1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案>SectionIStructureand

VocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.Markyouransweron

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byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)1.Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery________justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.[A]wouldbe[B]tobe[C]was（D）[D]being2.Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills________peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes（B）[D]seventimes3.It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechanges________placeinourever-changingworld.[A]taking[B]totake[C]take（A）[D]taken4.Thisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone________whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily.[A]from[B]by[C]in（C）[D]through5.________canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.[A]As[B]What[C]That（A）[D]It6.AlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningceremony,Iwasunabletoattend________suchshortnotice.[A]to[B]in[C]with（D）[D]on7.Californiahasmorelightthanitknows________todowithbuteverythingelseisexpensive.[A]how[B]what[C]which（B）[D]where8.Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalong________tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.[A]sowell[B]toowell[C]wellas（D）[D]wellenough9.Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabout________complimentstohispoliticalleaders.[A]paying[B]havingpaid[C]topay（C）[D]tohavepaid10.Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan________intraditionalmedia.[A]exist[B]exists[C]existing（A）[D]toexistPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].Identifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweron

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byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)11.Yourmathinstructorhappytogiveyouamakeupexaminationandthatyourparentsillatthetime.（[D]were）12.Asthechildrenbecomeindependentthefamily,theemphasisfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectionfortheretirementyears.（[D]saving）13.theTimesCo.topurchaseanothermajormediacompany,thereisnodoubtthatitdramaticallytransformaenterprisethatstillgets90%ofrevenuesfromnewspapers.（[C]family-run）14.Symposiumtalkswillcoverofsubjectsover-fishingtophysicalandfactorsthataffecttheofdifferentspecies.（[C]environmental）15.Conversationcallsforwillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwithof,anditcallsforoccasional‘digestivepauses’both.（[B]that）16.Iftwotheoriesareequaltheirabilitytoaccountabodyofdata,thetheorythatwiththesmallernumberofassumptionsis

.（[A]in）17.TheCommitteeadoptedaresolutionthesevenautomakersthemostcarsinthestate2percentofthosevehiclesby1998.（[C]tomake）18.poorpeople,whoingeneralarecolored,arericherpeople,whoingeneralare,there’sgoingtobeaconstantracialconflictintheworld.（[D]skinned）19.Allthosemaysoundintheory,buteventhehasgreatdifficultyitcomestospecifics.（[B]great）20.automakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstorunalternative,thecarswon’tcatchoninabigwaydriverscanfillthemupatthegasstation.（[D]until）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.Markyouransweron

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byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto________furtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.[A]stimulate[B]renovate[C]arouse（A）[D]advocate22.Althougharchitecturehasartisticqualities,itmustalsosatisfyanumberofimportantpractical________.[A]obligations[B]regulations[C]observations（D）[D]considerations23.Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss________thebread-winner’sdeath.[A]atthecostof[B]onthevergeof[C]asaresultof（C）[D]forthesakeof24.Ineducationthereshouldbeagood________amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.[A]distribution[B]balance[C]combination（B）[D]assignment25.TheAmericandreamismost________duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgeneratedbyAmericancapitalism.[A]plausible[B]patriotic[C]primitive（A）[D]partial26.Povertyisnot________inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.[A]rare[B]temporary[C]prevalent（C）[D]segmental27.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoselivingin________populatedareas.[A]densely[B]intensely[C]abundantly（A）[D]highly28.Asawayof________themailswhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaningladytosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.[A]pickingup[B]copingwith[C]passingout（B）[D]gettingacross29.Tom’smothertriedhardtopersuadehimto________fromhisintentiontoinvesthissavingsinstockmarket.[A]pullout[B]giveup[C]drawin（D）[D]backdown30.Anincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutadvancedmedical________,willbecomeprogressivelymorereliantonexpensivetechnology.[A]interference[B]interruption[C]intervention（C）[D]interaction31.Thesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernizedthe________ofhighereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-1880’s.[A]branch[B]category[C]domain（C）[D]scope32.Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslythe________inthefinancialsystemwilldragdowntheeconomy.[A]shallowness[B]shakiness[C]scantiness（B）[D]stiffness33.Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe________inmanyanimalspecies.[A]minimization[B]restriction[C]descent（D）[D]decline34.Thecityisanimportantrailroad________andindustrialandconventioncenter.[A]conjunction[B]network[C]junction（C）[D]link35.Prof.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto________myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.[A]assure[B]inform[C]avail（C）[D]notify36.Researchersdiscoveredthatplantsinfectedwithavirusgiveoffagasthat________diseaseresistanceinneighboringplants.[A]contracts[B]activates[C]maintains（B）[D]prescribes37.Corporationsandlaborunionshave________greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponthegeneralpublic.[A]conferred[B]granted[C]flung（A）[D]submitted38.Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwas________fromonenewmoontothenext.[A]measured[B]reckoned[C]judged（B）[D]assessed39.Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas________totheissueathand.[A]irrational[B]unreasonable[C]invalid（D）[D]irrelevant40.Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases________automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.[A]persuaded[B]prompted[C]imposed（B）[D]enlightened>SectionII

ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosethebestoneandmarkyouransweron

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byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companieslowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthemandactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,aofaccident-freeoperationsisestablishedtimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmaygreatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesbyrulesorregulations.othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety.Thefewertheinjury,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingatorataloss.41.[A]at[B]in[C]on（D）[D]with42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile（A）[D]diverse43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance（B）[D]requirement44.[A]where[B]how[C]what（A）[D]unless45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift（B）[D]distinguish46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing（C）[D]justifying47.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even（D）[D]Still48.[A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff（C）[D]holdsup49.[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations（A）[D]proclamations50.[A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest（D）[D]aprofitSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Thenmarkyouransweron

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byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.51.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.（B）[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.52.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto________.[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability（C）[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirfirstconcern53.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat________.[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded（A）[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes54.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe________.[A]biased[B]indifferent[C]puzzling（D）[D]objectiveText2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,”sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.55.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness________.[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket[B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket（A）[D]hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso56.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat________.[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers[B]businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions[C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy（C）[D]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners57.IntheviewofNetpurists,________.[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset（D）[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests58.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce[B]interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers[C]leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago（B）[D]settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpowerText3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.59.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis________.[A]far-reaching[B]dubiouslyoriented[C]self-contradictory（B）[D]radicallyreformatory60.Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren________.[A]isindicativeofapessimismindisguise[B]cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputers[C]isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredadvocates（D）[D]originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountries61.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis________.[A]dependentuponthestartingageofcandidates[B]worthtryinginvarioussocialsections[C]oflittlepracticalvalue（C）[D]attractivetoeverykindofprofessional62.Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe________.[A]includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool[B]highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications[C]masteredthroughalife-longcourse（A）[D]equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwiseText4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair.”63.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.[A]federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans[B]theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique（B）[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel’srecommendationsoncloning64.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat________.[A]thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol[C]itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning（C）[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing65.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause________.[A]embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning[B]thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch[C]anembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch（D）[D]theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime[C]privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’sappeal（A）[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettledText5Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethings,youdon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid“thedataarestillinconclusive.”“Weknowthat,”themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbe