2012年英语二阅读理解及解析

2012年英语二Text11---Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevising(修改)theirthinkingonhiseducationalritual(例行公事Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexible(不可变更的).)policywhichmandates(批准)thatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade。家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但最近几年来，家庭作业却受到人们的鄙视。全国的学校都在修改家庭作业的相关惯例做法。不幸的是，洛杉矶学区通过了一项不可变更的政策：除了高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不可以超过10%。21.Itisimpliedinparagraph1thatnowadayshomework_____。[A]isreceivingmorecriticism[B]isnolongeraneducationalritual（绝对）[C]isnotrequiredforadvancedcourses（正反）[D]isgainingmorepreferences（正反）2---Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.Butthepolicyisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren。这个规定旨在提出：来自贫穷家庭或混乱家庭的学生有困难，不能完成家庭作业。但该政策是不清晰的，是矛盾的。显然，没有哪个家庭作业是在没有昂贵设备就无法完成的。但如果该学区因为学生家庭复杂而不做家庭作业就给他通过的话，那么这就意味着对于贫穷孩子，标准要降低。22.L.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudents_____。[A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomework[D]havevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomework3---Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapartofschooling:teachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwithhomeworkcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandseeveylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?Itisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkhelped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,thepolicyimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule。区政府官员说，家庭作业仍将是学校教育的一部分：老师允许布置他想布置的作业。但家庭作业算入他们成绩的比例不能超过10%的话，学生就能逃避一半家庭作业，成绩报告单上看不出差别。有些学生可能不做完家庭作业也能取得好成绩。但想想那些做家庭作业并取得考试好成绩的学生吧，家庭作业完全有可能帮助了他们。但是，老师没有得到授权去寻找什么作业最适合学生，该政策给老师强加了一条无聊的一刀切规则。23.AccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay____。[A]discouragestudentsfromdoinghomework[B]resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcards[C]underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D]restrictteachers'powerineducation4---Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthomework.Ifthedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifhomeworkmatters,itshouldaccountforasignificantportionofthegrade.Meanwhile,thispolicydoesnothingtoensurethatthehomeworkstudentsreceiveismeaningfulorappropriatetotheirageandthesubject,orthatteachersaren'tassigningmorethanthey'rewillingtoreviewandcorrect.同时，该政策没有处理家庭作业真正棘手的问题。它就应该减少或者免除家庭作业，比分。相反，如果家庭作业重要，它就应该在成绩中重要比重。同时，该政策没如果该学区发现家庭作业对于孩子的学业是不重要的，而不是减少所占有确保学生做的家庭作业是否是有意义的，或者是否适合他们年龄和所上学科，或者老师是否不过量布置作业。24.AsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkiswhether______.[A]itshouldbeeliminated[B]itcountsmuchinschooling（count表示重要）[C]itplacesextraburdensonteachers[D]itisimportantforgrades原版5---Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.It'snottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright.5---Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright。学校董事会是教育政策的制定者，候，家庭作业的规则应该暂停实施。得及的。在它调查此事并进行公众意见听证会的时洛杉矶学区要处理好家庭作业这件事还是来25.Asuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe______。[A]WrongInterpretationofanEducationalPolicy[B]AWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsaboutHomework[D]AFaultyApproachtoHomework（原文标题）2012年英语二Text21---Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolor,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests。穿粉红色好看：成年女性记不起对于颜色的困惑了，然而，年轻女孩普遍有虽然从某个程度上这个问题。不是粉红本来不好，但是它是彩虹的一小份而已。来说有助于烘托女孩，但它也会不断融化女孩们的特征。那么它不但能在天真的甚至两岁的孩子。女孩之间而且还能在天真的证据事实前提供那种连接，看，我绝望的看到对于女孩生活和兴趣格外缺乏想象力。四周看26.Bysaying"itis...therainbow"(Line3,Para.1)，theauthormeanspink______。[A]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood不应该是女孩的唯一代表[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocence[C]cannotexplaingirls'lackofimagination[D]cannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests2---Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolizedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears。女孩喜欢粉色似乎不可避免，似乎DNA编码就是这样，但根据JoPaoletti，20世纪初期前的孩,所有的婴儿都穿白色.还有,那时的男孩女孩都穿中性的粉红色当时被认为是更有男性特征的颜色，美国马里兰大学美国研究副教授的说法，情况不是这样的。子们原来根本不分颜色:在家用洗衣机问世之前的时代里,因为要让衣服干净的唯一方法是煮沸衣服衣服。当托儿所色彩引入后，红色的清淡版和力量相关。蓝色象征着女性，代表圣母玛利亚，坚贞与忠诚。到了年代中期，年龄增大和两性差别成为幼儿用品市场的主要销售战略时，80粉色变得很受女孩们的喜欢，女孩们都这样。成为定义女性特征的一部分，至少在起初的那几个关键年份27.AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours？[A]Coloursareencodedingirls'DNA。（误解原文）[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourforgirls。√[C]Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolizinggenders。应该是masculinecolour[D]Whiteispreferredbybabies。3---Ihadnotrealizedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokids,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren’sbehavior:wrong.Turnsout,accordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularizedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s。我原来没有意识到市场营销趋势对我们观念的巨大影响，天性，包括他们的心理发展这种核心信念。比如什么是孩子的我认为这个短语至带上你的小孩儿。少是博士级别的专家对幼儿行为几年的研究才发明的语言：错啦。根据幼儿消费历史学家DanielCook的说法，这个短语是三十年代流行起来的，是制衣商进行市场营销的花招。28.Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelopmentwasmuchinfluencedby_____。[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snature[C]researchesintochildren'sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption4---Tradepublicationscounseleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea“thirdsteppingstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Itwasonlyafter“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist。贸易出版物给百货大楼提议，要增加销售，应该在婴儿服装和儿童服装之间创造“第三过渡阶段”服装，这个词成为“蹒跚学步者”之后的常见销售术语，后来演变为人们广泛接受的孩子发展阶段。把孩子，或者成年人分类成更小的种类已经证实是条必定成功的方法来扩大利润。对市场进行细分的最简单的方法就是扩大性别差异---或者创造出一些原来就没有的差异。sure-fire一定成功的,一定能达到目的的29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto_____。[A]focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes错[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders[C]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups√类似第一句话，也是本段主题[D]createsomecommonshoppers'terms表面的建议30.Itcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemstobe____。[A]clearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendency策略[B]fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers[C]mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen√[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexperts2012年英语二Text31---In2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades——by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganization(BIO)，atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.2010年,一个联邦法官对美国生物科技行业产生了巨大影响。各家公司早就获得了单个年3月，一位法官判决基因是不能授予专利的。科技行业组织(BIO)是贸易组织，该组织认为这个判决是长期斗争的一个前奏。DNA的专利，2005年大约有20%的人类基因被授予专利。但2010执行高管们一下燥热不安。生物31.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph1thatthebiotechcompanieswouldlikeA.theirexecutivestobeactiveB.judgestoruleoutgenepatenting正反C.genestobepatentable√D.theBIOtoissueawarning主观推导2---OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholdpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.7月29日，他们放松了一下，至少暂时放松了一会儿。联邦上诉法院推翻了前面的判决，认为MyriadGenetics的确可以持有的两个帮助预测女性乳腺癌Myriad首席执行官说，这个判决对于公司和患者都的基因专利。位于犹他州的是一种赐福。3---Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalizedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotover.Criticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt。但是，正当公司继续试图个性化医疗的时候，法院将继续忙于此事。Myriad案本身可能不会结束。批评人士有三个理由反对基因专利：基因是自然的产物，所以不可以给予专利；基因专利不会鼓励创新反而会打压创新；基因垄断企业比如Myriad会限制其它公司进行基因测试。越来越多的人似乎同意这种说法。去年，联邦特派组敦促基因检测专利改革。十月，司法部在Myriad案中发表声明，单个DNA分子和从棉籽上分离出来的棉纤维一样，都是自然的产物。尽管上诉法院作出这样的判决，但是重要的问题仍然没有得到回答。比如说，基因组序列是否违背了其中单个基因专利仍无定论，这个问题可能要到最高法院裁决。genome['dʒi:nəum]n.基因组,染色体组32.ThosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethatA.genetictestsarenotreliable无中生有B.onlyman-madeproductsarepatentable√第一个理由，自然的产物不能给专利C.patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovation自然产物，不是创新来的，D.courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests偷换主语，monopoliespatents'4---Astheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules——mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacy.Companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor“connectingthedots”,explainsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO。但是，随着该行业的发展，其它的案例可能会有更大的影响力。公司不大可能申请到更多的人类DNA专利——有些已经被其它公司申请或者处于共同申请的领域。公司正在研究基因是如何相互作用的，基因的相关性可以用来判断疾病的起因或者预测药物的功效。利来以便归纳推理得出结论。BIO的律师HansSauer解释道，公司渴望获得专注：connectthedots：Tolinktogetherlogicallyrelatedelementsinordertodrawaconclusion<tryingtoconnectthedotsintheinvestigation>33.AccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor----A.establishingdiseasecorrelations（B似乎也行，但主要目的是且概率选A好）A，而B.discoveringgeneinteractionsC.drawingpicturesofgenesD.identifyinghumanDNA5---Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked。他们是否成功可能要由MayoClinic带来的这个案件的诉讼情况决定。(BIO)最近开会讨论聘用律师来处最高法院将在下一轮审理此案。生物科技行业组织理摇摆不定的专利案。每个会议都人满为患。34.Bysaying“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthatA.theSupremeCourtwasauthoritativeB.theBIOwasapowerfulorganizationC.genepatentingwasagreatconcern（主题词）比D.lawyerswerekeentoattendconventionsD好35.Generallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingisA.criticalC.scornfulB.supportiveD.objective2012年英语二Text4本文讲经济衰败带来的好处（1-2段）和坏处（345段）。1---Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears。大萧条也许结束了,但高失业率可能正在抬头。在情况没有变好之前，这将最终，这种情况还有可能改变我可能改变人生的过程和刚成年一代人们的特点。们长期形成的政策，文化以及社会的特点。2---Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways：theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklesspersonalspending。没有人会比失业者更想在全国经济灾难中看到希望。许多人说，虽然痛苦，失业也能提升自己：他们不再物质至上，更加节俭；他们更加注意到其它人的辛苦。在有限的方面，萧条可以使社会到得好转。至少，使我们从暴富和大别墅的狂热幻境中苏醒过来，及时结束挥金如土的消费时代。注：silverliningsn.(不幸或失望中的)一线希望，36.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”(Line1,Para.2)theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryto___。[A]seeksubsidiesfromthegovernment无中生有[B]explorereasonsfortheunemployment×无中生有[C]makeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy×无中生有[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecession√下文讲的就是好处，上下文原则37.AccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople_____。[A]realizethenationaldream无中生有，正反混淆[B]struggleagainsteachother[C]challengetheirlifestyle[D]reconsidertheirlifestyle√3---Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesconflictbetweenracesandclasses。但对于大多数人，这些好处似乎不够，不确定，而且离个人太远。BenjaminFriedman是经济历史学家，在《经济增长的道德结果》一书中，他认为不管美国还是其它国家，看问题，长期经济滞后或下跌总是使得社会人民更加小心眼，不能全面种族经常使得人权和自由的停滞不前或者倒退。反移民情绪尤其高涨，矛盾，阶层矛盾也高涨。38.BenjaminFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay_____。[A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrants无中生有[B]bringoutmoreevilsofhumannature√[C]Promotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms正反[D]easeconflictsbetweenracesandclasses正反4---Incomeinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone,.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessma