历年考研英语阅读中的难句翻译参考

TheAanizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.[参考译文]的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务来决定什么应该被制Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmento izeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto izetheires,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeacontractwithanotherprivateindividual.些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人(经济单位)自由签定合同的权利Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowing nelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalns.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.ExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameageForthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothoseThegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.[参考译文]30Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveApartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamenternthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.[参考译文]除去议会有27件法案来规范的条件，没有任何一个正式的商敢于Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformationandthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive-advertisingwoundbesoboringthatnoonewoundpayanyattention.味，那么就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。Theworkerswhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowforthereefforts.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time--consuming,andsometimesevenoverwhelming.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethrougheconferencing,andproblemsindisputebesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconference Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirBtypefellows.结构里面竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualificationswillpayhimtoemployyouandyour"wares"andabilitiesmustbedisyedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapubliclyfundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogramsarenowthesubjectofanationwidedebateinThedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewertosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee. Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofesssignalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.代人(公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些公司的。Suchlarge,imalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners:andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.[参考译文]这样巨大而非个人的对和产业的极大地增加了股东的数量和他TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge"comfortable"classeswhohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders?meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.[参考译文]像伯恩茅斯和本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒适"阶会，向管理层口授一下令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythe inwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthe wasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliar alknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassing工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解而在现在正在的古老公司的那种更加家Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry?sexcellentelementaryschools:alabor edthenewtechnology；thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthings：技术的劳动者们发明者的做法；而且最重要的是人在对那些技术性事物的非言语的、"空间性的"思考方面的天赋（安通学校提供）：AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions:theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor..,areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist".RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheel,etc,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea".Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogramsand,tactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwoundbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolution，[参考译文]在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上?杰伊?写道："这本书本身就代标准的话，一切就办了。，Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia?sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.]Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.团体和澳大利亚医学地这个法案指责法案的通过过于匆忙但是大势已定，InAustralia-whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallyedtheirpartotherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.[参考译文]在澳大利亚--人口化，延长的技术和变化看的社会态度，这些因Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small--mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andillmanneredanaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.[参考译文]我们一种药品()的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里：一Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdis."Isthiswhatyouintendedto plishwithyourcareers?"SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek."Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?"[参考译文]上星期参议员多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们："难道这是希望能够成就的事业?已经了自己的，但是难道还非要我们的"Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn´,"liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesdomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesDuringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth´sstockholders´meeting,Levinassertedthat"musicisnotthecauseofsociety´sills"andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.[参考译文]在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，宣称说："音乐不是会问题的原因"，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州克斯的一个教师，并用说唱音乐与学生们。Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetary,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"of"atouchonthebrakes"，makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.[参考译文]有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如"轻踩刹车"以"经济"，使EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,since,conventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica´s,havelittleproductiveslack.Themostthrillingexnationis,unfortunay,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft-allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkce--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining,Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,chopoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-term[参考译文]他的同事?说，有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公司Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightScienceandReason",heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and"ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.[参考译文]1995逃离科学与理性"6月在布法罗附近召开的"(错误)信息时代的科学"（安通学校提供Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,from whoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxtoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.[参考译文]一项关于1996年的显示，反科学的还可以贴在许多其人(都被贴上了反科学的)。The´trueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrllchofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyears-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica´smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation´sheadcounting.[参考译文]这种发展--以及其对政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影响一Oftentheychoose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmogcrimeandothersofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California´sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970´s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960´sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.Unlikemostoftheworld?svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingtesthatmakeuptheearth?ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofate[参考译文]跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是，它们(热点)Therelativemotionofthetescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionoftheteswithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth?sinterior.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.（略）Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginctions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn?tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.[参考译文]尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的提出警告-许多警告还是按州或规定要求给出的然而(我们)并不清楚如果顾客受到时，Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademics mendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.[参考译文]与此同时，法律--由一群、和理论专家组成，他们的险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的（安通学校提供）Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards, ,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinctivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents?careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationreform.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois ifhecannotcompetentlyaccesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofBesides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetohumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrinceton ShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswith mendationsforanationalonhumancloning.长哈罗得?为首的独立的专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政Inadraftprefacetothe mendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning".，参考译文]在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份的序言草案中提出，专，Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo?slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.[参考译文]因为现今的法律已经使用基金克隆胚胎(人类后裔在出生前Ifexperimentsarennedandcarriedoutaccordingtonasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.[参考译文]如果试验是像科学上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施话，那么对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的（安Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeeoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththe[参考译文]如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像 的写作所反映的一样那么管理层就不该因研究者中的"思维与众不同的人"，喜欢其中较为传统的"团队Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoff-spring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classcomparedtothetribe.[参考译文]人与人在很大程度上的--即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等，并Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybeevenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiture.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexnatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers,"Pluff!Pluff!"Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms."[参考译文]Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-domiatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavyalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJanpan?srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.[参考译文]战后一代的步入成年以及女性打入主导的劳动力市场使得青少LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents".Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan?s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,tow-generationhouseholds.：：的、只由两代人组成的家庭。Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.[参考译文]如果野心的传统具有生命力，那么这传统必会为许多人；尤其会受到自Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,cenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.[参考译文]当然，人们现在对成功及其各种标志的似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.：候都更供应充足式物质主义的者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄：激进书籍的出：Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword"amateur"doescarryaconnotationthatconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotshareitsThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedkingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.[参考译文]将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的物做一下比较，(我们)就会发现 Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetoo