胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点全解

《语言学教程》重难点学习提示第一章语言性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。第二章语学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。第三章语学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法音学的定义；发音语音学觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。第四章音学音位理论最对立体自由变异互补分布语音的相似性区别性特征超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。第五章词学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。第六章词学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格致；短，从句，句子扩展等。第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义子义关系。第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化第十章语言思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为作原则。语的普遍特征：

任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我能用语言可以表许多不在场的东西文化传播性transmission。语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：行事功能：表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual语学：括六个分支语音学音位学形态学Morphology句法学语义学语用学pragmatics现结构主义语言学创始人de提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一语言与言语language语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语语创始人Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用andperformanceWhichoffollowingstatementscanbeuseddescribeoneofuniquepropertiesa.wecanteachourchildrenlearncanand'tree'tosamething.uselanguagetotonotcansentencesthathavebefore.thefunctionoflanguage?rmativeof"Aday,isn'tit?"isainformativedistinctionbetweencompetenceproposedbyahalliday

chomskypragueWhoputdistinctionbetweenlanguageparole?a.saussurechomskyhalliday第二节语音发音器由声带vocalcords和个回声腔组成辅音：thereisanairstreamvocaltract.辅音的音方式爆破音obstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音obstruction擦音破擦音affricates等辅音清特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration元音分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状元音有音渡vowelglidesArticulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.pertiesproducedinspeechperceptionoftheofproductionofdistinctionbetweenvowelsconsonantsina.placeofarticulationobstructionfairstreamthetongueshapeofiscommonthreesounds:kta.spreadc.voicedd.nasalfeaturedistinguishthepinandthepina.voicingaspiration5.Whichoffollowingisnotdistinctivefeatureina.voicing

b.nasalaspirationphonologicalfeaturesofkarea.stopvoicelessfricativevoicelessfricative7.piskina.ofshapeoftheofvocalpalceof8.Vibrationofthecordsresults__a.b.nasalityobstructionvoicing第三节音位音位学语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音位则强调语音社会功能对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。音位phoneme：小语音单位音位变allophones:音差别对比性布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，互补性布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝会出现在之，送气的p绝不会出现在词首音节，为节首，峰，节尾辅音群一作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个最小语对minimalIntroductionisaarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.is语学)3.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics3.1andWritingOnegeneral原)oflinguisticanalysisprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writingnew范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnot3.2描性)Prescriptive(明性)Alinguisticifitdescribesitifittrieslaydownrulesforbehavior.3.3共and历时Thedescriptionlanguageintimeadescriptionofa

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agrammaticalunit.句功能relationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsoflinguisticpatterninwhichitused.Theoffunctionsinof修语）complements补语）,范畴functionsinitssense,e.g.predicate,includecaseaelementofstructurecontaininglackingstructuretypicalclause.withsubjectifitincludedinalargersentence.Itistheminimumlanguagethatexpressescompletethought.VI.mentalism概主义Saussure(索尔's"sign"thelinguisticsignsaidconsistsignifier（所指）signified被指）asoundimageandconcept,likeda（理的）bond.相关联系）机械主义Somelinguists,布鲁费尔德）fortoscienceto（）-actandtowhatcallthemechanistic（方法.Thenatureofhasdowiththestudyof（力现象）Contextualism（境主义is假thatderiveoritobservableBehaviorism行为主义attempt(定义ofalanguageformassituation(景）inwhichspeaker（说话itandtheresponse（应）itcallsinthehearer."functionalism功能主义functionalistsasrepresented代表Prague（布拉格学派）linguistsand（弗斯linguists,approachtheproblementirelynew（方法）argue（争辩）couldonlybe（释）itsuseorfunctioninWhilereferencedealswithrelationshipbetweenthelinguisticwords,andworldofsensetotheofrelationshipsthatbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves.include同词反义词,hyponymy(下层次一词多义(同音异义词）Semanticanalysis:Itincludes1)componential成分）analysiswhichdefinesmeaningofalexicalelementcomponents.(意义成分predication(表）inwhichofamerelysumoftheofthewordswhich3)relationalinwhichthesemanticofpresentspicture,relationsbetweenandperhapsmoreVII.Languagevariation(语言变化）Lexical词汇的变化in(造词）newCompounding

合成词wordsareconstructedbycombiningwords.

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