2017专插本英语系列备考2语法13项9必备

英语必备语 lhimwhenyouwillringagain.我你什么时候再来 比较 lhimwhenyouringagain.你再 时我。(状语从句makesure,makecertain,seetoit)thatSeetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolast(includewillinclude或其他形式(1)by/between/upto/tillsincebythetime/when如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeen(1919年时已发生的情况(2)by将来时间、bythetime/when谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextbynow、since过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/days/months完成时,但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句的时候不用完成时。如Thechangesthathadtakenceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompleyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleft在Itisthe+序数词/形容词+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingnosooner…than…hardly/scarcely…when hasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghas根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是语态表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,considerate,greedygenerous,honest,modestpolite,rudecruel,selfishlazywicked,wrong。Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysfora tostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todoEventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintothe被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”curiositytodo“对……的好奇心”→becurioustodoabilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodoAccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.waymethod,reason ce,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.something,nothing,little,much,alotThoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeinorderto(dosoasto(do)结构引导目的状语，soastoso…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…toThesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.Thevocabularyandgr ticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.onlyfind,hearsee,betold,form,give,make,produceGreatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditnot/nevertooto,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedtoIamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,,,Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearstoobjectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withato,onthewayto。过去分词表示，表示动作结束了的状态或结果It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingceourever-increasingworld.(相当于thechangeswhich TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasreasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(whichHowmanyofusattending,sayameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有意义。如Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaythedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenJustasthevalueof ephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofcomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相当于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhis alobservationofnature.(相当于…descriptionwhichwasbased下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有意义deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一个逃 aretiredworker一位退休工afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗 anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来的学Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone. (complete先于start之前发生)表示原因，置于句首句可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropical,wouldfindhiswaythroughHelenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction, ylosttotheoutside表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparateAllflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.meantodo想要(做某事 proposetodo打算(做某事 ng意味(做某事 ng建议(做某事forgettodo忘记(要做的事 remembertodo记得(要做某事 ng忘记(已做的事) ng记得(已做过的事)goontodo继而(做另一件事) stoptodo停下来去做另一件事goon ng继续(做原来的事) ng停止正在做的事regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗 句型：cannothelpbut cannotbutcannotchoosebutdo candonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodoNobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythescienceWhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehis句型：bebusy/activengsth. havedifficulty/trouble/problemngsth.It’sno icngsth. haveagood/great/wonderfultimengsth.spend/wastetimengsth. Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usengsth.cannothelpngsth. Thereisnongsth.Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutAlicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.therebeThestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语fortheretobetherebeingFortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfall (fortheretobe…在句中做目的状语Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquite(fortheretobe…在句中做程度状语)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday. (therebeing…做原因状语)fortheretobe。如：ItisunusualfortheretobenolatecomersfortherebeingHewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerwere不分人称would/情态动词过去式+havehadshoulddo/wereto如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothaveThereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourwouldnotbesothrivingasitHadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexinedyourparentswereillatthetime. Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeof 下列动词做谓语时，thatdesire, mend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice. importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbe inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeplingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonif连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise, y等表示转折假设。如Asafetyysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunay,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupid介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：withoutbutforundermorefavorableconditionsButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlast nn或was/were+不定式完成式或had +不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthat情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：IshouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservationbutIwouldrather wouldassoon asthough hadrather wouldsooner asif If Itis(high)timethat…(从句中动词只用过去式如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranyI’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.MyfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicIfitwerenotfor…(与现在事实相反Ifithadnotbeenfor…(与过去事实相反)butforIfithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothaveIfonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaslest/forfearthat/incase从句谓语用(should+)动词。如Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurewhether…or…有时谓语用be的，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,c,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoThebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshipthem,wentquite来源：专插本考试服务网+MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbefore译为“也许……。如：AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiver nt,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.should/shouldnothave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了,译为“本(不)应该……。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhave Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinWhatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.+Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.may/might(justaswellhadbetterSincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobycannot/can’t…too…cannot…over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeusedn’t或didn’tusetousedtodo)shouldIdidn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlike八、形容词、副词及其形容词的句以“a”开头的形容词如alonealike,asleep,awake某些以副词词缀“-lyfriendlyleisurelylovely下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain,keep, e,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。考时，考生应把形容词和副词的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及的结构。如Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastYoungreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthan的修饰语如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…,或修饰语+more…thanSmokingissoharmfulto alhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanauto “Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchfor下列词和短语不用形式却表示比较概念inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，preferable，differfrom，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan。如：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthe形式表示意义时，比较对象的范围应用anyother单数名词theothertheothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用来将结构转变成意义的语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑的错误。如不能说：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。有关的特殊句notsomuch…asThechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.no/notanymore…than…两者一样都不……Theheartisnomorein ligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwaterno/notanyless…than…两者一样都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanherjustas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheItisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sDespitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingratherthan,letaloneWearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthanin alForthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillbeAttimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.如：Eachcigarettea smokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.thatthat指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflisteneranditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownoneoneones。theoneAgoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommoncein monTheamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheDespitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthata likesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituation yrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhus主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,aswell paniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分,语的数不受附加成分的影响。Theofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isnningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainagreatmany+可数名词复 manya+可数名词单 谓语用单anumberof+可数名词复 thenumberof+可数名词复 谓语用单themajorityof+可数名词复 each/every+可数名词单数 neither/eitherof+可数名词复数 morethanone+可数名词单 谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复 谓语用单thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of/onethirdof/plentyof/therestofnever,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,ininvain,stillless。Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocusUndernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthe以onlyOnlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundoften,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint，manyatime。Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildren ethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetothemtobreakforsportsandgames.出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：outdown,in,up,awayonDownjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedat出于习惯用法：here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如：Nowisyourturn. Theregoesthebell.asMuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthebe+主语+其他comewhatmayOurcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificor Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshipthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,I’llbeonyouras,than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.whosewhose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：2.介词whichWearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.aswhichas与thesame,such,so,as等关联使用。如：As goes,sogoesitsanimal而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingAsisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentof常见的这类结构有：ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。thatwhichthat,whichanything,nothing,little,all,everything(3)先行词由形容词或序数词修饰或由next，last,only,very修饰时，用that；(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；whichbutwho…not,TherearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseaThereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbya十四、复合句——what/whatever考生应把握：whatTheylosttheirwayin ,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbeganto(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语whoeverwhomeverwhoever和whomever相当于anyonewho，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst. (whoever在从句中做主语)that,whetherwhywhen,where,howthatTheproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsEvidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthswhetherifwhetherwhetherifwhetherornotifornot则不能，ornotwhether可以引导介词宾语从句，ifwhetherquestion,askwhether，questionwhetherwhetherbelieve,expect,fancyimagine,supposethink后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句ifunlessif和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示条件，相当ifnotIndebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,isviding(that)，giventhat,suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，sayYoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,I lherYoucangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.如果……)Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoabout 祈使句表示条件。如：Dresswarmlyorelseyou’llcatchTalktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.asMuchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnocelikehome.while引导让步从句。如Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.forallthatgranting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeForallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.before表示汉语的“只有/Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullywhen引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/Ihavejuststart