2008年12月六级真题及答案卷

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）收集整理，请注明出自的考试信息服务及培训.PartIwriting(30PartIIReadingComprehension(Skimmingandscanning)(15SupersizeAskanyonewhythereisanobesityepidemicandtheywilllyouthatit’saldowntoeatingtoomuchandburningtoofewcalories.Thatexnationappealstocommonsenseandhasdominatedeffortstogettotherootoftheobesityepidemicandreverseit/yetobesityresearchersareincreasinglydissatisfiedwithit.Manynowbelievethatsomethingelsemusthavechangedinourenvironmenttoprecipitate(促成)suchdramaticrisesinobesityoverthepast40yearsorso.Nobodyissayingthatthe“bigtwo”–reducedphysicalactivityandincreasedavailabilityoffood–arenotimportantcontributorstotheepidemic,buttheycannotexinitall.Earlierthisyearareviewpaperby20obesityexpertssetoutthe7mostusiblealternativeexnationsfortheepidemic.Heretheyare.NotenoughItiswidelybelievedthatsleepisforthebrain,notthebody.Couldashortageofshut-eyealsobeheltomakeusfat?Severallarge-scalestudiessuggesttheremaybealink.Peoplewhosleeplessthan7hoursanighttendtohaveahigherbodymassindexthanpeoplewhosleepmore,accordingtodatagatheredbytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Similarly,theUSNurses’HealthStudy,whichtracked68,000womenfor16years,foundthatthosewhosleptanaverageof5hoursanightgainedmoreweightduringthestudyperiodthanwomenwhoslept6hours,whointurngainedmorethanwhosewhoslept7.It’swellknownthatobesityimpairssleep,soperhapspeoplegetfatfirstandsleeplessafterwards.Butthenurses’studysuggeststhatitcanworkintheotherdirectiontoo:sleeplossmayprecipitateweightgain.Althoughgettingfiguresisdifficult,itappearsthatwereallyaresleeless.In1960peopleintheUSsleptanaverageof8.5hourspernight.A2002pollbytheNationalSleepFoundationsuggeststhattheaveragehasfallentounder7hours,andthedeclineismirroredbytheincreaseinobesity.ClimateWehumans,likeallwarm-bloodedanimals,cankeepourcorebodytemperaturesprettymuchconstantregardlessofwhat’sgoingonintheworldaroundus.Wedothisbyalteringourmetabolic(新的)rate,shiveringorsweating.Keewarmandstayingcooltakeenergyunlessweareinthe“thermo-neutralzonewhichisincreasinglywherewechoosetoliveandThereisnodenyingthatambienttemperatureshavechangedinthepastfewBetween1970and2000,theaverageBritishhomewarmedfromachilly13Cto18C.IntheUS,thechangeshavebeenattheotherendofthethermometerastheproportionofhomeswithairconditioningsrosefrom23%to47%between1978and1997.Inthesouthernstates–whereobesityratestendtobehighest–thenumberofhouseswithairconditioninghasshotupto71%from37%in1978.CouldairconditioninginsummerandheatinginwinterreallymakeadifferencetoourSadly，thereissomeevidencethatitdoes-atleastwithregardtoheating.Studiesshowthatincomfortabletemperaturesweuselessenergy.LessBadnews:smokersreallydotendtobethinnerthantherestofus,andquittingreallydoespackonthepounds,thoughnooneisnsurewhy.Itprobablyhassomethingtodowiththefactthatnicotineisanappetitesuppressantandappearstoupyourmetabolicrate.KatherineFlegalandcolleagresattheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsinHyattsville,Maryland,havecalculatedthatpeoplekickingthehabithavebeenrespousibleforasmallbutsignificantportionoftheUSepidemicoffatness.Fromdatacollectedaroud1991bytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey,theyworkedoutthatpeoplewhohadquitinthepreviousdecadeweremuchmorelikelytobeoverweightthansmokersandpeoplewhohadneversmoked.Amongmen,forexample,nearlyhalfofquitterswereoverweightcomparedwith37%ofnon-smokersandonly28%ofsmokers.GeneticYourschancesof ingfatmaybeset,atleastinpart,beforeyouwereevenborn.childrenofboesemothersaremuchmorelikelyto eobestthemselveslaterinlife.Offspringofmicefedahigh-fatdietduringpregnancyaremuchmorelikelyto efatthantheoffspringofidenticalmicefedanormaldiet.Intriguingly,theeffectpersistsfortwoorthreegenerations.Grand-childrenofmicefedahigh-fatdietgrowupfateveniftheirownmotherisfednormally-soyoufatemayhavebeensealedevenbeforeyouwereconceived.AlittleSomegroupsofpeoplejusthappentobefatterthanothers.surveyscarriedoutbytheUSnationalcenterforhealthstatistiesfoundthatadultsaged40to79werearoundthreetimesaslikelytobeobeseasyoungerpeople.non-whitefemalesalsotendtofallatthefatterendofthespectreum:Mexican-americanwomenare30%morelikelythanwhitewomentobeobsess,andblackwomenhavetwicetherisk.IntheUS,thesegroupsaccountforanincreasingpercentageofthepopulation.between1970and2000theUSpopulationaged35to44grewby43%.theproportionofHispanic-americansalsogrew,fromunder5%to12.5%ofthepopulation,whiletheproportionofblackAmericansincreasedfrom11%to12.3%.thesechangesmayaccountinpartfortheincreasedprevalenceofobesity.matureMheUK,themeanageforavingafristchildisparedwith23.7in1970.meanageatfristbirthintheUShasalsoincreased,risingfrom21.4in1970to24.9inThiswouldbeneitherherenorthereifitwere’tfortheobservationthathavinganoldermotherseemstobeanindependentriskfactorforobesity.ResultsfromtheUSnationalheart,lungandbloodinstitute’sstudyfoundthattheoddsofachildbeingobeseincrease14%foreveryfiveextrayearsoftheirmother’sage,thoughwhythisshouldbesoisnotentirelyMichaelSymondsattheuniversityofNottingham,UK,foundthatfirst-bronchildrenhavemorefatthanyoungerones.Asfamilysizedecreases,firstbronsaccountforagreathershareofthepopulation.In1964,britishwomengavebirthtoanaverageof2.95children;heUSin1976,9.6%ofwomanintheir40shadonlyonechile;in2004itwas17.4%.thiscombinationofoldermothersandmoresinglechildrencouldbecontributingtotheobesityepidemic.LikemarryingJustaspeoplepairoffaccordingtolooks,sotheydoforsize.Leanpeoplearemorelikelytomarryleanandfatmorelikelytomarryfat.Onitsown,likemarryinglikecannotaccountforanyincreaseinobesity.Butcombinedwithothers-particularlythefactthatobesityispartlygenetic,andthatheavierpeoplehavemorechildren-itamplifiestheincreaseformotherA)effectsofobesityonpeople’sthelinkbetweenlifestyleanNewexnationsfortheobesitypossiblewaystocombattheobesityA)gainedtheleastwereinclinedtoeatfoundtheirvigorwerelesssusceptibletoA)itmakesusitcausessleepitincreasesouritresultsfromlackofA)itmakesusstayindoorsitacceleratesourmetabolicitmakesusfeelmoreitcontributestoourweightA)itthreatenstheiritheightenstheiritsuppressestheiritslowsdowntheirA)heavypassivethosewhoneverthosewhoquitA)thegrowingnumberofsmokersamongyoungtherisingproportionofminoritiesinitstheincreasingconsumptionofhigh-calorietheimprovinglivingstandardsofthepooraccordingtotheUSNationalHeart,LungandBloodInstitute,thereasonwhymothers’childrentendtobeobeseremainsnotentirelyAccordingtoMichaelSymonds,onefactorcontributingtotheobesityepidemicisdecreaseoffamilysize10whentwoheavypeoplegetmarried,chancesoftheirchildrengettingfatincrease,becauseobesityispartygenetizPartIII ListeningComprehensionSectionAA)HeisquiteeasytoheisanoutstandinghelookslikeamoviehelooksyoungforhisA)consultherdancingtakeamoreinterestingcontinueherdancingimproveherdancingA)themandidnotbelievewhatthewomanthe paniedthewomantothethewomanmaybesufferingfromrepetitivestrainthewomanmaynotfollowedthedoctor’sA)theyarenotinstyleanytheyhavecosthimfartootheynolongersuithistheyshouldbecleanedA)hespilledhisdrinkontothehehasjustfinishedwithehewascaughtinashoweronhiswayherushedoutofthebathtoanswertheA)fixingsomerepairingthetoyreadingtheinstructionsD)assemblingthebookcaseA)urgeJennytospendmoretimeonhelpJennytoprepareforthecomingacttowardsJennyinamoresensiblesendJennytoavolleyballtrainingA)ThebuildingofthedamneedsalargetheproposedsiteisneartheresidentialthelocalpeoplefelinsecureaboutthethedamposesathreattothelocalQuestion19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust19A.ItsawtheendofitsboomingyearsB.ItsproductionandsalesreachedrecordC.ItbecamepopularinsomeforeignD.ItsdomesticmarketstartedtoshrinkA.Theycostless.C.TheywereinB.Theytastedbetter.D.TheywerewidelyA.Itissuretofluctuate.C.ItwillremainbasicallyB.Itisboundtorevive.D.ItwillseenomoreA.OrganisingsC.ActingasitsB.RecruitingmembersD.SavingendangeredA.Anti-animal-abusedemonstrationsB.Anti-nuclearC.SurveyingtheAtlanticOceanfloorD.RemovingindustrialA.Byharassingthem.C.BytakinglegalB.ByappealingtothepublicD.ByresortingtoA.DoubtfulC.IndifferentB.D.A,The esstill.C.ThecloudsblocktheB.Theairpressureislow.D.TheskyappearsA.AncientpeoplewerebetteratforelingtheB.Sailors’sayingabouttheweatherareC.PeopleknewlongagohowtopredicttheD.Itwaseasitertoforecasttheweatherintheold28A.WeatherforecastisgettingmoreaccurateB.PeoplecanpredicttheweatherbytheirC.WhoaretherealespertsinweatherforecastD.Weatherchangesaffectpeople’slife29.A.TheyoftenfeelinsecureabouttheirB.TheyareunabletodecidewhattodofirstC.TheyarefeelburdenedwithnumeroustaskseveryDtheyfeelburdenedwithnumeroustasksevery30A.yzethemrationally.C.TurntoothersforB.Drawadetailedto-dolist.D.HandlethemonebyoneA.They plishedlittle.C.TheyhaveworkedoutawaytoB.Theyfeelutterlyexhausted.D.TheynolongerfeelanysenseofA.TheirperformancemayB.TheirimmunesystemmaybereinC.TheirbloodpressuremayriseallofaD.TheirphysicaldevelopmentmaybeA.ImprovedmentalfunctioningC.SpeedingupofbloodB.IncreasedsusceptibilitytodiseaseD.Reductionofstress-relatedA.Pretendtobeinbettershape.C.TurnmoreoftentofriendsforB.Havemorephysicalexercise.D.PaymoreattentiontobodilyA.DifferentapproachestocowithB.VariouscausesforserioushealthC.TherelationshipbetweenstressandD.NewfindingofmedicalresearchonPartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionAQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingOneofthemajorproducersofathleticfootwear,with2002salesofover$10billion,isacalledNike,withcorporateheadquartersinBeaverton,Oregon.ForbesmagazineidentifiedNike’s,PhilipKnight,asthe53rd-richestmanintheworldin2004.ButNikehasnotalwaysbeenalargemultimillion-dollarorganization.Infact,Knightstartedthe sellingshoesfromthebackofhiscarattrackmeets.Inthelate1950sPhilipKnightwasamiddle-distancerunnerontheUniversityofOregontrackteam,coachedbyBillBowerman.OneofthetoptrackcoachesintheU.S.,Bowermanwasalsoknownforexperimentingwiththedesignofrunningshoesinanattempttomakethemlighterandmoreshock-absorbent.AfterattendingOregon,KnightmovedontodograduateworkatStanfordUniversity;hisMBAthesiswasonmarketingathleticshoes.Oncehereceivedhisdegree,KnighttraveledtoJapantocontacttheOnitsukaTiger,amanufacturerofathleticshoes.Knightconvincedthe ’sofficialsofthepotentialforitsproductintheU.S.In1963hereceivedhisfirstshipmentofTigershoes,200pairsintotal.In1964,KnightandBowermancontributed$500eachtofromBlueRibbonSports,thepredecessorofNike.Inthefirstfewyears,Knightdistributedshoesoutofhiscaratlocaltrackmeets.ThefirstemployeeshiredbyKnightwereformercollegeathletes.The nothavethemoneytohire“experts”,andtherewasnoestablishedathleticfootwearindustryinNorthAmericafromwhichtorecruitthoseknowledgeableinthefield.Initsearlyyearstheorganizationoperatedinanunconventionalmannerthatcharacterizeditsinnovativeandentrepreneurialapproachtotheindustry.Communicationwasinformal;peoplediscussedideasandissuesinthehallways,onarun,oroverabeer.Therewaslittletaskdifferentiation.Therewerenojobdescriptions,rigidreportingsystems,ordetailedrulesandregulations.TheteamspiritandsharedvaluesoftheathletesonBowerman’steamscarriedoverandprovidedthebasisforthecollegialstyleofmanagementthatcharacterizedtheearlyyearsofNikes.Whileservingasatrackcoach,Bowermantriedtodesignrunningshoesthatwerelighterandmoreshock-absorbent.DuringhisvisittoJapan,KnightconvincedtheofficialsoftheOnitsukaTigerthatitsproductwouldhavepotentialsintheU.S.BlueRibbonSportsasunabletohireexpertsduetotheabsenceofestablishedathleticfootwearinNorthAmerica.IntheearlyyearsofNike,communicationwithinthe wasusuallycarriedoutWhatqualitiesofBowerman’steamsformedthebasisofNike’searlymanagementTheteamspiritandsharedvalvesofthePassagequestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingsustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteberythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithas edifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistrorcalandculturals.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandsheleredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,ermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyContrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrial petionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.however,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatlossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelocountricsisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyAllthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswaylandisused.therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromspaintotheUKIslessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.HowdopeopleofenmeasureprogressinByitsproductivityC)ByitsimpactontheByitssustainabilityD)ByitscontributiontoeconomicSpecialisationandtheefforttoinceaseyieldshaveesulted LocalisedpollutionC)competitionfromtheshrinkingoffarmlandD)thedecreaseofWhatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingTheyhaveremainedthesameovertheTheyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationTheyarenotnecessarilyTheyareenvironmentallyWhatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stItwillgothroughradicalItwillsupplymoreanimalItwillabandontraditionalfarmingItwillcausezerodamagetothe56Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthisToremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainableTosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodToadancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingTourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureisPassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingThepercentageofimmigrants(includingthoseunlawfullypresent)intheUnitedstateshasbeencreeupwardforyears.At12.6percent,itisnowhigherthanatanypointincetheWearenotabouttogobacktothedayswhenCongressopenlyworriedaboutinferiorracespolluingAmerica’sbloodstream.Butonceagainwearewonderingwhetherwehavetoomanyofthewrongsortfo ers.Theirloudestcitecsarguethatthenewwaveofimmigrantscannot,andindeeddonotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsdid.Wenowknowthattheseracistviewswerewrong.Intime,Italians,Romaniansandmembersofotherso-calledinferiorracesbecameexemryAmericansandcontributedgreatly,inwaystoonumeroustodetail,tothebuildingofthismagnificentnation.Thereisnoreasonwhythesenewimmigrantsshouldnothavethesamesuccess.AlthoughchildrenofMexicanimmigrantsdobetter,intermsofeducationalandprofessionalattainment,thanthirparentsUCLAsociologistEdwardleshasfoundthatthegainsdon’tcontinme.Indeed,thefouthgenerationismarginallyworseoffthanthethirdJamesJackson,oftheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoudasimilarendamongblackCaribbeanimmigrants,lsfearsthatMexican-AmericansmaybefatedtofollowinthefootstepsofAmericanblacks-thatlargepartsofthecommunitymay emiredinaseeminglystateofpovertyandUnderachievement.LikeAfrican-Americans,Mexican-americansareincreasinglyrelegatedto(降入)segregated,substandyrdschools,andtheirdropoutrateisthehighestforanynicgroupinthecountry.Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic/racialinferiority.ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall.IamnottalkingaboutrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways;thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown,butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthentrail,wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation,abouthowtoensurethatpeople,onceoutsiders,don’tfoveverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores.Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithunedworkers,orhowbesttosecuretheborder,anditisonethataffectsnotonly ersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations.Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelasestwareofwould-beAmericans.Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.CongressinearlyTheywereofinferiorTheywereaSourceofpoliticalTheywereathreattothenation’sTheywerepartofthenation’sWhatdoestheauthorthinkofthenewTheywillbeadynamicworkintheTheycandojustaswellastheirTheywillbeverydisappointedonthenewTheymayfindithardtofitintotheWhatdoesEdwardles’researchsayaboutMexican-TheymayslowluimprovefromgenerationtoTheywilldobetterintermsofdeucationlTheywillmeltintotheAfrican-AmericanTheymayforeverremainpoorandunderachieving.60.Whatshouldbedonetohelpthenewimmigrants?RidthemoftheirinferiorityUrgethemtoadoptAmericanpreventthemfrombeingTeachthemstandardAmericanAccordingtotheauthor,theburningissueconcerningimmigrationg howtodealwithpeopleenteringtheU.S.withouthowtohelpimmigrantstobetterfitintoAmericanhowtostopillegalimmigrantsfromcrossingthehowtolimitthenumberofimmigrantstoenterthePartIndividualsandbusinesseshavelegalprotectionforinlectualpropertytheycreateandown.inlectualproper_62_fromcreativethinkingandmayincludeproducts,63processes,andideas.Inlectualpropertyisprotected64misapproprition(盗