2008年考研英语试题及答案

SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreinligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.GregoryCochranis tosayitanyway.Heisthat ascientistwhoworks anyinstitution.Hepopularizetheideathatsomediseases thoughttohavewhenitwasfirstsuggested. he,however,mighttrembleatthe ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingpaperwhichnotonly thatonegroupofhumanityismoreinligentthantheothers,butexinstheprocessthathasthisabout.Thegroupin centralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheinlectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12ofelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastydiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havebeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheinligenceanddiseasesareintimay18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtoevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateof.la5.6.7.s8.9.10.y[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]given [B]got [C]carriedon[D]put[A] [B]supervising[C]administering[D][A]development[B] [C]consequence[D][A] [B]integrated[C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]paradoxical

SectionIIReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextchoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40TextWhilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVen’sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthathormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmaybegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatdealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheyewornoutfromitvisiblyandDr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthees.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysical.Thekindsofinteralthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunay,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecowithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletoWomenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbyWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincowithDr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatneedextradosesofchemicalstohandlehavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingaremorecapableofavoidingareexposedtomoreAccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstodomesticandirregularanddurableandtrivialandThesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthatAlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingAlvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdAlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentAlvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbyWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheStrainofStress:NoWayResponsestoStress:GenderStressysis:WhatChemicalsGenderInequality:WomenUnderTextItusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeButitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.isbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitlyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorthebackgroundinformationofjournalthepublicationroutineoflaboratorytherelationsofauthorswithjournalthetraditionalprocessofjournalWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDIt ernment-fundedItintroducesaneffectivemeansofItupsetsprofit-makingjournalItbenefitsscientificresearchAccordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinitprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificitbringshugeprofitstoscientificitemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificitfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificWiththeopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtocoverthecostofitssubscribetothejournalpublishingallowotheronlinejournalstouseitcompletethepeer-reviewbeforeWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheTheInternetisposingathreattoAnewmodeofpublicationis ethenewchannelforPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineTextIntheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeyersIfhehadyedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thetheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople–especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations–apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAyers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingyersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients–notably,protein–tofeedexpandingtissues.Attheintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YettotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight5′9″formen,5′4″forwomen–hasn’treallychangedsinceGeneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthc.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedallimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticumscanchange,butdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutal tion.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforAndifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleillustratethechangeofheightofNBAshowthepopularityofNBAyersinthecomparedifferentgenerationsofNBAassesstheachievementsoffamousNBAWhichofthefollowingysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?GeneticNaturalLivingDailyNon-AmericansaddtotheaverageheightoftheHumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightAmericansarethetallestonaverageintheLargerbabiestend etallerinWelearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearthegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformthedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremaingenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeThetextintendstolusthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclichumanheight ingevenmoreAmericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowththegeneticpatternofAmericanshasTextIn1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecameoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransntnineteethintohisjaw–havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That’safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-chopGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryyedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation’searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong–andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivayexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtoForonething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarincludingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryintheialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarved13states,includingthreeslaveStill,JeffersondHemings’schildren–thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximay150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirdominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedshowtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthedemonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisstresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.revealsomeunknownaspectofhisWemayinferfromthesecondparagraphDNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistory initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatehistoriansdeliberaymadeupsomestoriesofpoliticalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasHispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsHisstatusasafathermadehimthechildHisattitudetowardsslaverywasHisaffairwithaslavestainedhisWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheSomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromSlavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttoSlaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsSlaverywasregardedasapeculiarWashington’sdecisiontoslavesoriginatedfrommoralmilitaryfinancialPartBInthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,andngalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42)Grr,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchfor Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrticalelementsinwriting. TheseprintoutsarealsoeasiertothanthescreenwhenyouworkonOnceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote“TheA&PasaStateofMind”wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisyschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes–andthenagain–workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequaydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.It’sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.ManywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherItmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexinshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P“”heens.Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin&P,”thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstoreByusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethesegmentsinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisinlectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hediedthepossessionofanygreatasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelytrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededw