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千里之行,始于第2页/共2页精品文档推荐TOEFL托福阅读理解真题TOEFL托福阅读理解真题
为了让大家更好的预备托福考试,我给大家整理一些托福阅读真题,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读真题1
Itisestimatedthatover99percentofallspeciesthateverexistedhavebecomeextinct.Whatcausesextinction?Whenaspeciesisnolongeradaptedtoachangedenvironment,itmayperish.Theexactcausesofaspeciesdeathvaryfromsituationtosituation.Rapidecologicalchangemayrenderanenvironmenthostiletoaspecies.Forexample,temperaturesmaychangeandaspeciesmaynotbeabletoadapt.Foodresourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,whichwillthencauseproblemsforaspeciesrequiringtheseresources.Otherspeciesmaybecomebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimately,inthedeathofaspecies.
ThefossilrecordrevealsthatextinctionhasoccurredthroughoutthehistoryofEarth.Recentanalyseshavealsorevealedthatonsomeoccasionsmanyspeciesbecameextinctatthesametime—amassextinction.Oneofthebest-knownexamplesofmassextinctionoccurred65millionyearsagowiththedemiseofdinosaursandmanyotherformsoflife.Perhapsthelargestmassextinctionwastheonethatoccurred225millionyearsago,whenapproximately95percentofallspeciesdied,massextinctionscanbecausedbyarelativelyrapidchangeintheenvironmentandcanbeworsenedbythecloseinterrelationshipofmanyspecies.If,forexample,somethingweretohappentodestroymuchoftheplanktonintheoceans,thentheoxygencontentofEarthwoulddrop,affectionevenorganismsnotlivingintheoceans.Suchachangewouldprobablyleadtoamassextinction.
Oneinteresting,andcontroversial,findingisthatextinctionsduringthepast250millionyearshavetendedtobemoreintenseevery26millionyears.ThisperiodicextinctionmightbeduetointersectionoftheEarthsorbitwithacloudofcomets,butthistheoryispurelyspeculative.Someresearchershavealsospeculatedthatextinctionmayoftenberandom.Thatis,certainspeciesmaybeeliminatedandothersmaysurvivefornoparticularreason.Aspeciessurvivalmayhavenothingtodowithitsabilityorinabilitytoadapt.Ifso,someofevolutionaryhistorymayreflectasequenceofessentiallyrandomevents.
1.Theworditinline3refersto
(A)environment
(B)species
(C)extinction
(D)99percent
2.Thewordultimatelyinline8isclosestinmeaningto
(A)exceptionally
(B)dramatically
(C)eventually
(D)unfortunately
3.Whatdoestheauthorsayinparagraph1regardingmostspeciesinEarthshistory
(A)Theyhaveremainedbasicallyunchangedfromtheiroriginalforms.
(B)Theyhavebeenabletoadapttoecologicalchanges.
(C)Theyhavecausedrapidchangeintheenvironment.
(D)Theyarenolongerinexistence.
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1asresultingfromrapidecological
change?
(A)Temperaturechanges
(B)Availabilityoffoodresources
(C)Introductionofnewspecies
(D)Competitionamongspecies
5.Theworddemiseinline12isclosestinmeaningto
(A)change
(B)recovery
(C)help
(D)death
6.Whyisplanktonmentionedinline17?
(A)Todemonstratetheinterdependenceofdifferentspecies.
(B)Toemphasizetheimportanceoffoodresourcesinpreventingmassextinction.
(C)Toillustrateacomparisonbetweenorganismsthatliveonthelandandthosethatliveinthe
ocean.
(D)Topointoutthatcertainspeciescouldneverbecomeextinct.
7.Accordingtoparagraph2,evidencefromfossilssuggeststhat
(A)ExtinctionofspecieshasoccurredfromtimetotimethroughoutEarthshistory.
(B)ExtinctionsonEarthhavegenerallybeenmassive
(C)TherehasbeenonlyonemassextinctioninEarthshistory.
(D)Dinosaursbecameextinctmuchearlierthanscientistsoriginallybelieved.
8.Thewordfindinginline20isclosestinmeaningto
(A)publishedinformation
(B)researchmethod
(C)ongoingexperiment
(D)scientificdiscovery
9.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthetheorymentionedinLine21-23?
(A)Manyscientistscouldbeexpectedtodisagreewithit.
(B)Evidencetosupportthetheoryhasrecentlybeenfound.
(C)Thetheoryisnolongerseriouslyconsidered.
(D)Mostscientistsbelievethetheorytobeaccurate.
10.Inparagraph3,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutaspeciessurvival?
(A)Itreflectstheinterrelationshipofmanyspecies.
(B)Itmaydependonchanceevents.
(C)Itdoesnotvarygreatlyfromspeciestospecies
(D)Itisassociatedwithastronomicalconditions.
11.Accordingtothepassage,itisbelievedthatthelargestextinctionofaspeciesoccurred
(A)26millionyearsago
(B)65millionyearsago
(C)225millionyearsago
(D)250millionyearsago
PASSAGE77BCDCDAADABC
托福阅读真题2
ArchaeologicaldiscoverieshaveledsomescholarstobelievethatthefirstMesopotamianinventorsofwritingmayhavebeenapeoplethelaterBabylonianscalledSubarians.Accordingtotradition,theycamefromthenorthandmovedintoUrukinthesouth.Byabout3100B.C.,theywereapparentlysubjugatedinsouthernMesopotamiabytheSumerians,whosenamebecamesynonymouswiththeregionimmediatelynorthofthePersianGulf,inthefertilelowervalleysoftheTigrisandEuphrates.HeretheSumerianswerealreadywellestablishedbytheyear3000B.C.Theyhadinventedbronze,analloythatcouldbecastinmolds,outofwhichtheymadetoolsandweapons.Theylivedincities,andtheyhadbeguntoacquireandusecapital.Perhapsmostimportant,theSumeriansadaptedwriting(probablyfromtheSubarians)intoaflexibletoolofcommunication.
ArchaeologistshaveknownabouttheSumeriansforover150years.ArchaeologistsworkingatNinevehinnorthernMesopotamiainthemid-nineteenthcenturyfoundmanyinscribedclaytablets.SometheycoulddecipherbecausethelanguagewasaSemiticone(Akkadian),onwhichscholarshadalreadybeenworkingforageneration.ButothertabletswereinscribedinanotherlanguagethatwasnotSemiticandpreviouslyunknown.BecausetheseinscriptionsmadereferencetothekingofSumerandAkkad,ascholarsuggestedthatthenewlanguagebecalledSumerian.
Butitwasnotuntilthe1890sthatarchaeologistsexcavatingincity-stateswelltothesouthofNinevehfoundmanythousandsoftabletsinscribedinSumerianonly.BecausetheAkkadiansthoughtofSumerianasaclassicallanguage(asancientGreekandLatinareconsideredtoday),theytaughtittoeducatedpersonsandtheyinscribedvocabulary,translationexercises,andotherstudyaidsontablets.WorkingfromknownAkkadiantopreviouslyunknownSumerian,scholarssincethe1890shavelearnedhowtoreadtheSumerianlanguagemoderatelywell.VastquantitiesoftabletsinSumerianhavebeenunearthedduringtheinterveningyearsfromnumeroussites.
1.Accordingtothepassage,theinventorsofwrittenlanguageinMesopotamiawereprobably
the
(A)Babylonians
(B)Subarians
(C)Akkadians
(D)Sumerians
2.Thewordsubjugatedinline4isclosestinmeaningto
(A)distinguished
(B)segregated
(C)concentrated
(D)conquered
3.Thephrasesynonymouswithinline5isclosestinmeaningto
(A)equivalentto
(B)importantfor
(C)respectedin
(D)familiarwith
4.Accordingtothepassage,bytheyear3000B.C.theSumerianshadalreadydoneallofthe
followingEXCEPT:
(A)TheyhadabandonedtheareanorthofthePersianGulf.
(B)Theyhadestablishedthemselvesincities.
(C)Theyhadstartedtocommunicatethrough
(D)Theyhadcreatedbronzetoolsandweapons.
5.Thewordsomeinline14refersto
(A)Archaeologists
(B)Sumerians
(C)years
(D)claytablets
6.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageconcerningtheSumerians?
(A)TheyweredescendantsofthePersians.
(B)TheywerethefirstpeopletocultivatethevalleyoftheTigris.
(C)Theywereaccomplishedmusicians.
(D)Theyhadthebeginningsofaneconomy.
7.Accordingtothepassage,whendidarchaeologistsbegintobeabletounderstandtablets
inscribedinSumerian?
(A)intheearlynineteenthcentury
(B)morethan150yearsago
(C)afterthe1890s
(D)inthemid-eighteenthcentury
8.Accordingtothepassage,inwhatwaydidtheSumerianlanguageresembleancientGreekand
Latin?
(A)ItwasinventedinMesopotamia.
(B)Itbecamewellestablishedaround3000B.C.
(C)Itbecameaclassicallanguage.
(D)Itwasusedexclusivelyforbusinesstransactions.
9.Thewordexcavatinginline19isclosestinmeaningto
(A)living
(B)digging
(C)assembling
(D)building
10.Accordingtothepassage,howdidarchaeologistslearntoreadtheSumerianlanguage?
(A)bytranslatingtheworkoftheSubarians
(B)byusingtheirknowledgeofspokenSemiticlanguages
(C)bycomparingSumeriantootherclassicallanguages
(D)byusingtheirknowledgeofAkkadian
PASSAGE78BDAADDCCBD
托福阅读真题3
Someanimalbehavioristsarguethatcertainanimalscanrememberpastevents,anticipatefutureones,makeplansandchoices,andcoordinateactivitieswithinagroup.Thesescientists,however,arecautiousabouttheextenttowhichanimalscanbecreditedwithconsciousprocessing.
Explanationsofanimalbehaviorthatleaveoutanysortofconsciousnessatallandascribeactionsentirelytoinstinctleavemanyquestionsunanswered.Oneexampleofsuchunexplainedbehavior:honeybeescommunicatethesourcesofnectartooneanotherbydoingadanceinafigure-eightpattern.Theorientationofthedanceconveysthepositionofthefoodrelativetothesunspositioninthesky,andthespeedofthedancetellshowfarthefoodsourceisfromthehive.Mostresearchersassumethattheabilitytoperformandencodethedanceisinnateandshowsnospecialintelligence.Butinonestudy,whenexperimenterskeptchangingthesiteofthefoodsource,eachtimemovingthefood25percentfartherfromtheprevioussite,foraginghoneybeesbegantoanticipatewherethefoodsourcewouldappearnext.Whentheresearchersarrivedatthenewlocation,theywouldfindthebeescirclingthespot,waitingfortheirfood.Noonehasyetexplainedhowbees,whosebrainsweighfourten-thousandthsofanounce,couldhaveinferredthelocationofthenewsite.
Otherbehaviorsthatmayindicatesomecognitionincludetooluse.Manyanimals,liketheotterwhousesastonetocrackmusselshells,arecapableofusingobjectsinthenaturalenvironmentasrudimentarytools.Oneresearcherhasfoundthatmotherchimpanzeesoccasionallyshowtheiryounghowtousetoolstoopenhardnuts.Inonestudy,chimpanzeescomparedtwopairsoffoodwellscontainingchocolatechips.Onepairmightcontain,say,fivechipsandthreechips,theotherfourchipsandthreechips.Allowedtochoosewhichpairtheywanted,thechimpanzeesalmostalwayschosetheonewiththehighertotal,showingsomesortofsummingability.Otherchimpanzeeshavelearnedtousenumeralstolabelquantitiesofitemsanddosimplesums.
1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Theroleofinstinctinanimalbehavior
(B)Observationsthatsuggestconsciousnessinanimalbehavior
(C)Theuseoffoodinstudiesofanimalbehavior
(D)Differencesbetweenthebehaviorofanimalsintheirnaturalenvironmentsandinlaboratory
experiments.
2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTdiscussedasanabilityanimalsarethoughttohave?
(A)Selectingamongchoices
(B)Anticipatingeventstocome
(C)Rememberingpastexperiences
(D)Communicatingemotions
3.Whatisthepurposeofthehoneybeedance?
(A)Todeterminethequantityoffoodatasite
(B)Tocommunicatethelocationoffood
(C)Toincreasethespeedoftraveltofoodsources
(D)Toidentifythetypeofnectarthatisavailable
4.Thewordyetinline15isclosestinmeaningto
(A)however
(B)since
(C)generally
(D)sofar
5.Whatdidresearchersdiscoverinthestudyofhoneybeesdiscussedinparagraph2?
(A)Beesareabletotravelatgreaterspeedsthanscientiststhought.
(B)Thebeescouldtravel25%fartherthanscientistsexpected.
(C)Thebeeswereabletodetermineinadvancewherescientistswouldplacetheirfood.
(D)Changingthelocationoffoodcausedbeestodecreasetheirdanceactivity.
6.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbrainsizeisassumedto
(A)beanindicatorofcognitiveabilit
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