沉积岩中英文

一、简介（IntroductiontoSedimentaryRocks）

1。沉积岩的分布：从太古宇——现代地球表面70%;深度大于10km，一般小于20kmDidyouknow...

Igneousandmetamorphicrocks('crystalline'rocks)makeupabout95%oftheearth'scrust.Allinorganicmaterialsinthesedimentaryenvironmentarederivedeitherdirectlyor,morecommonly,indirectlyfromigneousormetamorphicprecursors(protoliths).SedimentaryRocksareexposedoverapproximately75%ofareaoftheearthabovesealevel,leavingonlyabout25%forigneousandmetamorphicrockscombined.Thus,mostterrigenous(derivedfromtheland)sedimentarygrainsrepresentrecycledmaterial,derivedfromtheweatheringanderosionofpre-existingsedimentaryrocks,notdirectlyfrom'crystalline'precursors.sedimentaryrockswhich70%oftherocksattheEarth’ssurfaceincludethefamiliarsandstones,limestonesandshales,andthelesscommonbutequallywell-knownsaltdeposits,ironstones,coalandchert.Inaddition,theyaretheultimatesourceandstorehouseoffossilfuelsandmanyvaluablenaturalresources,suchasironoresandfertilizers沉积环境及沉积相简介陆相及滨海相海相2、研究目的（1）巨大的经济价值：A。化石燃料（油气、煤，天然气水合物）资源B。金属矿产：铁，铝，铜，钾，C。非金属矿产，盐，磷，化工原料D。建筑材料：大理石等E。环保材料等（2）解决地球演化的科学问题：

A。古气候，古地理，古环境，古构造等B。层序地层-大尺度的海平面变化，等（3）了解生命的进化历程，沉积岩记录了生命的演化的历程，因而也是显生宙地层对比主要手段Non-metallic:limestone(cement,buildingstone,fertilizer);evaporites(gypsumforCa,Na-andK-salts);phosphatedeposits(Pforfertilizer);cleanquartzsandandsandstone(glass,fiberoptics);clays(ceramics).

BandedIronFormations(BIF's):MostoftheFeforsteel.ExclusivelyPrecambrianinage.OnsetofoxygenatedatmospherecausedpreviouslysolubleFe2+tobeoxidizedtoFe3+,massivequantitiesofFe3+precipitatedinmarinesettings.

2.FossilFuels

Combustionofsolarenergystoredinorganicmatter(ie.coal).Photosynthesis.

OilandNaturalGas:

Sourcerock(blackshales)compactionforcesoilandgastomigratetomoreporousreservoirrocks(sandstones).Coal:

Hugeresource;about10xlargerthanoil.Probably1000to2000yearreserves.Inthefuture,coalmaybeprocessedtoproducesyncrude.

OilShaleandTarSands:

Thesearesyncruderesources,2xmoreabundantthanoilreserves.UShas50%oftheworldssyncrudereserves(includingcoal).3.AlternativeEnergySources:NuclearPower:

Energygeneratedbythefissionof235U.Thus,thefuelisUandmustbeextracted;foundinverysmallquantities(ppm)associatedwithgranitesandsomesedimentaryrocks.US,Canada,Australia,S.Africahavelargereserves.

GasMethaneHydrates(Clathrates)Hydratesstoreimmenseamountsofmethane,withmajorimplicationsforenergyresourcesandclimate,butthenaturalcontrolsonhydratesandtheirimpactsontheenvironmentareverypoorlyunderstoodTheworldwideamountsofcarbonboundingashydratesisconservativelyestimatedtototaltwicetheamountof

carbontobefoundinallknownfossilfuelsonEarth(USGS).Methaneboundin

hydratesamountstoapproximately3,000timesthevolumeofmethaneintheatmosphere.三、研究（学习）方法1.Field-野外观察和记录:颜色，成分，结构，沉积构造，古流测量，沉积序列等2.Laboratary-实验室：A。光片和薄片分析——结构，构造，精确成分和定量分析B。SEM，CL，矿物学分析：表面构造显微图象、成岩次生变化，C.XRF-粘土分析D.地球化学:细粒沉积物，灰岩，硅质岩，粘土矿物3.Labrary-图书馆：18世纪-至今的教材和论文等文献阅读基本概念--Basicconcepts沉积岩：

表生作用条件下（低温、低压），由多种沉积作用形成的沉积物，在逐渐埋藏的过程中，经成岩作用改造而成的成层岩石。Sedimentaryrocksarethosebedrockswhichformatorneartheearth'ssurfaceatrelativelylowtemperaturesandpressuresprimarilybyeither:（1）depositionbywater,windorice；（2）precipitationfromsolution(maybebiologicallymediated);and/or（3）growthinpositionbyorganicprocesses(e.g.,carbonatereefs)

——表生作用条件：（1）表生带T？C？

（2）水和空气参与

（3）生物参与

TheSimpleIdealModelForUnderstandingSedimentaryRocksQuartzsandstoneShelfshaleLimestonewithfossilInbroadoutline,theproductionofsedimentaryrockfollowsthefollowingsteps:·Weatheringfracturesanddissolvesrock,creatingsedimentanddissolvedcomponents.·Erosioncarriesawaytheproductsofweathering.·Wind,waterandglacierscarrythemtowheretheyaredeposited.·Depositionaccumulatessedimentsfromlargesourceregions.·Burialwithinthesedimentpilecompactsthesediments.·Diagenesistransformsthesedimentsintosedimentaryrock.ProductionofSediments1。Weathering

isthebreakdownofonemineral/rockintoanother.Oftheeightigneousrockformingmineralsallaresubjecttodegradation(weatheringintosomethingelse),exceptquartz.Quartz,forallintentsandpurposes,doesnotweatherandwillsurviveinthesystemrelativelyunscathed.Theremainingsevenrockformingmineralsalldissolvetomaketheseasalty,ordecomposetoformnewmineralsstableattheearth'ssurface.Orthoclase,forexample,breaksdowntoformclay,andthecalciuminCaplagioclasegoesintosolutiontoformCaCO3.Therearelotsofotherweatheringproducts,ofcourse,buttheyarejustdetails.Thesimple,idealmodelpredictsthreeendproducts,quartzsand,shale,andlimestone,whichalltogethercomposethevastmajorityofsedimentaryrocks.Sedimentsarebrokenintothreeclasses:1.clasticsediments,2.chemicalsediments3.biochemical(biogenic)sediments.Clasticsedimentismineralsandbrokenpiecesorrock.Eachoftheseisaclast,fromtheGreekklastosforbroken.Theyrangeinsizefromboulderstothefinestclays（Residualsediments）.Clastsareproducedmainlybythemechanicalbreakdownofigneousandmetamorphicrocks,butsedimentaryrocksarealsobrokenintoclasts.Chemicalsedimentisformedbydirectprecipitationfromsolution.Afamiliarexampleisrocksalt(Halite).Thisoccurswhenthesubstancesaresupersaturatedinthewater,oftenasaresultofevaporation,butalsoinresponsetochangesinwaterchemistry(pH)and/ortemperature.Organismssometimesdriveprecipitationbychangingwaterchemistry.Biogenicsedimentconsistsofthesmallshellsorcastssecreted(precipitated)byorganisms,suchasforaminiferaanddiatoms.Theseareoftenreferredtoasbioclasticsediments.Coralreefsareanothersource.Ifbrokenbywaveactionorattacksbyotherorganisms,2。volcaniclasticsediments.

Thesesedimentsandrockslieontheborderbetweentheigneousandsedimentaryrealms.Forthisreason,theyarecommonlyignoredintraditionaligneouspetrologyandsedimentologycoursesandtextbooks.Volcaniclasticreferstoallclasticsedimentscomposedmainlyofparticlesofvolcanicorigin,regardlessofhowthesedimentformed.

1.Autoclasticsediments:formedbymechanicalbreakageofmagmaduringflow.2.Pyroclasticsediments:formedbyexplosivebreakageofmagmaduringeruptionsofvaryingdegreesofviolence.3.Hydroclasticsediments:Theseareformedbybreakageofmagmawhichcomesintocontactwithwater,orice,orwater-saturatedsediment.4.Epiclastic,orreworkedsediments:Reworkingofvolcanicmaterialbynormalsedimentaryprocesses

Arethereanyothertypesofsediments?母岩，任何早先形成的岩石，它们在遭受物理、化学和生物风化时，大体可为沉积岩提供三大类物质，即碎屑物质、溶解物质和不溶残余物质。碎屑物质是由母岩机械崩解形成的岩石或单个晶体的碎块，又称陆源碎屑（Terrigenousdetrital），按大小顺序可进一步划分为砾、砂、粉砂和泥。溶解物质是由母岩释放出来的各种离解离子和胶体离子、是化学或生物化学的作用结果。在自然条件下，一般母岩矿物的化学风化都是十分缓慢和不彻底的作用过程，大多总会留下一些过渡性或性质相对稳定的中间产物，其中最常见的是粘土矿物和铁、锰、铝等的氧化物或其水化物，它们大多数是一些细小的固态质点，被统称为不溶残余物质（或称化学残余、风化矿物等）。碎屑物质、不溶残余物质如果仍留在风化面上就称为残积物（Residualsediments）。火山碎屑：火山爆发生成的原始物质，有时也指水下爆发（尤其是喷气）直接进入水体的溶解离子。火山碎屑在向沉积岩提供时，常常是混在母岩风化产物中的次要成分，倘若它们成为主要成分，所形成的岩石即属火山碎屑岩（岩浆岩）的范畴，这当然只是人为的划分，在这一点上，沉积岩和岩浆岩实际并无严格界线。陨石和宇宙尘（Cosmicdusts）直接来自宇宙的物质。宇宙尘（又称微球粒Microspherolites），少1-5颗/km，但大小都不到0.5mm，成分主要是富铁镁的硅酸盐、如橄榄石、辉石或磁铁矿、方铁矿等;（O）*小行星的撞入事件，一些在地球上原本十分稀少分散、而在宇宙空间却比较丰富的化学元素就会明显改变当时或稍后地表沉积物中的元素组成，典型例子是白垩纪和第三纪之间的界线粘土层中的铱含量在全球范围内突然跃升了好几个数量级。类似的异常还出现在许多地方始新世和渐新世、二叠纪和三叠纪、震旦纪和寒武纪之间的界线层中，它们对沉积岩本身的影响是微乎其微的，但对揭示生物乃至整个地球演化历史却有深远的意义。（3）生物物怒质，有机崖质（4）大气和略宇宙物质Tran尚spor络tati蓄ona帐nds滤orti代ngOnc弱ec哗rea赵ted染,s秧edi察men钩tm果ove伞sd顶own忘hil牙lu拢nde姿rt午he船inf终lue架nce只of愤gr戴avi废ty.晚Th梯ep剑rim标ary紫ag蚕ent甘sa缩慧re见flu巨ids童(w坚ind捧an甲dw询ate第r),沟gl吃aci宪ers肺an现ds妈tee够ps坏lop熊es.曾Wa缸ter谅is详by匠fa眉rt杏he隙mos系ti搁mpo淹rta匹nt,优ca岁rry弊ing沙so报me25b矩illi灿ont竞onsofs扰edim升ent慈per飘year骂to锈the斯worl拒d's忽ocea活ns.Tran声spor敌taf馅fect灭sse悄dime再nt.It勺sor岸ts敌it,sha才pes哭it扔,winn内ows偏out宣less网sta址ble呜comp吉onen埋tsEac泻hp盖roc出ess膀de鲜pen葬ds窝on喂the斯tr网ans龙por裳ta钟gen扛ta马nd锦the牙se矮dim下ent竭be洗ing贸tr惯ans狭por伟ted假.T猫he盯eff伶ect阵sa紫re申not修su块btl赌e;狭eac亿hd凉ese岗rve绸sa获tte芝nti玩on.The世re厉sul旅ti楼s,恢dur吉ing彩tr郊ans寇por繁tat副ion槽th川ese召th御ree饮we廊ath萍eri腹ng蜘pro退duc冈ts奏do泊not螺tr殃ans阁por配te阁qua佩lly御we牵ll,绣an课db逐eco表me机sep工ara纵ted盏.T啄he分fin座al慨sep运ara起tio放nt惯ake抖sp赵lac旷ea腥tt富he驼oce货an日sho座rel丽ine(im历age氏to稿ri装ght乱).H恒ere涉we惠se倘er肃ive训rt尤ran询spo裳rte高ds塌edi诸men极te吐nte蜓rin命gt么he毒oce物an.邻Wa亿ves免cr舅ash什ing滩on凯th华eb赶eac冠hk促eep老th筒es卧edi爆men沈tc矛ont丈inu颂ous筋ly泉sti露rre胸du升p.论The闸qu谱art嘉z,坛bei谢ng播rel共ati炭vel塌yh骗eav露y,希set斑tle液sq移uic心kly缩慧to柱th盟eb承ott饺om,长th拉ec励lay携re授mai的ns念in候sus碍pen邻sio径nu杏nti梅li离td稻rif荒ts槽to悉the毙qu例iet脊er稻nea卸rs爆hel开f,虎whe体re截if隆fin怒all宫ys密ett透les桑to咏th倾eb娱ott果om任to捏for断ms槐hal螺e.Sort拐ing-分选:The帝sort御ing啄ofs搂edim沫ent箭isp央rima炒rily畏ar佳esul皮tof济the戒var育iabl竿eca解rryi愧ngc裙apac走ity洲ofw叮ater败,wh牧ich融isa只str府ong踩func谢tion兔of誓curr事ent宽velo慕city带and纷vis千cosi吓ty.Stro闻ngc倘urre先nts(>5泊0cm驴/s)can武mo相vegrav宫eland辣ev豪enboul帝derson暴occ惠asi判on.正Th技ese追ar匹ef锤oun面di劫nmou狼nta垮in土str逢eam惊swher粱edo栋wnst部ream喷gra补dien谜tsa降reh议igh,袄and封in捆beac割hes筐wher驴ewa麦ves烘cras耀h.Glac讲iers,whic结hmo挎vev耻ery盯slow址lyc险ompa版red顾tol骗iqui看dwa旧ter,缴hav才een逆ormo办usc例arry减ing载capa计city测due馅to快themuch篮hig准her忍visc刚osit盲yofi客ce.For部th招is怕sam彩er俗eas梢on,mud权flo银wscan剂ca参rry性la杏rge翻rc辩las章ts展des巾pit都em催ovi检ng灶mor选es寻low胡ly斯tha际ns慎tre受ams暮.Mode底rate蹄cur泳rent丘s(20登-50湾cm改/s)mov盯esan己dandsmal召ler禁clas映ts.T并hes准ec强urr像ent疏sa锐re衡com聋moninm拆ost络rive之rs.Des何ert脏wi等ndsals艺om靠ovesand.Wi疾ndu增sual哀lyc戏ano硬nly刻move达the劈燕ses听mall昨cla市sts软due晴toi飘tsl孝owv裕isco测sity匙.Weak阀erc厚urre批ntscan址only直tra满nspo夹rtsilt馅san赔dcl包ays,th亚esm压alle挎sts央ize脸clas劫ts.乐Thes隔ear洁efo求und昂inflo敏odw细ate晒rsandocea注ncu凭rren控ts.Sha拿pin域g:Tran睛spor矛tof眠cla柳sts碌byw李ater举and提win才dca矛uses铸add与itio戚nal窄phys祥ical我wea牵ther集ing.暮Cla兆sts逼are吩abra哀ded表byo研ther匠cla码sts,闭cau折sing皇the蛾mto坏bre遣aki完nto留smal金ler悲clas唇tsa抱ndt秀obe藏come摊rou验nded喂,si捉nce泽shar杏ped炕ges姜are折most业eas适ily棵brok爬en.艇This射pro晓cess灶is壤most痒eff微ecti固vef险orl侵arge否cla顾sts,芒whi注cha匹reb沃roke砖ndo暖wnq竿uick宽ly.羊For膜thes盐ere银ason清s,c风oars溜ean漫d/or浸ang三ular弦sed朋imen限tsa俘rec背alle久dim朝matu胖re,顾wher配eas制smal拿ler,妙mor庄ero泰unde膨dse汪dime番nts侧are还matu窑re,欢refl躁ecti扬ngt孙het腾ime勾phys筹ical宣and撒che道mica蕉lwe辅athe除ring归has缓had兆to途work慢on习them剑.Win搬now介ing桃:Che潮mic驱al圾wea锐the驱rin跨gi何ss少low村.T诱ran帽spo暗rta万tio吓no街fs桌edi届men惹ts梳is覆fas翠t,寒but季in叨ter砍mit白ten坊t.金Thu痰sm钻ost舅ch垒emi定cal狼we嫩ath脑eri凑ng骆of叮sed盐ime虑nt凡hap贤pen成sw忧hen剧se剧dim青ent梨is右st眠uck态,a闪wai出tin旧gt朴he熄nex午tt垄ran抓spo流rt路eve划nt.徐Ch悦emi呀cal要we侄ath戏eri字ng楼occ蓬urs梳at耳di店ffe敲ren钩tr极ate量sf雅or询dif殿fer袜ent循cl乞ast穿s.相Pyr附oxe娇ne答and萍ol梢ivi折ne,榆bo慕th偿min龄era脱ls虹wit反hh找igh即me召lti叛ng戒tem旋per烤atu镜res笛an吐dl疲ots眯of旱io姥nic喇bo渗ndi拒ng,拢ar笑er纠ead硬ily乔br堡oke肺nd便own众.T旅hei曾rp抚res娱enc劝ei婚ns谋edi惨men恭tl扣oad敞is贞a称sig肝no痰fi骂mma速tur沸ity冲.Q穗uar药tz窄and功cl全ay胜min姻era奴ls呢are利ve尺ry骂sta脖ble友.T升he甩mos答tm堪atu化re史sed嗓ime鞋nts卸ha蹄ve预lit题tle丙el雀se.轰Fe壳lds纯par顽sa油nd扶mic胜as甜are澡mo替der仅ate杀ly食sta益ble享.W贷es施ee疲lot正so辽ff捡eld争spa且ri甜ns祝edi拨men识ts,毛su熟ch探as鱼bea扰ch玻san魂d,款bec邪aus趟et矩hey布ar迹es音oa拉bun加dan丹t.Sed床ime助nta疲ry邪Env太iro宗nme零ntsSed政ime健nts萍ar望ed溉epo趣sit扎ed巷in表av仙ari舅ety住of寇pl痒ace棋s.汽Eac堡hi忙sc迷har谣act隆eri牙zed房诚by因a响com论bin雨ati舞on虏of考the兴ki摇nd彻and爆am奸oun亭to茅fw难ate比r,壁the秀lo快cal森to丘pog恐rap炭hy,泡an湾dt向he游bio匠log习ica抓la兆cti钥vit泳y.驰The神se每in粉tur峰na外re外rel迅ate溜dt牙op嚼lat敢et济ect余oni橡cs师ett传ing窃an栗dc临lim男ate抬.A赶lth籍oug棋hs剑edi绪men弯tc霞an众be效dep册osi胞ted硬an纸ywh惑ere该,l肺arg征ea伏ccu讽mul栗ati江ons祝of钟se涝dim迟ent煤ar矮en镰ot,楚be陶ing恭fo刃und仿in跳on镜ly但ah槐and务ful松of框en戒vir减onm忽ent滤s.听In液dis瞒cus后sin偏gt喜hes似ew组ew状ill悟fi尖nd云it狡hel压pfu驰lt楚ob胶rea警kt努hem膛do度wn看int航oc贯ont鹅ine伤nta帝l,疗sho循rel氧ine金an荣dm乔ari核ne炒set姥tin嫩gs.Con绩tin筑ent娘alShor术elin智e:Mari犯neWit乱hin鲜a意sed疮ime丘nta泼r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