碳酸盐岩英文

碳酸盐岩:自生碳酸盐矿物含量超过50%的沉积岩称碳酸盐岩，自生碳酸盐矿物中若一半以上为方解石称石灰岩或简称灰岩，若一半以上为白云石称白云岩或简称云岩。Carbonaterocksarethoseinwhichthematrixandframeworkarecomposedofgreaterthan50%carbonateminerals(thisdefinitionexcludescement).Unlikesilicilasticsediments,wherestructuresandtexturesreflectthephysicalfactorsinthedepositionalenvironment,thestructuresandtexturesofcarbonaterockscommonlyreflectintrabasinal,biologicalfactors.Thesourceforcarbonatesedimentsisalmostexclusivelybiological.Althoughcarbonatesformincolderwaterandmorespecializedsettingssuchas'hot'springsandcaves,mostthickbuildupsrepresenthighorganicaccumulationinshallow,warmseasinareasremovedfromsignificantsiliciclasticinputTheseshallowmarineareaswherecarbonatesedimentsarecreatedbycalcareousorganismsarereferredtoasthe"carbonatefactory"

CARBONATEROCKS

Manyfeaturesofcarbonatesedimentsareanalogoustothoseinterrigenousclasticsediments,butwithsomenotabledifferences:

——Mostcarbonaterocksareintrabasinal:therocksmainlyoriginateinthebasinofsedimentationratherthanbeingtransported.——Manycarbonaterocksare"biogenic"inorigin,dueeithertobiochemically-inducedmineralprecipitationorduetohighconcentrationsofskeletalshellcomponents(biomineralization).Somecarbonaterocks,however,areabiotic(inorganic)inorigin.——Carbonaterocksgenerallylithifyveryrapidly.——Particlesizeincarbonatesdoesnotnecessarilyreflecttheenergyoftheenvironmentofdeposition.Somecoarseparticlescanformorbedepositedinlow-energyenvironments.Modern

Warm

Water

Modern

Cool

Water

Ancient

Counterpart

SedimentarycontributioncoralsNONEarchaeocyathids,corals,bryozoa,stromatoporoids,rudistidbivalves,hydrozoansthelargecomponents,ofteninplaceofreefsandmoundsbivalves,redalgae,echinodermsbivalves,redalgae,echinoderms,brachiopods,barnaclesbivalves,redalgae,brachiopods,cephalopods,trilobitesandotherarthropodsmayoccurwholeorinbrokenpeicestoformsandandgravel-sizedgrainsgastropod,benthicforaminifersgastropod,benthicforaminifersgastropod,tintinids,tentaculitids,salterellids,benthicformainifers,brachiopodssandandgravel-sizedgrainsfromedfromwholeskeletonscodiaceanalgae,spongesredalgae,bryozoanssponges,crinoids,andotherpelmatozoanssand-sizedgrainsfromedfromdisintegrationofthedeadorganismplanktonicforaminifers,coccoliths,pteropodsplanktonicforaminifers,coccoliths,pteropodsplanktonicforaminifers,coccoliths(post-Jurassic)mediumsand-sizedorsmallergrainsthatoccurinbasinaldepositsooids,peloidsNONEooids,peloidsconcentricallylaminatedormicriticsand-sizedparticlesencrustingforaminifers,bryozoans,corallinealgaeencrustingforaminifers,bryozoans,corallinealgae,serpulidwormsencrustingforaminifers,corallinealgae,phylloidalgae,reralcidsbuilduptoformthickdepositsafterencrustingonhardsubstrates,orformlimemudonseafloorcodiaceananddasycladgreenalgaeNONEcodiaceananddasycladgreenalgaedisintegratetoformlimemudcyanobacteriaandothercalcimicrobescyanobacteriaandothercalcimicrobescyanobacteriaandothercalcimicrobes(importantinpre-Ordovician)formstromatolitesandmatsbytrappingandbindingfine-grainedsediments1．石灰岩的一般特征1）形态：——海成石灰岩区域性的稳定层状，也可与净砂岩互层。——湖成石灰岩规模一般不大，以条带状出现。2） 颜色：灰白、灰、灰黑或紫红等色。3） 成分：——方解石//其它成分常在5%以下：粘土矿物、石英粉砂、铁质微粒、海绿石、有机质等。——砂岩过渡的灰岩中可含较多陆源碎屑，——白云石化也可使白云石含量增加。４）沉积构造：——常见泥裂、生痕、生物扰动、结核、缝合线等，特别是虫孔、生物扰动、硅质（燧石）结核和缝合线——水平层理相对常见，——纹层状层理（如交错层理,颗粒性岩石，风暴或浊流石灰岩）——多见块状层理。——叠层构造和鸟眼构造。5）结构：——泥晶结构和各种颗粒结构为主，——生物骨架结构、粘结结构或障积结构。——结晶结构。——叠加的交代结构。6）成岩方式：压实和胶结为主，溶蚀、交代和重结晶等作用常见。MineralogyThemainmineralsincarbonaterocksare:——Calcite:CaCO3(alsocalledlow-magnesiumcalcite)——Mg-calcite:CaCO3,butwithseveralmol%Mg(typically>4mol%)——Aragonite:CaCO3——Dolomite:CaMg(CO3)2Otherlesscommoncarbonatemineralsinclude:Ferroandolomite(Ca(MgFe)(CO3)2(alsocalledankerite);Siderite(FeCO3);Magnesite(MgCO3)Ferroandolomiteandsideritearecommonlyassociatedwithreducing(lowtozerooxygen)environments:sedimentarymagnesiteisfoundinsomesalinelakes.Calciteandaragonitearepolymorphs—theyhavethesamechemicalcomposition(althoughtheirtraceelementsaredifferent),butadifferentcrystalstructure:calciteistrigonal,whereasaragoniteisorthorhombic.Thecommoncarbonatemineralsdifferintheirsolubility.Calciteislesssoluble(i.e.morestable)thanaragoniteinmostfluidsattheearth'ssurface.ThesolubilityofMg-calcite(highmagnesiumcalcite)varieswiththeamountofMgsubstitutionforCainthecalcitecrystallattice,butMg-calciteiscommonlymoresolublethanaragonite.Mg-calcitecommonlyrecrystallizestocalciteduringdiagenesis;aragonite,beingmoresolublethecalcite(especiallyinfreshwater),maydissolvetoproducesecondaryporosityormayaltertocalciteduringdiagenesis.CalciteinskeletalgrainsTheskeletalpartsoforganismsarecommonlycomposedofcalcite,magnesiancalcite,aragoniteoropalinesilica.Thismineralogydeterminesthesusceptibilityoftheskeletalfragmenttodiageneticchangeandsoitscurrentcompositionandfabricinalimestoneordolomite.Calciteskeletalgrains,whichcontainlessthan4mole%magnesiuminthecalcite,includesomeforaminifera(有孔虫),brachiopods（腕足类）,bryozoans苔藓虫类,trilobites三叶虫,ostracodes介形虫,calcareousnannoplankton钙质微型浮游生物,andtintinnids纤毛虫.Skeletalgrainsofmagnesiancalcite,thatiswith4-20mole%magnesiuminthecalcite,includethoseproducedbyechinoderms棘皮类动物,mostforaminifera有孔虫类,andredalgae红藻.Aragoniteskeletalgrainsareformedfromcorals珊瑚虫,stromatoporoids层孔藻,mostmolluscs软体动物,greenalgae绿藻,andblue-greenalgae蓝绿藻.Skeletalgrainsofbiogenicopalinesilicaincludespongespicules海绵骨针andradiolarians放射虫.Carbonatesarecomposedlargelyofbothcalciumandmagnesiumcarbonatemineralsaswellascarbondioxide.Aswell,inmostcarbonaterocks,thesilicacompositionisquitelow.Therearethreemainsedimentarycarbonateminerals:aragonite,calcite,anddolomite.Thecompositionofmostcarbonatesliessomewherebetweencalcite(CaCO3)anddolomite(CaMg(CO3)2.Forexample,mostcontainsomemagnesium,butnotasmuchaspuredolomite.Carbonatesedimentmaybeformedbybiologicalprocessesaswellasbyphysicalweatheringanderosion;however,themaincontrolontheformationofthesesedimentsischemistry.

CalciteGroup

(hexagonal)

DolomiteGroup

(hexagonal)

AragoniteGroup

(orthorhombic)

mineralformulamineralformulamineralformulaCalciteCaCO3

DolomiteCaMg(CO3)2

AragoniteCaCO3

MagnesiteMgCO3

AnkeriteCa(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2

WitheriteBaCO3

Siderite,FeCO3

KutnohoriteCaMn(CO3)2

StrontianiteSrCO3

RhodochrositeMnCO3

Thecarbonatemineralssharesomecommoncharacteristics,including:AllshowchangeofreliefwithrotationAllhaveextremebirefringence(delta=0.148to0.242),givinghigh-order,creamyorpastelinterferencecoloursTodistinguish(e.g.)first-orderwhitefromhigh-orderwhite:lookforblue-greytint,showingfirst-orderlookatthinedgesofgrains;entireinterference-coloursequencemaybepresent,makingitpossibletocountcoloursin(orsequenceofpastelsmaybevisible)insertgypsumplate;1?colourschangetoupper1?lower2?high-ordercoloursshowlittlechangeSeveralfactorsinfluencethesolubilityofCaCO3:WhatcanyougetfromaboveFig?FavourableconditionHighpHhighTLowerp(CO2)LowerpressureCarbonatedepositionalsystemsforminginthegeologicpast,andinmodernsettings,fallintothreegeneraltypes:rampmargins,rimmedmarginsisolatedplatforms.gentlysloping(<1°)platform

maybeslightshelfbreaknopronouncedreeftrend,although

discontinuouscarbonatesandshoalsmaybepresentmayhavehighenergybeachandskeletal,ooliticsandshoals.

斜坡的边缘HIGHENERGYLOWERENERGY·pronouncedbreakinslope·presencesofnearlycontinuousrimorbarrieralongplatformedge·thebarrierisawaveresistantstructureconsistingofeitherareeforskeletal,ooliticsandshoals·landwardofrim/barrierisalowenergy"lagoonal"areaofvariablyrestrictedcirculation·lagoonalareacommonlygradeslandwardintotidalflat

· "Bahamatype"-derivedfrommodernanalogywithBahamaplatform· shallowplatform10'sto100'skmwideoffshoreofshallowcontinentalshelves· surrounedbydeepwater(several100'smetrestofewkmdeep)· Mayhaveeithergentlyslopingmarginormoresteeplyslopingmargin.Sedimentarystructuresandearlydiageneticfeaturesofshallowmarinecarbonatedeposits

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