21世纪大学英语应用型综合教程 IV：U4B Text B

Unit4:TextB

Passage

LanguageandCulturalPointsUnit4:TextBADifferentView

ByPaulSloaneYoucannotlookinanewdirectionbylookingharderinthesamedirection.—EdwarddeBono1.Haveyoueverbeeninawoodthatjustlookedlikearandomassortmentoftrees,thenwhenyoutakeafewstepstothesideyouseethatallthetreesarelaidoutinneatrows?SometimeswearestandinginthewrongplacetoseeanobviousUnit4:TextBanswer.Wehavetodeliberatelytakeadifferentpointofview,comeattheproblemfromanewdirectionbeforewehaveachanceofcreatingaradicalsolution.

2.In1968theaudienceattheOlympicGamesinMexicoCitywasamazedtoseeayoungmantakethehighjumpwithhisbacktothebar.Alltheothercompetitorsusedthetime-honoredWesternRollapproachofjumpingwiththeirfaceandstomachbrushingthebar.ThetimewasripeforayoungAmerican,DickFosbury,toaskafundamentalquestion：“Isthereabetterwaytoperformahighjump?”Heexperimentedandfoundthattherewas.Unit4:TextBHewonthegoldmedalandtransformedthesport.Hequestionedtheprevailingassumptionsandapproachedtheproblemfromanewandlateraldirection.Hiswastrulyaleapoftheimagination.

3.HenryFordtookadifferentviewtoassemblingmotorcars.Traditionallythecarwouldbeassembledinoneplace,withdifferentworkerscomingalongtofittheengine,thegearbox,thedashboard,thebrakesandsoon.Heasked,“Whatwouldhappenifinsteadoftheworkersmovingtothecar,thecarmovedtotheworkers?”Hisradicalideawasthecarassemblyline.Itenabledthestandardizedmassproductionofcarsatamuchloweroverallcost.Unit4:TextB4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgy,whodiscoveredVitaminC,putitthisway,“Geniusisseeingwhateveryoneelseseesandthinkingwhatnooneelsehasthought.”Ifyoucansurveyasituationfromadifferentviewpointthenyouhaveagoodchanceofgaininganewinsight.ThisiswhatMichaelCullendid.Hetookadifferentviewininventingthesupermarket,whenheimaginedturningtheshoparoundsothatcustomersservedthemselves.5.Addtogetherthesenumbersinyourhead:398,395,396,399.IfyouaddthemtheconventionalwaythenitisataxingpieceofUnit4:TextBmentalarithmetic.Butifyounoticethattheycanberewrittenas400－2,400－5,400－4and400－1thenitiseasytoseethetotalis1600－12＝1588.Ifwetakeaslightlydifferentviewoftheproblemorrestateitinadifferentwayitbecomesmucheasiertosolve.6.Howcanweforceourselvestotakeadifferentviewofasituation?Insteadoflookingatthescenefromyourviewtrylookingatitfromtheperspectiveofacustomer,aproduct,asupplier,achild,analien,apoet,acomedian,adictator,ananarchist,anarchitect,SalvadorDali,LeonardodaVinciandsoon.Unit4:TextB7.Ifyouhadtostudyavalley,howmanywayscouldyoulookatit?Youcouldlookupanddownthevalley,youcouldscanitfromtheriverside,orstandandlookacrossitfromeachhillside.Youcouldwalkit,drivealongtheroadortakeaboatdowntheriver.Youcouldstudyasatellitephoto.Youcouldperuseamap.Eachgivesyouadifferentviewofthevalley,andeachaddstoyourunderstandingofthevalley.Whydowenotdothesamewithabusinessproblem?Whydoweimmediatelytrytoframeasolutionbeforewehaveapproachedtheproblemfrommultipledifferingperspectives?Unit4:TextB8.ThegreatguruoflateralthinkingisEdwarddeBono.HedescribeshowheconsultedwithFordMotorCorporationabouthowtheycouldcompetemoreeffectivelyinEurope.DeBono’sideawasveryinnovative.Fordapproachedtheproblemofcompetingfromthepointofviewofacarmanufacturer,andaskedthequestion,“Howcanwemakeourcarsmoreattractivetoconsumers?”DeBonoapproachedtheproblemfromanotherdirectionandaskedthequestion,“HowcanwemakethewholedrivingexperiencebetterforFordcustomers?”TheanswerheUnit4:TextBcameupwithwastoensurethattheycouldalwaysparkincongestedcities.HisadvicewasthatFordshouldbuyupcarparksinallthemajorcitycentersandmakethemavailableforFordcarsonly.TheideawastooradicalforFord,whichsawitselfasanautomobilemanufacturerwithnointerestinthecarparkbusiness.

9.Inthe1950sthefreightshippingbusinesswasindecline.Cargoshipswereexpensivetobuildandrun.TheyspentalongtimeinharbourwaitingforunionizeddockerstounloadandthenUnit4:TextBloadthem.Airfreightwasrapidlytakingmarketshare.Foryearstheindustryhadtriedtoreducecosts,butthiswasnottheanswer.Adifferentapproachwasneeded,anditcamewithcontainerization.Ifthecargowasloadedintocontainers,mostoftheworkcouldbedonebeforetheshiparrivedinharbour.Thevesselsachievedmuchfasterturnaroundsandthereforetheircost-effectivenesswasdramaticallyincreased.Newefficientcontainerportssprangupwhichwerenotriddledwithold-fashionedpractices.Unit4:TextB

10.Thegreatinnovatorsdidnottakethetraditionalviewanddevelopexistingideas.Theytookanentirelydifferentviewandtransformedsociety.Picassotookadifferentviewofpainting,Einsteinimaginedanewapproachtophysics,Darwinconceivedadifferentviewofcreation.Eachofthemlookedattheworldinanewway.InsimilarfashionJeffBezostookadifferentviewofbookretailingwithAmazon,SteliostookanewperspectiveonflyingwithEasyjet,SwatchtransformedourviewofwatchesandIKEAchangedthewaywebuyfurniture.IfyoucancomeatproblemsfromentirelynewdirectionsthenyouhaveunlimitedUnit4:TextBpossibilitiesforinnovation.Forceyourselftoreframetheproblem,tobreakdownitscomponentsandassemblethemadifferentway,andsometimesabettersolutionbecomesapparent.（1,022words）

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsPaulSloanePaulSloaneisanauthorandpublicspeakeronlateralthinkingandinnovation.Hewasbornin1950inJohnstone,ScotlandandwaseducatedatStJoseph'sCollege,BlackpoolandTrinityHall,CambridgewherehereadEngineering.Heistheleadingauthorofbooksoflateralthinkingpuzzles,manyofthebooksareco-authoredwithDesMacHale.Heworkedfor11yearsforIBMbecameMDforAshton-TateandVPInternationalforMathsoft.HewastheheadoftheInnovationUnitattheBritishQualityFoundation.Hewritesoninnovation,openinnovationandcrowdsourcing.Hehelpeddeveloptheconceptoftheinnovationcamp.HisbooksincludeTheInnovativeLeader,TheLeader'sGuidetoLateralThinkingSkills,andAGuidetoOpenInnovationandCrowdsourcing.HelivesinCamberleyandismarriedwiththreedaughters.Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsExamples:Theshophasarichassortmentofgoods.

这个商店有各种各样的货品。assortment—n.amixtureofdifferentthingsorofvariouskindsofthesamethingItspopulationwasahybridassortment.这里的居民是个大杂烩。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsradical—a.1.(ofchangeordifference)verybigandimportantExamples:Thegovernmentisputtingthroughsomeradicalsocialreforms.政府正在实行某些重大的社会改革。Thereareradicaldifferencesbetweenthetwoorganizations.这两个机构有着很大的差异。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsradical—a.2.favoringthoroughpoliticalorsocialreform;holdingextremeviewsExamples:Ihaveamoreradicalsuggestion.我有一个更激进的建议。Idon’tbelongtotheschoolofthoughtthatfavorsradicalchange.我不属于激进派。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPoints—a.adheringtobeliefsorpracticesapprovedbyauthorityortraditionExamples:SpringFestivalisatime-honoredcelebrationofthenewyearinChina.春节在中国是一个历史悠久的、庆祝新年的节日。time-honoredItisobviousthatthesewestern-basedfestivalsareharmingourtime-honoredtraditions.很明显，这些西方舶来的节日正在破坏我们历史悠久的传统。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPoints—a.relatingtothemostbasicandimportantpartsofsth.Example:Therearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenyourreligiousbeliefsandmine.你我的宗教信仰有着根本的不同。fundamental

Aknowledgeofeconomicsisfundamentaltoanyunderstandingofthisproblem.经济知识对于理解这个问题至关重要。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPoints—n.(usu.pl.)themainormostimportantrulesorpartsExample:Loyaltyisoneofthemostbasicfundamentalsyoushouldfollowasasoldier.作为一名士兵，忠诚是你必须遵循的最基本的原则之一。fundamental

Ifyoutwoaregoingtomarry,Iadvisethatyoushouldknowthefundamentalsofcooking.如果你俩要结婚的话，我建议你们要了解烹调的基本知识。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointstransform—v.tocompletelychangetheappearance,form,orcharacterofsth.orsb.,esp.inawaythatimprovesitExamples:Hisplansweretransformedovernightintoreality.他的计划迅速变为现实。Theclothesdesignedbymecantransformintolotsofstyles.我设计的衣服可以转变成许多不同的风格。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointslateral—a.relatingtothesidesofsth.,ormovementtothesideExamples:Thewallisweakandrequireslateralsupport.这堵墙不结实，需要从侧面支撑一下。Forlateralhires,wearegenerallylookingforrelevantacademicskillsorworkexperience.在横向招聘中，我们寻找的一般是有相关学术技能或工作经验的人。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointstaxing—a.needingalotofeffort;demanding

Examples:Furthermore,workisnowsaferandnotastaxingonthehumanbody.此外，现在的工作比较安全，而且在体力上也没有那么繁重。Bearingandraisingtwinsistaxingforthemother.对于母亲而言，生养双胞胎是很费力的。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsperspective—n.1.aparticularwayofconsideringsth.2.view,esp.onestretchingintothedistanceExamples:Fromanotherperspective,hesavedthefirmbysellingit.从另一个角度来说，他通过出售公司而挽救了它。Youcanseeitfromanewperspective.你可以从一个新的角度来看它。Fromthetopofthehillyoucangetaperspectiveoftheentirepark.从山顶上你能眺望整个公园的景色。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsalien—n.sb.whoisnotalegalcitizenofthecountrytheyarelivingorworkingin;acreaturefromanotherworldExamples:I’mveryhappytobebackintheUSwhereeverythingisfamiliarandwhereIdon’tfeellikeanalienwhenIspeakEnglish.我很高兴回到美国，这里的一切都让我感到亲切，在这里我说英语时不会被认为是个外星人。Immigrantworkerswereclassedasresidentaliens.移民来的工人已归入外侨类。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsalien—a.verydifferentfromwhatyouareusedto,esp.inawaythatisdifficulttounderstandoracceptExamples:Iranintoanoldfriendinthealienland.我在异国他乡遇到故知。Afterthealienspacecrafthadhoveredovertheparkforashorttime,itvanished.那只外星飞船在公园上空盘旋了一会儿之后就消失了。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsarchitect—n.sb.whosejobistodesignbuildingsExamples:Theycommissionedanarchitecttodesignthenewlibrary.他们委托一位建筑师设计这座新图书馆。

Thearchitectwaspresentedwithablankchequetodesignanewcitycentre.这位设计师被授予全权设计一个新的城市中心区。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsperuse—v.(fml.)toreadsth.,esp.inacarefulwayExamples:Afterbreakfastheperusedthenewspapers.早饭后，他认真阅读了报纸。Shecasthereyesagainoverthelettertoperuseitasecondtime,andsawtherewasapostscript.她的目光又回到了那封信上,又读了第二遍,发现还有一小段附言。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointscongested—a.crowded;fullofvehiclesortrafficExamples:Thestreetwascongestedwithtraffic.街道因往来车辆而堵塞。

DepartmentstoresareoftencongestedbeforeChristmas.圣诞节前百货商店里常常很拥挤。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsfreight—n.goodstransportedbyships,planes,trainsortrucksExamples:TheCustomshavefoundheroinhiddeninfreight.海关查出了隐藏在货物中的海洛因。Wecansenditbyairorseafreight.我们可以将其空运或海运。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointscargo—n.goodsthatarebeingtransportedinashiporplaneExamples:Howlongwillthedischargeofthecargotake?卸货需要多久？Thisporthandles100milliontonsofcargoeachyear.这个港口每年的货物吞吐量达1亿吨。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsvessel—n.1.alargeshiporboatExamples:It’shardtopilotavesselinroughweather.在恶劣天气中为船舶引航是很困难的。ThevesselisfullyloadedwithcargoforShanghai.这艘船满载货物驶往上海。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsvessel—n.2.atubethatcarriesbloodthroughthebodyofapersonorananimalExamples:Heburstabloodvesselinafitofcoughing.他一阵咳嗽咳破了血管。Firstthesurgeonperformedthesectionofthebloodvessel.外科医生首先切开血管。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsriddled—a.fullofsth.badorunpleasantExamples:Thisledtobusinessesriddledwithconflictsofinterestandculture.这使得企业充斥着利益和文化冲突。Hiscampaignwasriddledwithaccusationsandpersonalattacks.他的竞选活动充斥着指责和人身攻击。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsretail—v.tobesoldforaparticularpriceinashopExamples:Thesesocksretailat1dollarapair.这些袜子零卖一美元一双。TheiPhoneisexpectedtoretailforunder＄300.据估计,iPhone的零售价不超过300美元。Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsretail—n.thesellingofgoodstoconsumers，usu.insmallquantitiesandnotforresaleExamples:Couldyoutellmetheretailpricesoftheseshoes?你能告诉我这些鞋子的零售价吗？Therateofretailpricerosegreatly.零售价上涨了很多。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointscomponent—n.oneofseveralpartsthattogethermakeupawholemachine,system,etc.Examples:Eachcomponentiscarefullycheckedbeforeassembly.每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。Whatifnoneofthemcontainsthecomponentthatyouneed?如果它们都不包含你所需要的零件，那该怎么办呢？Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointscomponent—a.beingpartofsth.Examples:Brimstoneisacomponentpartofexplosive.硫磺是炸药的一种组成成分。Weshouldanalyzethecomponentpartsofthesentence.我们应该分析这个句子的组成成分。

Unit4:LanguageandCulturalPointsapparent—a.easytonoticeExamples:Sheheardthenewsofhisdeathwithapparentunconcern.她听到他的死讯无动于衷。Eventhoughshehadinnerdoubts,itwasnotapparenttoanyoneelse.即使心中生疑她也不形于色。

Replacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Wildlifeconservationisimportantfromboththecommercialandnon-commercialstandpoint.Wildlifeconservationisimportantfromboththecommercialandnon-commercialperspective.Thisdecisionrepresentsthefundamentalinterestsofthepeople.Thisdecisionrepresentsthebasicinterestsofthepeople.Unit4Exercises:LanguageFocusperspectivecongestedtime-honoredapparentalientransformretailfundamentalReplacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Themagicianchangedthefrogintoaprincess.Themagiciantransformedthefrogintoaprincess.ButgiventheevermorecongestedstateofChina’sroads,andsomanyinexperiencednewdrivers,theauthorities’interventionseemsnotstrongenough.ButgiventheevermorecrowdedstateofChina’sroads,andsomanyinexperiencednewdrivers,theauthorities’interventionseemsnotstrongenough.Unit4Exercises:LanguageFocusperspectivecongestedtime-honoredapparentalientransformretailfundamentalReplacetheunderlinedwordswiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.Shehadmanygoodqualitiesdespiteherobviousrudeness.Shehadmanygoodqualitiesdespiteherapparentrudeness.Unit4Exercises:LanguageFocusperspectivecongestedtime-honoredapparentalientransformretailfundamentalReadthefollowingpassage.Foreachnumberedblank,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestone.A.transmittingB.transformingC.transferringD.transportingA.shaped B.shaded C.shook D.shockedA.make B.takeC.triggerD.promoteHenryForddidnotinventtheautomobile.Butmorethananyothersingleindividual,hewasresponsiblefor1._____________theautomobilefromaninventionofunknownutilityintoaninnovationthatprofoundly2.________the20thcentury,andcontinuestoaffectthe21st.Innovatorschangethings,theytakenewideas,sometimestheirown,sometimesotherpeople’s,anddevelopand3._______thoseideasuntiltheybecomeanacceptedpartofdailylife.InnovationUnit4Exercises:ClozetransformingshapedpromoteReadthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestone.A.inquiresB.requiresC.acquiresD.appealsA.fiction B.vision C.illusionD.preparationA.characteristicsB.phenomenaC.circumstancesD.prospectsA.largelyB.partiallyC.fullyD.properly4.________selfconfidence,atastefortakingrisks,leadershipability,anda(an)

5.________ofwhatthefutureshouldbe.HenryFordhadallthese6._____________,butittookmanyyearstodevelopallofthem7._______.

Intheturbulentworldofearlyautomobilemanufacturing,HenryFordUnit4Exercises:ClozecharacteristicsvisionrequiresfullyReadthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestone.A.better B.more C.worse D.lessA.to B.forC.against D.onA.distributionsB.attributionsC.contributionsD.contradictionsA.match B.contactC.combinationD.cooperation

stoodout8.______forproductdesignthanforhisracecarmarketing

andhissuccessfulresistance9.______theSeldenautopatents(塞尔登汽车专利).What,then,pushedhimintothegroupofUSheroes?Three10.______________combinedtoformhisenduringreputation:TheModelT,theMovingAssemblyLine,andtheFiveDollarDay.

The1908ModelTisarguablythebest11.__________oftechnicalUnit4Exercises:ClozetolesscontributionsmatchReadthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestone.A.respondedtoB.l