外研英语三 Module 6 定语从句语法

定语从句定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。关系代词有that﹑who﹑whom﹑whose﹑which﹑as,关系副词有when﹑where﹑why等。正确使用关系词是学好定语从句的关键。如何选用关系词关系词在定语从句中有三个作用：1.引导一个定语从句；2.在从句中代替先行词；3.在从句中担任某一句子成分。上面例句中的that则代替先行词book,并在从句中作borrow的宾语。where代替intheroom,并在从句作live的地点状语。不通的关系词在定语从句中担任不同的句子成分。因此，选用关系词时须（1）分析先行词在从句中担任什么成分，或者说分析从句中缺少什么句子成分；（2）选用可担任该句子成分的关系词。下面我们具体读一下关系词的选用。关系代词1. 先行词是人时的三种情况：（1）先行词是人，在从句中作主语或者说从句中缺少主语时，用who或that。例如：

Mysisteristhegirlwho(that)iswearingawhiteskirt.我妹妹就是那个穿白裙子的姑娘。当先行词是one,ones,-body,-one,those等，指人时一般用who,不用that。例如：

Thosewhowanttoseethefilm,pleaseraiseyourhands.想看电影的人，请举手。句中有疑问词who或在从句中作表语时用关系代词that,不用who.如：Whoisthegirlthatissittingoverthere?Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.(2)先行词是人，在从句中作宾语即从句中缺动宾或介词时，用whom或that（介词后不用that.例如：

1）Theteacherwantstoreturnthebooktothegirlfromwhomheborrowedit.这位老师想把从这个女孩那儿借的书还给她。2）Heistheman(whom)youwanttosee.他就是你想见的人。关系代词that,which,whom在从句中作宾语时可省略掉。但放在介词后面时则不可省略掉。如上面第一个句子from后面的whom就不能省略掉。(3)先行词是人，在从句中作定语或者说从句中缺少定语时，用whose.例如：Theboywhosehomeworkhasn’tbeenhandedinwillbescoldedbythemaster.没交作业的那个孩子将要受到老师的责备。2. 先行词是物时的四种情况（1） 先行词是物，在从句中作主语或者说从句中缺少主语时，用that,which.例如：Thisisthepenwhich(that)isbeingusedbyTom.这就是Tom正在用的那只笔。（2） 先行词是物，在从句中作宾语，即从句中缺少动词宾语或介词宾语时，用which或that.介词后不用that.例如：1）Thebookthat(which)Ineedisn’tinthelibrary,我所需要的那本书不在图书馆。2）ThisisthefirefromwhichItookaburningstick.这就是那堆火，我从那里拿了一根正在燃烧的棍子。3）先行词是物，且在从句中缺少定语时，用whose或the+名词+ofwhich的结构。例如：

1）Isawasnakewhoseheadwasturningthiswayandthat.我看见一条蛇，它的头来回摆动。2）Westudyintheroomwhosedoor(=thedoorofwhich)facessouth.我们在一间门朝南开的房间里学习。如何区别whose与whichWhich所修饰的先行词只能是物，它在从句中可担任主语﹑宾语等；而whose意为“谁的…”或者“…的…”不但可以指人而且可以指物，它在从句中只能作定语。1） Doyouknowthemanwhosehousewasonfirelastnight?你认识昨天晚上家里着火的那个人吗？2） Thisistheroomwhosewindowneedsrepairing.这就是窗需要修的那间房。3） IsthisthebookwhichiswrittenbyQiongyao?这就是琼瑶哦写的那本书吗？4）Ihavereadthebookwhichyougaveme.你给我的那本书我已经看过了。Practice:1.Isthisthefactory_____alotofstudentsvisitedyesterday?A.theone

B.whichC.who

D.Whomdidn’tmakefriendswithanyone____familywaspoor.A.ofthatB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose3.Thehouse____roofwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.A.whichB.whoseC.thatD.ofwhose4.Thisisoneofthearticlesthat_____writtenbyhim.

A.wasB.were

C.is

D.are5.Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces__________couldn’tbefound.

A.that

B.where

C.inwhich

D.inthat6.Thattree,__________branchesarealmostbare,isveryold.

A.whose

B.ofwhich

C.inwhich

D.onwhich7.Thegirl________anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTom’ssister.

A.whoissinging

B.issinging

C.sang

D.wassinging8.Anyone________thisopinionmayspeakout.

against

B.thatagainst

C.whoisagainsD.whoareagainst9.Canyoulendmethenovel______theotherday?A.thatyoutalked

B.youtalkedaboutit

C.whichyoutalkedwith

D.youtalkedaboutthereanything_______toyou?

A.thatisbelonged

B.thatbelongs

C.thatbelong

D.whichbelongs11.Maythefourthistheday___weChinesepeoplewillneverforget.A.which

B.when

C.onwhich

D.aboutwhich12.Hehastwosons,_______workaschemists.

A.twoofwhom

B.bothofwhom

C.bothofwhich

D.allofwhom13.Whocanthinkofasituation________thisidiomcanbeused?

A.which

B.that

C.where

D.inthat14.Ihavemanybooks,someof_______areonchemistry.

A.them

B.that

C.which

D.those15.

Thisisthebag_____mymotherboughtyesterday.

A.thatB.whoC.whomD.this16.Theman_____livesnexttousismyEnglishteacher.

A.whomB.whichC.whoD./17.Thegirl_____yousawinthestreetisMary.

A.thatB.whoseC.whichD.as18.Pleaseshowmethebook_____youboughtyesterday.

A.whichB.whomC.whoseD.this19.-Doyouknowtheman______istalkingwithyourfather？-Yes，he‘sourheadmaster.A.heB.

who

C.which

D.whom20.Canyoulendmethedictionary______theotherday？A.thatyoubought

B.youboughtitC.thatyouboughtit

D.whichyouboughtit关系副词（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：Thiswasthetimewhenhearrived.这是他到达的时间。（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：

Thisisplacewhereheworks.这是他工作的地点。（3）why指原因，其先行词是原因，作原因状语作用。例如：Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheisoftenlateforschool.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。比较：先行词是表示时间的名词时的两种情况（1） 先行词是表示时间的名词，在从句中作时间状语时或者说从句中缺少时间状语时，用when（相当于相应的介词短语）。例如：

1）Thedaywhen(=onwhich)Iwasgivenajobfinallycame.我得到工作的那一天终于到了。2）Itoldhimtheyearwhen(=inwhich)hestudiedintheschool.我给他说了他在这个学校学习的那一年。当先行词是time,moment,dayweek等时也可用that(=when=介词+which),也可省去。Therewillbeaday(that,when,onwhich)you’llfeelsorryforit.总有一天你会为此后悔的。当先行词是thefirst(second,third,last)time时，只能用that或省去。Thisisthelast(first)time(that)I’llgiveyoualesson.(2)先行词是表示时间的名词，在从句中作主语或宾语时即从句中缺少主语，介宾或动宾时，用which或that.例如：1）Thedaywhich(that)wasimportanttoHelenfinallycame.对海伦来说至关重要的一天终于到了。2）Gonearethedaysthat(which)wespenttogether.我们一起度过的日子一去不复返了。先行词是表示地点的名词时的三种情况：1） 先行词是表示地点的词，在从句中作地点状语，即从句中缺少地点状语时，用where（相当于相应的介词短语）。例如：Thisisthevillagewhere(inwhich)ChairmanMaooncelivedandworked.这就是毛主席曾经住过工作过的那个村子。2） 先行词是表示地点的名词，在从句中作主语或宾语，即从句中缺少主语或宾语时，用which,that.例如：I’llneverforgetthevillagewhich(that)standsatthefootofthehill.我永远也忘不了位于山脚下的那个村庄。Justnowwetalkedaboutthevillagewhich(that)Ihadvisitedtwice.刚才我们谈起了我曾去过两次的那个村子。3） 先行词是表示地点的名词，在从句中作定语，即从句中缺少定语时，用whose或“名词+ofwhich”.例如：Thehouse,whoseroof(=theroofofwhich)iswhite,belongstome.那间屋子是白色的房子是我的。先行词是表示原因的名词reason,because,explanation时，如后面的从句是表示它的内容时，用why(也可省略)，forwhich,引导都可以。例如：Thereasonwhy(=forwhich或that，在非正式文体中也可省去)hewasabsentyesterdayisstillunknown.昨天他缺席的原因至今仍不清楚。如果reason后面的从句不是表示其内容时，则只用that或which例如：Whobelievesthereasonthathetoldus.谁相信他给我们的原因。先行词是表示的方式的名词way,manner时，它的从句用that（也可省略）或inwhich引导。例如：1)Doyoulikethewayhetalks?你喜欢他谈话的方式吗？2)Thisisthewayinwhichhekeepsintouchwithme.这就是他同我保持联系的方式。Practice:1.Isthisthefactory__________heworkedtenyearsago?

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone2.Isthatthereason_______youareinfavouroftheproposal?

A.which

B.what

C.why

D.forthat3.Istillrememberthenight_______Ifirstcametothehouse.

4.Illneverforgettheday________wemeteachotherlastweek.

A.which

B.when

C.that

which5.Thisistheschool______Iusedtostudy.

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone6.Doyoustillremembertheplace_______wevisitedthepaintingexhibition?

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone7.HaveyoueverbeetoHangzhou,______liestheWestLake?

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone8.TomwillgotoShanghai,______livehistwobrothers.

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone9.Therewasatime______therewereslavesintheUSA.

A.that

B.when

C.which

D.theone10.Thisisthehour_____theplaceisalwaysfullofwomenandchildren.

A.that

B.when

C.which

D.theone11.Ihopeyouwillfindthisvalleyabeautifulplace____youmayspendyourweekend.A.that

B.where

C.which

D.theone12.Iloveplaces______thepeoplearereallyfriendly.A.that

B.which

C.where

D.who13.Theworld______ismadeupofmatter.A.inthatwelive

B.onwhichweliveC.wherewelivein

D.welivein14．Wevisitedafactory_______makestoysforchildren.

B.which

C.where

D.who15.Isthistheplace_______yourfatheroncelived?A.that

B.which

C.where

D.who16.I’llneverforgetthedays_______IjoinedtheLeague.

A.that

B.when

C.where

D.who17.Hegottothevillage_______hisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where18.Thisisthehouse_______Iwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where19.Thisisthehouse_______ourbelovedPremierZhouoncelivedandworked.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where20.Hedidn’ttellmetheplace_______hewasborn.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可或缺的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句书写时不用逗号分开。例如：1）HeistheonlypersonwhoknowsJapanese.他是唯一懂得日语的人。2）ThisisthequestionaboutwhichI’mgoingtospeak.这就是我要谈的问题。2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词做些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句与主句之间往往用逗号隔开，一般不用that引导。翻译成汉语时通常译成一个单独的句子。例如：1）Myfather,whoisfondofmusic,worksasadriver.我父亲是个司机，他爱好音乐。2）IstudyinthecityofMiddleschool,whichwasbuiltin1958.我在二中上学，它建于1958年。3）MarylivesinthecityofHangzhou,wherethereisabeautifullake玛丽住在杭州，那里有一个美丽的湖。比较：Hehasasonwhoworksasapoliceman.他有个当警察的儿子。（限制性定语从句）Hehasason,whoworksasapoliceman.他有个儿子，是当警察的。（非限制性定语从句）Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.那里所有的书都是他写的，里面都有美丽的插图。（非限制性定语从句）Allthebookstherewhich(that)havebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.那里所有美丽插图的书都是他写的。（限制性定语从句）只能用that引导的几种情况定语从句修饰①anything,nothing,everything(不包括something),all等不定代词；②表示方位的名词或被序数词，形容词的最高级或only,very,that修饰的表示事物的名词或代词；③同时修饰物和人两个名词时，通常用that引导。例如：1) Isthereanythingthatyouwant?有你要的东西吗？2) ThisisthefirstfilmthatI’veseensinceIcamehere这是我来到这里以来看的第一部电影。3) Theonlythingthatherememberedwashername.他唯一记的东西是她的名字。4) Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpeoplethatwerememberedintheschool.我们谈论了我们所记得的学校的人和事。用which的情况（1）指物位于介词之后做宾语（2）引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语或宾语时须用关系代词。例如：1)ThepencilwithwhichIwaswritingbroke.我正在用着写字的钢笔断了2）Myhometown,whichwasliberatedin1947,haschangedalot.我的家乡是1947年解放的，已经发生了很大的变化。Practice:1.Haveyouvisitedthehouse_____thefamousscientistwasborn?A.inwhich

B.inthat

C.that

D.which2.Doyoustillremembertheday___wefirstmet?

A.that

B.onwhich

C.what

D.onthat3.October1,1949wastheday_____thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.A.which

B.that

C.onthat

D.onwhich4.Istillrememberthesitting-room_____mymotherandIusedtositintheevening.A.what

B.whichC.that

D.inwhich5.Alecaskedthepoliceman______heworkedtocallhimwhenevertherewasanaccident.A.withhim

B.whoC.withwhomD.whom6."Whomovedmycheese?”,______isabest-sellingbook,iswrittenbySpencerJohnson.

A.which

B.that

C.it

D.what7.Theartist__thejudgegaveaprizeistheteacher__Ihavebeentaughtpaintingfortwoyears.

A.fromwhom;bywhom

B.towhom;who

C.fromwhom;who

D.towhom;bywhom8.Thisistheveryhouse_wearelookingfor.

A.thatB.whereC.which

D.whose9.I’vereturnedallthebooks____Iborrowedfromthelibrary.

A.whichB.themC.whatD.that10.Thereisn’tmuch______Icantellyou.

A.whatB.whichC.that

D.where11.Shekeptarecordofeverything____happenedduringthemeeting.

A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what12.Pleasetellusaboutthepersonsandtheplaces____youvisitedinShanghai.A.thatB.whoC.whichD.whom13.Californiawasthefirststate____IhadvisitedintheUS.

A.whereB.thatC.which

D.what14.Thetwothings____theyfeltveryproudwereJim’sgoldwatchandDella’hair.A.aboutwhichB.ofwhich

C.inwhich

D.forwhich15.Hefailedintheexamination,__________madehisfatherveryangry.

A.which

B.it

C.that

D.what16.We’retalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist_______wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.

A.which

B.whom

C.who

D.that17.Thetrain_______shewastravellingwaslate.

A.which

B.where

C.onwhich

D.inthat18.Hehaslostthekeytothedrawer_______the