatter”thatcanonlybedetectedthroughitsgravitationaleffects,theordinarymatterandenergymakinguptheEarth,netsandstarsisapparentlyonlyatinypartofwhatexists.ThesediscoveriesrequireashiftinourperceptionasgreatasthatmadeafterCopernicus’srevelationthattheEarthmovesaroundtheSun.Notwosiblingsarethesame,notevenidenticaltwins.Parentsoftenpuzzleaboutwhytheirchildrenaresodifferentfromoneanother.They'llsay,'Ibroughtthemupallthesame.'Theyforgetthatwhatdeterminesourbehaviorisn'twhathappenstousbuthowweinterpretwhathappenstous,andnotwopeopleeversee第5页共13inexactlythesameAndifthevoiceofananimalisnotheardasmessagebutasart,interestingthingsstarttohappen:Natureisnolongeranalienenigma,butinsteadsomethingimmediaybeautiful,anexuberantopuswithspaceforustojoinin.Birdmelodieshavealwaysbeencalledsongsforareason.AmericanTheAmericanexecutive,unliketheBritish,hasnoconnectionwiththelegislature,andthislackofco-ordinationbetweenexecutiveandlegislatureisoneofthedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanfederalernment.TheConstitutionguardedagainstexecutivecontrolbydisqualifyingfederalofficials,whethercivilormilitary,frommembershipinCongress.第6页共13SummarizewrittenTwoWaysofLearning"Overtheyears,languageteachershavealternatedbetweenfavoringteachingapproachesthatfocusprimarilyonlanguageuseandthosethatfocusonlanguageformsorysis.Thealternationhasbeenduetoafundamentaldisagreementconcerningwhetheronelearnstocommunicateinasecondlanguagebycommunicatinginthatlanguage(suchasinanimmersionexperience)orwhetheronelearnstocommunicateinasecondlanguagebylearningthelexicogrr-thewordsandgrticalstructures-ofthetargetlanguage.Inotherwords,theargumenthasbeenabouttwodifferentmeansofachievingthesameend."Aswithanyenduringcontroversy,thematterisnoteasilyresolved.Foronething,thereisevidencetosupportbothpointsofview.Itisnot montofindlearnerswho,forwhateverreason,findthemselvesinanewcountryoranewregionoftheirowncountry,whoneedtolearnanewlanguage,andwhodosowithoutthebenefitofformalinstruction.Iftheyarepostpubescent,theymaywellretainanaccentofsomekind,buttheycanpickupenoughlanguagetosatisfytheircommunicativeneeds.Infact,somearenaturalacquirerswho ehighlyproficientinthismanner.Incontrast,therearelearnerswhoseentireexposuretothenewlanguagecomesintheformofclassroominstructioninlexicogrr.Yettheytooachievea e第7页共13proficientaswell.Whatwecaninferfromthisisthathumansareamazinglyversatilelearnersandthatsomepeoplehaveanaturalaptitudeforacquiringlanguagesandwillsucceednomatterwhatthecircumstances.EcologyandEcologyisthestudyofinctionsoforganismsamongthemselvesandwiththeirenvironment.Itseekstounderstandpatternsinnature(e.g.,thespatialandtemporaldistributionoforganisms)andtheprocesseserningthosepatterns.Climatologyisthestudyofthephysicalstateoftheatmosphere–itsinstantaneousstateorweather,itsseasonal-to-innnualvariability,itslong-termaverageconditionorclimate,andhowclimatechangesovertime.Thesetwofieldsofscientificstudyaredistinctlydifferent.Ecologyisadisciplinewithinthebiologicalsciencesandhasasitscoretheprincipleofnaturalselection.Climatologyisadisciplinewithinthegeophysicalsciencesbasedonappliedphysicsandfluiddynamics.Both,however,shareacommonhistory.TheoriginofthesesciencesisattributedtoAristotleandTheophrastusandtheirbooksMeteorologicalandEnquiryintonts,respectively,buttheirmodernbeginningstracebacktonaturalhistoryandntgeography.Seventeenth,eighteenth,andnineteenthcenturynaturalistsandgeographerssawchangesinvegetationastheyexplorednewregionsandlaidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofecologyandclimatologyastheysoughtexnationsforthesegeographicpatterns.Alexandervon第8页共13intheearly1800s,observedthatwidelyseparatedregionshavestructurallyandfunctionallysimilarvegetationiftheirclimatesaresimilar.AlphonsedeCandollehypothesizedthatlatitudinalzonesoftropical,temperate,and45arcticvegetationarecausedbytemperatureandin1874proposedformalvegetationzoneswithassociatedtemperaturelimits.Ethicsisasetofmoralobligationsthatdefinerightandwronginourpracticesanddecisions.Manyprofessionshaveaformalizedsystemofethicalpracticesthathelpguideprofessionalsinthefield.Forexample,doctorscommonlytaketheHippocraticOath,which,amongotherthings,statesthatdoctors"donoharm"totheirpatients.Engineersfollowanethicalguidethatstatesthatthey"holdparamountthesafety,health,andwelfareofthepublic."Withintheseprofessions,aswellaswithinscience,theprinciples esoingrainedthatpractitionersrarelyhavetothinkaboutadheringtotheethic–it'spartofthewaytheypractice.Andabreachofethicsisconsideredveryserious,punishableatleastwithintheprofession(byrevocationofalicense,forexample)andsometimesbythelawaswell.Scientificethicscallsforhonestyandintegrityinallstagesofscientificpractice,fromreportingresultsregardlesstoproperlyattributing46collaborators.Thissystemofethicsguidesthepracticeofscience,fromdatacollectiontopublicationandbeyond.Asinotherprofessions,thescientificethicisdeeplyintegratedinto第9页共13thewayscientistswork,andtheyareawarethatthereliabilityoftheirworkandscientificknowledgeingeneraldependsuponadheringtothatethic.Manyoftheethicalprinciplesinsciencerelatetotheproductionofunbiasedscientificknowledge,whichiscriticalwhenotherstrytobuilduponorextendresearchfindings.Theopenpublicationofdata,peerreview,replication,andcollaborationrequiredbythescientificethicallhelptokeepsciencemovingforwardbyvalidatingresearchfindingsandconfirmingorraisingquestionsaboutresults.PositiveMind-Researchshowsthatwhenpeopleworkwithapositivemind-set,performanceonnearlyeverylevel—productivity,creativity,engagement—improves.Yethappinessisperhapsthemostmisunderstooddriverofperformance.Forone,mostpeoplebelievethatsuccessprecedeshappiness.“OnceIgetapromotion,I’llbehappy,”theythink.Or,“OnceIhitmysalestarget,I’llfeelgreat.”Butbecausesuccessisamovingtarget—assoonasyouhityourtarget,youraiseitagain—thehappinessthatresultsfromsuccessisfleeting.47Infact,itworkstheotherwayaround:Peoplewhocultivateapositivemind-setperformbetterinthefaceofchallenge.Icallthisthe“happinessadvantage”—everybusiness showsimprovementwhenthebrainispositive.I’veobservedthiseffectinmyroleasaresearcherandlecturerin48countriesontheconnectionbetweenemployeehappinessandsuccess.AndI’mnotalone:Inameta-ysisof225第10页共13studies,researchersSonjaLyubomirsky,LauraKing,andEdDienerfoundstrongevidenceofdirectionalcausalitybetweenlifesatisfactionandsuccessfulbusinesses.Anothercommonmisconceptionisthatourgenetics,ourenvironment,oracombinationofthetwodetermineshowhappyweare.Tobesure,bothfactorshaveanimpact.Butone’sgeneralsenseofwell-beingissurprisinglymalleable.Thehabitsyoucultivate,thewayyouinctwithcoworkers,howyouthinkaboutstress—allthesecanbemanagedtoincreaseyourhappinessandyourchancesofTaxonAdaywouldcome,PercySeypredictedin1813,when"themonopolizingeaterofanimalfleshwouldnolongerdestroyhisconstitutionbyeatinganacreatameal".Heexined:"The tyofnutritiousvegetablematterc
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