专题二高中英语语法句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语版

高中英语语法1.句子构造成分剖析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（能够熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分以外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一同作谓语，所以区分红分时，区分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。考点1.区分句子成分时的常用符号英语中区分句子成分的符号主语在下边画直线谓语在下边画曲线宾语在下边画双横线定语在下边画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语下边为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横仿佛是为了填补上边短横间的缝隙）同位语上下双曲线（都有波折，上下地点基真同样）考点1.主语主语是一个句子所表达的主体，一般位于句首，往常由名词性的词来充任。能够作主语的词性或语法构造：1.名词2.代词3.数词4.不定式5.动名词6.主语从句等表示。名词化的形容词（如therich）在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不可以作主语的。假如它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真实的主语在后边。Onthedeskaresomebooks.(主语是books，

所以用are)Downjumpstheboy.(主语是theboy，所以用jumps)Gonearethedays.(主语是thedays，所以用are)练习1.在下边句子的主语下边画横线，并说出由什么充任。Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.WhenwearegoingtohaveEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.Thatheisn’tathomeisnot.trueTherecomesthebus.Beyondthevillageliesasmallvillage.Nowcomesyourturn.考点2.谓语谓语由动词充任，说明主语所做的动作或拥有的特点和状态。谓语的组成以下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语组成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.复合谓语：由神态动词或其余助动词加动词组成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.Iwouldstayathomeallday.Hashecomeback?Hedidn’tattendthemeetingyesterday.②由系动词加表语组成。系动词不可以独自作谓语，要和表语一同作谓语。如：Wearestudents.Yourideasoundsgreat.考点3.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特点和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）以后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。练习2.画出以下句中的表语，并说明由什么充任。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.Isityours?Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Threetimessevenistwenty-one.HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobby（喜好）isplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.考点4.宾语宾语由名词性的词充任，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后边。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。练习3.画出以下句中的宾语,并说明由什么充任。Theyplantedmanytreesyesterday.(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Iwantedtobuyacar.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.考点5.宾语补足语

宾语补足语和宾语组成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在乎思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充任。练习4.用下划线画出以下句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充任，同时领会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。HisfathernamedhimDongming.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.Letthefreshairin.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.Wesawherenteringtheroom.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.8.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.考点6.主补对主语的增补。含有宾语补足语的句子在变为被动语态，宾语作主语时，本来的宾补就成了主语补足语。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.考点7.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限制作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语往常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，很多状况下，定语是放在所修饰词后边的，这点与汉语习惯不一样，也是很多同学不可以读懂长句的主要原由。定语后置常有的有以下几种状况：副词用作定语一般要后置。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那边的人们)Hedidn’tlikethemandownstairs.（楼下的那个人）形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词以后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词以前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词以后。Thenextmanisascientist.Themannexttomeisascientist.（我旁边的那个人）介词短语作定语时要后置。TheboyunderthetreeisTom（.树下的那个男孩）ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.（我们班最高的那个男孩）此刻分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。Ihavesomethingtosay.(直译：我有要说的话)Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.（在那处哭的那个男孩）Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.（昨年建的那座房屋）练习5.口头翻译以下句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留神定语的地点，并说明定语是由什么词性或构造充任。TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneedingrepairinginourcity.10.Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeedonmeat.11.AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtoseeyou.12.Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundonthewaybackhome.13.Therearemanyclothestobewashed.

14.MostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywerefromAmerica.15.Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewastomarchpastthepalaceintheteam.考点8.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特点的句子成分，叫作状语。Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.(仔细地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）Herunsveryslowly.（修饰副词slowly,所以very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）A.几个并列状语的先后次序：方式→地址→时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其次序较灵巧，但一般是：方式→地址→时间。如：Ifoundalostpenoutsideourschoolyesterdaymorning.Hewaswalkingslowlyoutsidetheparkatthatmoment.英语中时间状语、地址状语的摆列一般是从小到大先写时间，再写上/下午，再写礼拜几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。Iinvitedhimtowatchamovieat5p.m.onThursday,August28th,2015.Iwasbornat6a.m.,March16,2000.Helivesat1120GreenStreet,London.C.频度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在句中要放在神态动词、系动词、助动词以后,实义动词以前。Youcannevertellwhathewilldo.Heisoftenlate.Heisalwayshelpingothers.Heoftencamelate.状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨识，假如这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。所以，状语的种类好多，能够表示时间、地址、原由、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和退步等。练习6.指出以下画线部分属于什么状语。1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?

Theyoungman,mybrother,worksintheoffice.OurEnglishteacher,Mrs.Wang,oftenhelpsuswithstudy.They,somerailwayworkers,arebusyrepairingthetrain.单句改错依据所学主语有关内容，更正以下句中的错2.Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.3.Lastnightshedidn误。’tgotothedancepartybecause1.Beyondthemountainslieasmallvillage.oftherain.2.GoneisthedayswhenIhadtogotoschool4.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatonfoot.care.3.Playbasketballismyfavoritesport.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.Theboyreallyneedsapen.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.Iamtallerthanheis.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.考点9.同位语同位语是在名词或代词以后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）It’sgoodtostudentsus.练习7.画出以下句中的同位语。

GiveupEnglishisnotanoption.Bydoingpart-timejobscanhelpthemgainsocialexperience.Withoutafriendwillfeellonely.II.语法填空（每空至多填三词）Theyplanned______(take)twodaysoffnextweek.Hepracticed______(speak)Englisheveryday.Here______(be)yourbooks.Onthewall______(hang)twopictures.III.写作技术提高注意句子主语的形式。在我看来，早睡早起将对我们的健康有利处。（inmyopinion,getupearly,gotobedearly,doalotofgoodto,ourhealth）他此次考试不及格使他不快乐。（hefailedtheexam,make,upset）在那两座高楼之间，耸立着我们教课楼。（betweenthetwotallbuildings,stand,teachingbuilding）我们此刻正在学的知识对我们未来的生活和工作都很有帮助。（whatwearelearningnow,beofgreathelpto,ourlifeandwork,inthefuture）用形容词作后置定语。你认识Tom旁边的那个人吗？（know,nextto）尽早把他送到距你家近来的医院。（sendto,nearestto,assoonaspossible）我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐的餐厅。（dininghall,largeenough,hold）注意状语的次序。那时他正在教室内仔细地写作业。（dohishomework,intheclassroom,carefully,atthatmoment）上周日我们在校园内栽了好多树。（plantlotsoftrees,intheschoolyard）

他昨天在演讲竞赛中表现得异样优异。performincrediblywell,speechcontest）D.注意频度副词的地点。QQ329950885我永久不会忘掉他那一天对我讲的话。（will,forget,whathetoldme,never）我常常去那家超市。（frequently,thesupermarket）他老是帮助他人。（always,helping）我们什么时候都不可以那样对待老人。never,treatanoldmanlikethat,should）活到老，学到老。（one,never,toooldtolearn）答案：练习1.在下边句子的主语下边画横线，并说出由什么充任。Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular（名.词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass（.代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式短语）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided（.主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真实的主语为后边的不定式）Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue.(主语从句，that不可以省略)10.Therecomesthebus.(副词不可以作主语，本句为倒装句，名词thebus作主语)11.Beyondthevillageliesasmallvillage.(介词短语不可以作主语，主语是后边的名词短语)12.Nowcomesyourturn.（副词不可以作主语，主语是后边的名词）练习2.画出以下句中的表语，并说明由什么充任。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican（.名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词/形容词，这样的分词已形容词化了）Threetimessevenistwenty-one.（数词）

HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（喜好）isplayingfootbal.（动名词）Themachinemustbeunderrepairs（.介词短语）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（从句）练习3.画出以下句中的宾语,并说明由什么充任。Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.（名词）(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday（.名词化形容词）Iwantedtobuyacar.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic（.动名词短语）Ithinkthatheisfitforhisoffice（.宾语从句）练习4.用下划线画出以下句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充任。HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（此刻分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime(.过去分词短语)练习5.口头翻译以下句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留神定语的地点，并说明定语是由什么词性或构造充任。TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.桌子上的那封信是给吴先生的。（介词短语作后置定语）Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.怀里抱婴儿的那个妇女是他的母亲。（with的复合构造作后置定语）Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.我们需要一个比这个地方大两倍的地方。（形容词短语作后置定语）Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.她提着一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。（形容词短语作后置定语）It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.那是一本仅值一美元的书。（形容词短语作后置定语）It’sacityfarfromthecoast.它是一座距海岸很远的城市。（形容词短语作后置定语）Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.他有足够能买一辆车的钱。（形容词短语作后置定语）Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.楼下的那个人正在全力睡觉。（副词作后置定语）Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneedingrepairinginourcity.在我们城市有很多需要维修的名胜。（此刻分词短语作后置定语）10.Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeedonmeat.属于食肉动物的老虎以肉为食。（此刻分词短语作后置定语）11.AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtoseeyou.一个自称为John的男孩想见你。（此刻分词短语作后置定语）12.Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundonthewaybackhome.在回家的路上，他捡起一个躺在路上的钱包。（此刻分词短语作后置定语；副词短语作后置定语）13.Therearemanyclothestobewashed.有很多要洗的衣服。意译为：有很多衣服

要洗。（动词不定式短语作后置定语）14.MostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywerefromAmerica.大部分被邀请参加派对的歌手都来自美国。（过去分词短语作后置定语）15.Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewastomarchpastthepalaceintheteam.接着，他要排队游行经过宫殿的那一天到了。（定语从句修饰thegreatday）练习6.指出以下画线部分属于什么状语。时间状语2.地址状语3.原由状语方式状语5.陪伴状语6.目的状语目的状语8.程度状语9.程度状语结果状语11.退步状语12.比较状语条件状语14.时间状语；地址状语原由状语练习7.画出以下句中的同位语。QQ329950885Theyoungman,mybrother,worksintheoffice.OurEnglishteacher,MrsWangoftenhelpsuswithstudy.They,somerailwayworkers,arebusyr