发表英文医学论文技巧

MakingAnEnglish

BiomedicalPaper:

Why,What,andHow

发表英文医学论文技巧

RuiwenZhang,MD,PhD,DABT

张瑞稳博士

Professor,PharmacologyandToxicologyDirector,CancerPharmacologyLaboratory

Sr.Scientist,ComprehensiveCancerCenter,ClinicalNutritionResearchCenter,ChemopreventionCenter,GeneTherapyCenter,CenterforAging,&CenterforAIDSResearch

UniversityofAlabamaSchoolofMedicneBirmingham,AL35294,USAruiwen.zhang@

Editor-in-Chief美捷登主编

精选课件Accomplishtechnicallycompetent,thorough,andethicalresearchEmployobjective

scientificjudgmentandseekappropriateadvice.Publishhonestreportsinatimelyfashion.ObligationsofaScientistSession1精选课件BenefitsofWritingTothinkmoreclearly.Tofulfilltheresponsibilitytoreportandshareinformationwiththescientificcommunity.Toproduceafinalproductofasuccessfulresearchproject.Toachievepersonalgain,establishoneselfasanexpert,andreceivegrantsandpromotions.Publicationsarethecurrencyoftheworldofscience.Session1精选课件Notpeer-reviewedPeer-reviewedOriginalresearchpapersReviewsMeetingabstractsConferencereportsGrantApplicationsFellowshipproposalsBooks,chaptersBookreviewsTeachingmaterialsTheses/dissertationsEditorialcommentsLetterstotheeditorResearchreports(sometimes)WebpagesCorrespondenceConfidentialreportsPublicNotpublicTypesofScientificWritingSession1精选课件DefinitionCompare-contrastEnumeration/IllustrationCause-effectMajorTechniquesinScientificWritingSession1精选课件English:theuniversallanguageofscience

-EugeneGarfield,1987Reader-oriented

Sharinginformation

ThreeThingstoAvoidLaboratoryjargonInventedwordsNon-standardabbreviationsPurposefulConveyinformation,ideas,conceptsPrecise

ChoosewordsmeanttobesaidAccurate

Conformity,actual(true)stateCharacteristicsofScientificWriting(1)Session1精选课件ClearReachestheaudiencewiththesamemeaningithadShouldNOTbeinterpretedinmorethanonewayAvoidWhensomethingissaidforthefirsttime,clarityisessential.ConciseExpresses,coversmuchinfewwordsThebestEnglishisthatwhichgivesthesenseinthefewestshortwords.–InstructionstoAuthors,JournalofBacteriology.Simple

Easytounderstand,notelaborateorartificial,notornate,notcomplicatedIllustrated

“Apictureisworthathousandwords.”MakeuseofgoodfiguresandtablesCharacteristicsofScientificWriting

(2)Session1精选课件SinsofLanguageexcessmaliceignorancedishonestyomissionMisunderstandingMisleadingHarmSession1精选课件Firstreportofthedata(originalpaper)Originalresearchresults(notme-too)Allowpeerstorepeatthereportedexperiments(notnecessarilytheresults)PublishinajournalorotherpublicsourcedocumentAvailabletothescientificcommunityBereceivedandunderstoodCharacteristicsofaValidManuscript(1)Session1精选课件CharacteristicformatIMRAD(Introduction,Methods(&Materials),Results,andDiscussion)Introduction:Whatquestionwasstudied?Methods:Howwasitstudied?Results:Whatwerethefindings?Discussion:Whatdothefindingsmean?Thislogichelpstheauthororganizeandwritethemanuscript.TraditionalformatCancerResearchPNASUSAAlternativeformat:Introduction,Results,Discussion,andMethods(&Materials)EMBOJOncogeneLetterformat

NatureScienceCharacteristicsofaValidManuscript(2)Session1精选课件HypothesisOverview:TheResearchProcessSubmittheManuscriptPrepareaFinalDraftPrepareaRevisedDraftPrepareaDraftPrepareanOutlineRevisetheHypothesisCompletionofExperimentsandDataAnalysisExperimentalDesignSession1精选课件Overview:ThePublicationProcessSubmittheManuscriptAssignmentandPeerReviewEditorialDecisionRejectionRevisionAcceptancePublicationRebuttalTheResearchProcessResubmissionRe-reviewRejectionSession1精选课件Isthereastorytotell?Whatwastherationalefortheproject?DidIperformathoroughliteraturereview?Whatisthehistoricalcontextofthework?DidIhaveaclearhypothesis?Didtheexperimentstestthathypothesis?Istheexperimentaldesigndefendable?CanIjustifywhatIdid?DidIuseappropriatecontrols?Howdomyfindingsrelatetotheexistingknowledge?Ten(10)KeyQuestionsSession1精选课件Scientistsbuildingacareer

(notjustpublishapaper)IntensecompetitionforspaceinjournalsHighcostofpublication(~$300perpage)Rejectionratesvary,e.g.,JBC=75%;NEJM,Science,Nature=90%)Performlaboratoryworkwithamanuscriptinmind(Designapaper)ScientificwritinginvolvesworkWhyandHowtoPublish(1)Session1精选课件Thefirst

publicationonaspecifictopichaspriority.Thefindingsshouldbeexpressedassimplyaspossible.Succinct,concise,“crisp,”andterse,i.e.,briefandtothepoint.YouareNOTwritinganovel.Sentencesshouldbestrippedtotheir“barebones.”Writingrequires:PerseveranceSelfdisciplineOrderlythinkingWritingisbestaccomplishedinaquietplace,inastraight-backedchair,andingoodlighting.(Onceagain,writinginvolvesWORK;youneedanexcellentwritingenvironment.)WhyandHowtoPublish(2)Session1精选课件Presentsubstantial,fresh,relevantinformation(Amanuscriptisworthlessiftheauthorshavenothingworthreporting)WritewhatyouknowGoodwritingcomesfromgoodthinkingWordpowercomesfromintelligentreadingWhyandHowtoPublish(3)Session1ReadingThinkingWriting精选课件Writetoomuchandthenmakedeletions.Bebrief.“Brevityisthesoulofwit.”–Shakespeare.DonotpublishseveralarticleswhenonewillsufficeDonotpublishsimilararticleswithminorchanges.Allowtraineestodeveloptheirownstyle,whilemaintainingqualitycontrol.Tolearnwhatworks:ReadmoreWritemoreReviewmoreYourreputationcanbeaffectedbyapoorpublication.Ifyouhaveareputationforscientifichonestyandcarefulwriting,editorsandreadersmaygiveyouthebenefitofthedoubt.Session1WhyandHowtoPublish(4)精选课件StepsinWritingaManuscript(1)Session1Q:ProfessionalWritingService?ReadingThinkingWritingRevising

精选课件StepsinWritingaManuscript(2)SearchandReviewtheLiterature:UseMEDLINE+othersourcesSearchusingallappropriatekeywordsSummarizerelevantpointsofrelatedarticlesPrepareanOutlinePreparationforcesyoutothinkandorganize.Allpointsshouldbesupportedbyappropriatedata.Givesalogical,step-by-steporderinwhichthemanuscriptwillbepresented.Gapscanbefilledin,andextraneousmaterialcanbeeliminated.Writingcanbedonewithlessinterruption. Session1精选课件Ensurethatyouareup-to-dateontheliteratureinthefieldConfirmthattheresultsare“real”-i.e.,theycannotbeexplainedbyexperimentalerrorandhavebeenrepeatedCompletetheinitialstatisticalanalysesSelectatargetjournalLookoverthe“Instructionsforauthors”Decideontheauthors,anddecidewhowillbethecorrespondingauthorVerifythecurrentinstitutionandaddressforeachoftheauthorsDecidewhowillberesponsibleforthevariouspartsofthemanuscript:Introduction:_________________Methods/Materials:___________________Results:____________________Discussion:__________________________Figures:____________________Tables:_____________________________References:_________________Overallformatting:____________________DiscusswhowillberesponsibleforotherpartsofthesubmissionprocessCoverletter:_________________Online/mailsubmission:________________Revisions:___________________Letterforrevision/rebuttal:_____________DeterminewhoshouldbeincludedintheacknowledgementsSelectatargeteddateforsubmissionSelectmajorreferencestobecitedMakealistoftheproceduresandinstrumentsused,alongwiththeconditionsforeachexperimentVerifythedetailsoftheexperiments(cellcultureconditions,ageofanimals,durationoftreatments,dosesofagentsused,etc.)PreparethefiguresandtablesforthemajordatathatyouwillpresentPrioritizethedata(Themostimportant?SupportingData?Supplementaldata(ifapplicablefortheselectedjournal)?)

Session1ChecklistforPreparinganOutline精选课件SampleOutlineIntroductionEpidemiologicalstudiesshowacorrelationbetweenisoflavoneconsumptionandcancer.Evidencesupportstheideathatgenisteinisthemostimportantisoflavoneinthediet.Genisteinhasananticancereffectinanimalmodels.MainPoint:Epidemiologicalstudiesshowthatdiet,whichcanvarysubstantiallyfromonecountrytoanother,isoneofthemajorfactorsincanceretiologyandmayaccountforupto35%ofthedifferencesincancerratesamongdifferentcountries.ThesisStatement:Genistein,adietarycomponent,hasanovelmechanismofaction,wherebyitspecificallydown-regulatesMDM2atbothtranscriptionalandpost-translationallevels.MaterialsandMethods:PlasmidsandreagentsCelllinesandcellculturesReversetranscription-PCRAssaysforapoptosis,cellproliferation,cellcycledistribution,andclonogenicityXenograftmodelsResults:GenisteininhibitsMDM2expressioninhumancancerandprimarycelllines,regardlessofp53status.(Figures1and2)MDM2transcriptionisrepressedbygenistein.(Figure3)GenisteinpromotesdegradationoftheMDM2protein,independentofp53.(Figure4)Inhibitoryeffectsofgenisteinontyrosinekinasesarenotrequiredforthedown-regulationofMDM2.(Figure5)Genisteinhasantitumoreffectsonapoptosis,cellcycledistribution,andcellproliferation,regardlessofcellularp53status.(Figure6)Invitroantitumoractivitiesofgenisteinareassociatedwithitscapacitytodown-regulateMDM2.(Figure7)InvivoMDM2inhibitionbygenisteinshowsdose-dependentantitumoractivityandchemosensitization,independentofp53.(Figure7)Discussion:Reasonforinterestingenistein.Purposeofstudyandsummaryofresults.TranscriptionalactivationofMDM2.NFAT,aspecifictranscriptionfactor.Post-translationalregulationoftheMDM2protein.Lackofeffectoftyrosinekinaseinhibitors.ImportanceofMDM2expressionincancer.TheantitumoreffectofgenisteinanditseffectonMDM2.Conclusion:Importanceofresultsinrelationtocancerpreventionandtherapy.Session1精选课件StepsinWritingaManuscript(3)GeneralApproachto generatingfirstdraft:

TablesandFiguresResultsMethodsIntroductionDiscussionAbstractTitleReferencesOtherpartsSession1GeneralApproachto Revisingfirstdraft:

ReadtheFirstDraft(FromthebeginningtotheendReaditagainReadliteratureagainReviseIntroduction,ResultsandDiscussionMethodsAbstractTitleAbstractTitleandotherpartsActualWriting(TurtleorRabbitWriter?):精选课件StepsinWritingaManuscript(4)GeneralApproachto Revising2ndandnthdrafts:

2ndCompleteDraftSendtoallauthorsNthDraftSemi-finalversionSendtoOutsidereader/consultant/editingserviceFinalversionSendtoallauthorsSession1GeneralApproachto preparingthefinalversion:

Reading,reading,readingChecking,checking,checkingSubmissionpackageCoverletterSuggestedreviewers,ifneededSubmissionApprovesubmissionWaitingforthenewsActualWriting(TurtleorRabbitWriter?):精选课件Haveajournalinmindasyoudesignandperformyourexperiments.Basisforselectionofatargetjournal:Whoisthetargetaudience?GeneralMultidisciplinarySpecificHowimportantisthecontribution?

Ifitis“earth-shaking”andofinterestinseveralscientificfieldsorifitisamajoradvanceinaparticulardiscipline,submitthemanuscripttoNature,Science,Cell,orPNAS.

Session1SelectanAppropriateJournal(1)TargetJournal

NotSure?Askatrustedcolleague!精选课件Whatistheimpactfactorofthejournal? Calculationforjournalimpactfactor:Example:Nature2007ImpactFactor

Citesin2007toarticlespublishedin: 2006=25635

2005=32644Sum:58279

Numberofarticlespublishedin:2006=962

2005=1065

Sum:2027

Calculation:58279/2027=28.751

Session1SelectanAppropriateJournal(2)SCIandImpactFactor

精选课件MythsofImpactFactors(IFs):IFsdonotreflectthequalityofindividualpapers.ReviewjournalsgenerallyhavehigherIFs.IFsarebiasedagainstspecialty,clinicalresearchornewfieldsofresearch.Notalljournalsareincludedintheindex.IFscanbemanipulatedbyeditors/publishers.IFsfluctuateyeartoyearforagivenjournal.JournalsoriginatedfromNon-EnglishcountrygenerallyhavelowerIFsIFscannotbeusedtocomparepublicationsindifferentfields(subjectcategory)Simplemathdoesnotworkhere:IF10=IF1X10?IF5+IF5=IF10?IF10X6=IF60?IF5.614isbetterthanIF5.613?Session1SelectanAppropriateJournal(3)SCIandImpactFactor

精选课件Isitrecognizedbyoneormoreofthemajorsecondaryservices(ChemicalAbstracts,BiologicalAbstracts,MEDLINE/PubMed)?

MEDLINE(MedicalLiteratureAnalysisandRetrievalSystemOnline)isaninternationalliteraturedatabaseoflifesciencesandbiomedicalinformation.Itcoversthefieldsofmedicine,nursing,pharmacy,dentistry,veterinarymedicine,andhealthcareandmuchoftheliteratureinbiologyandbiochemistry.(~5000serials)

PubMedisafreesearchengineofferingaccesstotheMEDLINEdatabaseofcitationsandabstractsofbiomedicalresearcharticles.Italsoprovidesaccesstomanypre-1966publications.

CA(ChemicalAbstractsService),adivisionoftheAmericanChemicalSociety,producesChemicalAbstracts,anindexofthescientificliteratureinchemistryandrelatedfields.(~9500serials)

BiologicalAbstractsdirectsuserstoinformationonlifesciencetopics,rangingfrombotanytomicrobiologytopharmacology.(>3700serials)Session1SelectanAppropriateJournal(4)MajorSecondaryServices精选课件Whatistheprestigeofthejournal?Isitaprimaryjournal?Isitanopenjournal?Whatisthecirculationofthejournal?Whatisthereviewtimeforthejournal?Whatisthepublicationtimeforthejournal?Session1SelectanAppropriateJournal(5)MorethanIFMostJournalspublishthedatesofsubmission,review,andacceptance.Youneedtocheckthepublishingdate:Epubaheadofprint;InpressMS;Openaccess;onlineonly;PubMEDsubmission;etc.精选课件Whowillbeinterestedinreadingthepaper–basicscientists,clinicians,orboth?Whomdoyouwanttoreadthepaper–membersofthefundingcommittee,thepromotioncommittee,orthecompetitors?Isthepaperwithinthe“Scope”ofthejournal(inthe“InstructionsforAuthors”).Befamiliarwiththejournal,especiallypaperspublishedinthelast6-12monthsSession1SelectanAppropriateJournal(6)MorethanIFStillnotsure:Askatrustedpeer,and,ifpossible,beacquaintedwiththeeditor.精选课件Checkrecentarticlesinvariousjournals;examinetheirformatandcontent.Examineseveralarticlesinpotentialjournals.Howmanyfiguresandtablesdotheyhave?Readthe“TableofContents”ofrecentissuesofpotentialjournals.Consider:AmIqualifiedtowriteanarticleforthisjournal?Consider:Wherewerethepapersyouwillciteasreferencespublished-weretheypublishedinasimilarqualityjournal?Readthe“InstructionsforAuthors”andexamplesofpublicationsinthesejournals.Session1SelectanAppropriateJournal(7)KnewWhatYouWishForKeepinMind:Topic,Contents,Format,andStyle.精选课件Ifyousubmittoawrongjournal:Yourmanuscriptmaybereturnedtoyouwithoutreview.Itmaybereviewedinadequately.Itspublicationmaybeunnecessarilydelayed.Yourworkmayremainunknownbecauseitisnotreadafterpublication.Session1SelectanAppropriateJournal(8)WrongJournalorWrongPaper?Stillnotsure:AsktheEditorofthepotentialjournal.Donotoverlydependon‘ProfessionalEditingService”精选课件DataPreparationandEvaluation(1)ChecklistforfinalizingdataforamanuscriptMakesureyourresultshavebeenrepeated/confirmedSelectresultsthatarerepresentativeofyourrepeats(forWesternblots,photographs,spectra,etc)orprepareaveragesandstandarddeviationsforyourdata(clinicalparameters,animalstudies,etc.)Ensurethatyourdataarestatisticallysignificant,andthatyouindicatethisinthetextandfigures.Prepareanappropriatenumberoffigures

and/ortables(manyjournalshavealimitof6figures)ConfirmthatyourfiguresandtablesaresupportedbyrawdataMakesurethattherawdataisretrievable(inlaboratoryrecords)Organizedatabyimportance(keydata,supportingevidence,and/orsupplementaldata)Determinetheytypeofillustrationthatwillbestshowcasethedata(Figure?Table?Photograph?)Generatefiguresofsufficientquality

foryourselectedjournal(journalsfrequentlyrequirefigurequalityof600dpi)Formatyourillustrationsaccordingtotheinstructionsforauthors(fontstyleandsize)and,ifpossible,useaconsistentsizeandstyleforeachfigureandtableAvoidredundancybetweentables,figuresandthetextThecorrespondingauthorneedstocheckthequalityandaccuracyofthedata,andthatthedataissupportedbyrawdataThefiguresandtablesshouldindicatestatisticalsignificance(ifapplicable)Preparesupplementalillustrations(ifapplicableforyourjournal)Writefigureandtablelegends(thelegendsshoulddescribethefigureandmethodsinsufficientdetailsothatthereaderknowswhatthedataindicateandhowtheywereobtained)Checkallthematerialsandmethodsand/orkeyreferencesSession1精选课件DataPreparationandEvaluation(2)Q:DoIneedAllthedatabeforebeginningthewritingNoButYouneed

AllKeydataMostsupportingdataSomesupplementaldataYouneedALLthedatabeforethecompletionofthefirstdraftYoustillcanadddatabeforefinalsubmission

Session1Youshouldevaluateyourdataperiodicallyandprepareyouroutlineandkeydataassoonaspossible.精选课件DataPreparationandEvaluation(3)Q:Whoshouldevaluateandcheckthedata?AlltheauthorsKeypersonsPrimaryauthorsCorrespondingauthor(s)TechnicalstaffCollaboratorsYoumayasktrustedcolleaguestoevaluatethedataSession1Hottopic:Canyoutrusttheinternettosendyourunpublisheddata?精选课件DataPreparationandEvaluation(4)Q:Doestheformatofthedatapresentationmatter?YesYoucanpresentyourdatainvariousmannersTableSimpleComplexNumberofthetablesFigureColor?NumberofthefiguresNumberofpanelsinafigureTextThebestwayistousealltheabove,butnotredundantSession1HotTopic:Theartofscientificdatapresentation精选课件DataPreparationandEvaluation(5)Q:Whyisstatisticalanalysissoimportant?

Thefollowingstatementsarefrequentlybasedonstatisticalanalysis:

SignificantEffectiveCorrelation/relationCausalrelationSafeBetterorWorseConfirmorruleoutahypothesisPrediction/ExtrapolationOtherYouAlmostAlwaysneedhelpfromastatistician,fromplanningtodesigntoanalysistoreporting

Itisalmosttoolateifthereviewer/editorrequestsstatisticalanalysisforyourpaper.Session1Hottopic:Youshouldknowthedifferencebetween“statisticalsignificance”and“biologicalsignificance”.精选课件Session1SummaryPublishorPerishPublishorNotPublishSCIandbeyondPersonalvsPublicIndividualvsTeamQualityvsQuantityReading,Reading,ReadingThinking,Thinking,ThinkingWriting,Revising,RevisingKnowyourself:TurtleorRabbitKeytoSuccess:SeekingAdvice精选课件MakingAnEnglish

BiomedicalPaper:

Why,What,andHow

发表英文医学论文技巧Session2WritingTipsforMajorSections精选课件SelectingandFinalizingDataResultsMaterialsandMethodsIntroductionDiscussion

TitleReferencesAbstractOthersectionsGeneralOrderofWriting(1stDraft)Session2精选课件EveryPaperneedsanIntroductionsectionOriginalArticleReviewArticleCaseReportTechnical/MethodReportLetterEditorialsOtherThissectionisacriticalshowcase.Maybewrittenlateintheprocess,e.g.,afteryoucompleteResultsandMethodssection.Introduction/Background(1)Session2精选课件Thefirstsentenceshouldstimulatetheinterestofthereader.Example1:

Poor:Thepurposeofthisarticleistoshowthatcasemanagementcanbeacost-effectiveapproachinpatientcare.(unnecessarywords)Improved:Casemanagementcanbeacost-effectiveapproachinpatientcare.Introduction/Background(2)Session2精选课件Thefirstsentenceshouldstimulatetheinterestofthereader.Example2:Poor:Fromthebeginningoftime,strokeshavebeenamajorhealthproblem.(trite,negative)Improved:Advancedtreatmentsforstrokepatientsaregivingthemnewhope.Introduction/Background(3)Session2精选课件ThreeImportantcomponentsinthissection.Thetopictobecoveredandwhyitisimportant(Therationale)Thepurposeofthestudies.Thehypothesisthatledtotheinvestigation.Introduction/Background(4)Session2精选课件Trytostate:What’snew?What’sspecial?What’ssignificant?Howtodoit?Provideabriefreviewoftheliteratureandcitefindingsthatledtothepresentstudies.Example:

Good:

Ininner-cityadolescents,theincreasedincidenceofillnessesrelatedtosexualitydemonstratesalackofunderstandingoftheseproblems.Throughcounselingandreferrals,nursepractitionersinourhospitaldevelopedaproceduretoreachthispopulationandreducetheoccurrenceofthesediseases.Introduction/Background(5)Session2精选课件Thissectionshouldbeshort–500wordsorless.Howtodoit?Discussanyunknownsandcontroversiesthatexist,withrespecttotherationaleforthestudies.Theinformationshouldbefresh/novel,interesting,andspecific.MuchoftheIntroductionshouldbewritteninthepresenttense,whenyoumentionthepublisheddata/hypothesis.Thissectionisbestwrittenintheactivevoice.Theactivevoicegiveswritingasenseofstrength,energy,anddirection.(Itisalso20-30%shorterthanthepassivevoice.)Introduction/Background(6)Session2精选课件YouneedaclearlystatedHYPOTHESISandApproaches.Howtodoit?Statethehypothesisdirectly.Setuptheproblemandshowhowitwasdealtwith.Itisacceptabletobrieflystatetheconclusion.Useonlythemostimportantreferences.Donotrefertoindividualscientistsunlessitisnecessarytocontrastresultsfromdifferentlaboratories.(Thisprincipleappliesalsotoothersectionsofthemanuscript.)Preliminaryreportsshouldbementioned.Iftherearerelatedpublicationsthatwillbepublishedsoon,theyshouldbementioned.(Butyouneedtocheckthejournalformat,withrespecttounpublisheddata.)Introduction/Background(7)Session2精选课件Includeinthissection:Abriefreviewofthefield(~1paragraph),includingadescriptionofareasinthespecificfieldthatareunclearoruncharacterized.Anintroductiontothepresentstudy(~1paragraph),includinghypothesis,majormodelsandreadouts,andkeyconclusionsAbriefcomparisonofthepresentstudytothecurrentknowledge,concludingwiththesignificanceandpossibleimpact.Asimplefigurefortestingsystemoragentsthatarenewtothefield,e.g.,structureforanewlyidentifiedchemicalthathasbeenpublished.Introduction/BackgroundSummary(1)Session2精选课件DONOTincludeinthissection:AlengthyreviewofthefieldorrelatedfieldsMethodsusedforthepaper**Forpapersdetailingthediscoveryordesignofanewmethod,thismaysometimesbementioned.ResultsDiscussionUnrelatedmaterialsComplextableorfiguresIntroduction/BackgroundSummary(2)Session2精选课件Commonproblems:OverlystatethebroadresearchareaInclusionoftextbookinformationLengthycitationofoldresearchDescriptionsoftheresultsandmethodsfrompublishedstudiesorthepresentstudyDiscussionoftheresultsofthepresentstudyInclusionofidenticalsentencesfromtheAbstractorothersections,especiallythediscussionsection.Inclusionofreferencesthatarenotgenerallyavailable,suchasnon-EnglishpublicationsTooshortortoolongOverlynegativetostudiesofothergroupsOver-emphasizepreviousstudiesfromthesamegroupandorignorestudiesfromothergroupsIncludingcomplextableorfiguresIntroduction/BackgroundSummary(3)Session2精选课件MaterialsandMethods(1)GeneralSuggestions:Forbeginningauthors,thissectioncanbewrittenfirstbecauseitiseasiesttowrite.Theformatisusuallyspecifictothejournal.Subheadingsarecharacteristicallyused.Muchofthissectioniswritteninthepasttense,passivevoice.MuchofthissectioncanbeincludedinthesupplementarydatasectionThissectioncanbeplacedaftertheDiscussionsectioninmanyjournals.Session2精选课件MaterialsandMethods(2)Thissectionshouldbespecific,providingsufficientdetailsthatallowanexperiencedresearcherintherelatedfieldtorepeattheexperimentsinthisstudy.Howtodoit?Providesourcesofkeymaterialsanddescribepreparationofnon-standardsolutions.Experimentalanimals,plants,andmicroorganismsshouldbeidentifiedbygenus,species,andstrain,aswellasage.Sourcesshouldbelistedandspecialcharacteristicsdescribed.Forhumansubjects,thecriteriaforselectionshouldbedescribed,andastatementrelatingto“informedconsent”shouldbeincluded.Providesufficientdetailsoftheexperiments.Descriptionsofnewmethodsshouldincludealltheneededdetails.Ifthemethodshavebeenpublished,referencestothespecificpublicationscanbeused.Donotdescribepreviouslypublishedproceduresinlongdetail,butdodescribeanymodifications.Describethestudydesignandproceduresforanalysisofthedata.Provideinformationonstatisticalanalysesperformedandstatethenumberofobservationsineachgroup.Session2精选课件Includeinthissection:Allthemethodsusedtogenerateallofthedatapresentedintheresultssection.Strainsandagesofanimals,dosesused,treatmentroutesanddurations,andotherdetailsthatwouldallowthereadertorepeattheexperiments.Citationsforprotocolsusedpreviously.Det