口译初步与视译

口译初步与视译

防灾科技学院英语系

张莉主要使用教材:《大学英语口译入门教程》，戚文琴，旅游教育出版社，2006.实践材料教学参考资料见《口译与初步视译》教学大纲教学目的：

通过讲授口译基本理论、口译背景知识以及对学生进行口译基本技巧的训练，使学生使学生初步掌握口译程序和基本技巧，初步学会口译记忆方法、口译笔记、口头概述、公众演讲等基本技巧和口译基本策略，培养学生关心时事的信息意识，积累知识，掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法；培养学生的话语分析能力，提高学生的逻辑思维能力、语言组织能力和双语表达能力，提高学生跨文化交际的能力和英、汉两种语言互译的能力，为进入下一阶段讨论式、分语类对学生进行口译基本技巧的训练做准备。Week1WarmingUpDefinitionofInterpreting:Itisdefinedas"oraltranslationofawrittentext"(Shuttleworth&Cowie:1997:83).Interpretingisaserviceactivitywithacommunicationfunction.(Gile)Itisusuallyaface-to-facecommunicativeact.

Typesofinterpreting

Interpretingcanbeclassifiedintothefollowingthreetypesaccordingitsnature:ConferenceInterpreting会议口译PersonalInterpreting随行口译LiaisonInterpreting联络口译Itcanbedividedinto:alternatinginterpretation（交替口译）EnglishChineseconsecutiveinterpretation（连续/接续/逐步口译）simultaneousinterpretation（同声传译）whisperinginterpretation（耳语翻译）sight/onsightinterpretation（视阅翻译/视译）RequirementsBasicqualitiesrequiredofinterpreters:AstrongsenseofresponsibilityAsolidfoundationoftwolanguagesProfoundknowledgeGoodmemoryQuickthinkingOutstandingabilityofunderstandingFluentexpressionofideasWeek2ActiveListening

ImprovingActiveListeningl

Mainreasonsforfailuretorememberwhathasbeenheard:a.

Insufficientattentionispaidtothespeaker.b.

Unfamiliaritywiththetopicunderdiscussion.c.

Incompetenceintheforeignlanguage/languagesl

Howtoimproveactivelistening:a.

Enlargebackgroundknowledge.b.

AskWHquestionsbeforelistening.c.

Listentothemainideasofthespeech.Week3

MemoryinInterpretationTheimportanceofagoodmemoryininterpretingTheabilitytoprocessinformationisanessentialpartofsuccessfulinterpreting.Theabilitytolisten,comprehend,andretaininformationisnecessaryforprocessinginformation.Short-TermMemory(STM)

ThedurationofSTMisveryshort.Itisup6to30seconds.Memoryininterpretingonlylastsforashorttime.Oncetheinterpretingassignmentisover,theinterpretermovesontoanotherone,oftenwithdifferentcontext,subjectandspeakers.Long-TermMemory(LTM)Long-TermMemoryoccurswhenyouhavecreatedneuralpathwaysforstoringideasandinformationwhichcanthenberecalledweeks,months,orevenyearslater.Tocreatethesepathways,youmustmakeadeliberateattempttoencodetheinformationinthewayyouintendtorecallitlater.Long-termmemoryisalearningprocess.Anditisessentiallyanimportantpartoftheinterpreter'sacquisitionofknowledge,becauseinformationstoredinLTMmaylastforminutestoweeks,months,orevenanentirelife.Week3

Tacticsofmemorizing--VisualizationThisistovisualizewhatthespeakerissayingininterpretation.Itisapplicabletotheretainingofinformationinsuchspeechtypesasnarration,descriptionandintroduction.

Visualization-AnExampleHurricaneHenrymovedintonorthernFloridaearlyyesterdaymorning.Nearlyhalfamillionpeoplehavehadtobeevacuatedasthe200kmperhourwindsuprootedtrees,toreroofsoffsomehousesandcompletelydemolishedlesssturdyones.Incoastalareasmanyboatsweresubmergedbythe10meterswell,whileotherswerebeachedandleftstrandedwiththeirhullsrippedopen.Week4

MemoryinInterpretation

Outlininginformation

提纲式记忆

提纲式记忆指译员充分利用语篇的基本结构及其主要意义间的联系，把源语材料内容当作提纲或框架来处理。在此提纲或框架里，译员所“记”的内容是源语材料的主要意义及其联系。在随后所“忆”和“译”的阶段，译员则在所记的基本提纲的基础上，完整地归纳包括其他次要意义在内的全部意义。提纲式记忆常用于那些讲话内容相对有条理性、主次意义较清楚的讲话材料，如论证类、介绍类讲话等。

MemoryinInterpreting

-OutliningInformation:AnExample澳大利亚和中国在生态环境上有很大的差别，我认为原因很多。首先是由于中国的人口密度较大，其次是经济情况不同。澳大利亚的经济主要依靠第一和第三产业，比如农业、旅游业，它们对环境的污染相对较小；而中国的经济更依赖于第二产业（工业），第二产业对环境污染最大。另外，澳大利亚是一个发达国家，在经济上有能力制定比较严格的环境保护法规。第三是历史的原因。虽然澳大利亚的土族居民有六万多年的历史，但是他们是游牧民族，所以对生态环境没有重大影响。澳大利亚重要的人类活动只有两百年的历史。在中国，重要的人类活动已有几千年之久。第四，中国的环境保护还没有受到应有的重视。第五个原因是澳大利亚人和中国人的社会文明意识有所不同。MemoryinInterpreting

-OutliningInformationexplained(2)澳、中生态环境差别原因：1．人口密度2．

经济情况：

澳：第一、三产业（两例、结果）

中：第二产业（结果）

此外，澳：发达国（环保法规）3．历史：（重要人类活动史比较）4．环保重视程度5．文明意识MemoryinInterpreting-Re-arrangingInformation推理式信息组合记忆：译员在理解的前提下，以话语所呈现的信息位为基础，分清信息主次，结合逻辑推理，将信息单位按主次关系逻辑性地组合成更大的信息单位，以增加短时记忆的容量。这种方法较适合于记忆那些信息量大的长句或内容相对比较枯燥、话语的连贯性较差的材料。

MemoryinInterpreting-

Re-arrangingInformation-AnExample

Wehaveheardalotofinterestingpointsfromthespeakerswhohavegonebeforemeaboutcreatingasupportiveinvestmentclimatewhichtakesintoaccounttheinterestsandconcernsofforeigncompanies,whilealsohelpingChinesecompaniesandthevariousregionsofChinatorealizetheircompetitiveadvantages.MemoryinInterpreting-Re-arrangingInformation-AnExampleexplained(2)这句话大致是以下的信息单位依次进入译员的记忆：1）wehaveheardalotinterestingpointsfromthespeakerswhohavegonebeforeme（在我发言之前，我们已听到许多发言人很有意义的见解）2）aboutcreatingasupportiveinvestmentclimate（就创造鼓励性的投资环境）3）whichtakesintoaccounttheinterestsandconcernsofforeigncompanies（它照顾外国公司的利益）4）whilealsohelpingChinesecompaniesandthevariousregionsofChinatorealisetheircompetitiveadvantages（同时，帮助中国公司和各个地区实现其本身的竞争优势）。连贯的语篇信息：在我之前的的发言人已围绕“照顾外国公司利益、创造鼓励性投资环境、同时帮助中国公司和各个地区实现其本身的竞争优势”这一话题作了很有意义的阐述。Week5

Note-takinginInterpreting

Theimportanceoftakingnotesininterpreting

Ourshort-termmemoryalonecannotretaintheamountofinformationthespeakergivesintheactofinterpreting.Weneedtoemployothermeanstohelpwithourretainingandretrievalofinformation.Notesareanaidtoenhancetheworkofunderstanding,analysisandre-expression,thethreeactivitiesofconsecutiveinterpreting.

Themainuseofnotesistorelievememory.Althoughaninterpretermayhaveunderstoodthemainideasofaspeech,itisalmostimpossibleforhim/hertorecallalltheelementsofafive-minutespeech,particularlyifitcontainsnumbers,names,lists,sincesuchelementscannotberecalledonthebasisofanalysisandlogic.

Basicguidelinesfornote-takinginCI

UseA15cmX20cmstenographer'snote-pad;avoidloosesheets.Writeonlyononesideofthesheets;useagoodoldleadpencil.Notesshouldbeeasilyreadable,bewellspreadonthepage,writteninlargecharacters,andonesinglesentencecanevenoccupyonesheet.Notesmustbeunequivocal:forinstance,anarrowpointingupward↗mustbealwaysusedtorepresentoneidea.Avoidinventingsymbolsorabbreviationsinthecourseofaconference.Languageusedinyournotes:SLandTLWriteyournotesverticallyUseabbreviationsUsewhateverlanguagethatcomestoyourmindUseasmanysymbolsasyoufeelcomfortablewithSomesuggestedsymbolsusedinnote-taking

+－

<>≤≥

=≠≈

×

∵

∴

Note-taking(1):Whattonote

-Takedownthemainpointsofthespeech,togetherwithanyamountofminordetailsyoucouldmanage

(口译笔记的对象：概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系)

-Notedownthemainideas.

-Systematicallynotedownthelinksbetweendifferentideas.

-Notedownthepointofviewbeingexpressed.

-Payattentiontoverbtenses,conditionalforms,andmodalverbs.

-Notedownaccuratelythenumbers,datesandpropernames.

Butdigesteverythingbeforetakingnotes!

Note-taking:AnExample……becauseeverychildhasthesameneeds,andtherighttoabasiceducation,therighttofood,therighttoshelter,andtherighttobasichealthandeverychildneedsafriend……

allsamerightsed.shelterhealthneedfriend

Week6

Note-taking(2):HowtonoteTheuseofleft-handmarginTheleft-handmarginisall-important,sinceinthissectionofthesheetthesubjectsofandthelinksbetweenthesentencesaretobenoted.Someinterpretersmaychoosetoleavealeft-handmarginofonetotwocentimetersforlinksonly.

Note-taking:anExample1"HungaryhascomplainedthatitssteelexportstotheEuropeanUnionareunabletodevelopbecauseofexcessivelyrestrictivequotas.ButtheUnionrepresentativepointedoutthatquotasarestillunderusedbyHungarybyalargemargin,sothequotasthemselvesdidn'tappeartobecreatingthedifficulties"

couldbenoteddownasfollows:

HUcomplained—steelexpertstoEUcan’tdevelopbecausetoostricttariffquotasButEUrep—quotasunderusedbyHUalotSoquotasnotprob

Note-taking:Example2HU:steelexpertscannotdeveloptoEU

becausetariffquotastoorestrictive_____butEU:HUunderusesalotquotassoquotasnotproblemWeek7

InterpretingNumerals（1）笔记方法e.g.5,5005千5或5’515,3001万5千3或15’3175,00017万5或175’—3,000,0003,,或3’—’—

或3—

—635,500,0006亿3千5百50万

或635’5—

—

InterpretingNumerals(2)Thereadingofvulgarfractions1/2onehalf1/4onequarter1/5one-fifth1/3one-third3/4three-fourths5/9five-ninths2/6two-sixths9/10nine-tenths3/1000three-thousandths26/95twentysixoverninety-five79/53seventy-nineoverfifty-three

九又四分之一nineandaquarter五又三分之二fiveandtwo-thirdsWeek8

PublicSpeaking(1)VoiceProjectionPublicspeakingmeansthatyoumustbeclearlyaudible,andanimportantskillforinterpretersisvoiceprojection.Herearesometipsofvoiceprojection:--dospeakwithaclear,firmvoice,thefirstfewsentencesareespeciallyimportanttoconveyassurancetoyouraudience;--beclearlyintelligibleatalltimes;pronouncepropernamesandtitlesespeciallycarefully;--don’t“orate”,butdosoundnaturalandsincere;--usethefirstpersonsingular;--talktoyouraudience“personally”andkeepcontactwiththematalltimes;--watchthereactionoftheaudiencetowhatyousay;--befriendlytowardyouraudience,beinterestedinyoursubject;--don’tfrown;don’tgrimace,evenifyoumakemistakes.PublicSpeaking(2)SpeedofdeliveryPublicspeakingforaninterpretermeansthatyouhavetomaintaintheinterestoftheaudience,whoarehearingatexttwice,onceinaversionwhichtheycannotunderstand.Youmustengagetheirattention,andonemethodistovaryyourspeedofdelivery.

Moretips:--don’ttalkfasterthan160wordsaminuteorslowerthan90wordsaminute;--dokeepyourrateofdeliveryconstantlychanging;--don’tbemonotonousinyourdelivery;--changeyourpaceorspeedinresponsetotheaudience’sreactions;--allowspaceforapplause,laughter,orinterruptions;--keepeyecontactwiththeaudience.Week9

ParaphrasinginCIWhatisparaphrasing?或称复述训练repetitiontraining，此训练旨在检验记忆、加深理解，帮助我们逐渐摆脱原语表达方式的束缚，专注于要传递的“意义”，借着用译入语进行复述，进一步巩固理解并储存“意义”。注意意义的完整和逻辑连贯。ParaphrasinginCI(2)Rulestobefollowedinparaphrasing:

1．

不应该有任何删减源语意义的情况；2．

不应有任何改变源语意义的情况；3.对源语信息中明示或暗示的态度、立场、观点和口气等，译员不应掺杂任何个人偏见或成见。

paraphrasing:Tactics

1.

ChangeofpartsofspeechOriginal:TourismearnsalotofforeignexchangeforSpain.Paraphrased:TourismisabigforeignexchangeearnerforSpain.

2.

ChangeofsentencestructureOriginal:Onlybyeliminatingcorruptionandbureaucracycanweestablishaclean,smallandefficientgovernment.Paraphrased:Wemustgetridofcorruptionandbureaucracybeforeweareabletoestablishaclean,smallandefficientgovernment.3.

BreakupthelongsentenceintoseveralshortonesOriginal:Theboomintheairlineindustrythatbeganabout30yearsagoresultedinacorrespondingboominhotelconstruction.Paraphrased:Theairlineindustrystartedtoboomabout30yearsago.Thisboombroughtasimilarboominhotelconstruction.

Week10

AnticipationinInterpreting(1)Linguisticanticipation语言系预测extra-linguisticanticipation非语言系预测

语言系预测词汇的排列是有规律可循的。比如在英语里，介词后面接冠词或名词的概率很高，而接另一个介词或动词的概率则很低。这种规律可以帮助人们对在特定语境中的词义进行预测。（2）语言系统内部存在着大量的冗余现象，语言的冗余带来信息的冗于。在语段中，上文中的关键词汇已能清楚的表达尚未结束部分的意义。（3）在特定的语境中，被唤起或被激活的认知知识含有尚未结束的句子的意思。Anticipation:Example1Allmostfouryearsago,onJuly1st,1997,inthisveryspecialplace,inasolemnceremonymarkingthehand-over,PresidentJiangannouncedtotheworldthereturnofHongKongtoChina.（近四年前，1997年7月1日，江主席莅临此地，出席庄严肃穆的香港回归大典，向全世界宣布香港回归祖国。）在这句话中，译员的语言知识以及被唤起的认知知识足以使其对以下划线部分进行预测，：Almostfouryearsago（近四年前）,onJuly1st,1997（1997年7月1日）inthisveryspecialplace（就在此地）,inasolemnceremony（在庄严肃穆的典礼上）markingthehand-over（标志着回归）,

PresidentJiang（江主席）announcedtotheworldthereturnofHongKongtoChina（宣布香港回归祖国）。对划线部分中一些词的预测实际上遵循了英语词汇排列的规律，如ago，place等，它们前面的词语使其在这一语境中显得毫无疑义；而译员对其他划线部分的预测则与其认知知识息息相关，如onJuly1st,1997,ceremony,PresidentJiang,thereturnofHongKongtoChina。从某种意义上讲，如果译员在其认知知识库里已经储存这样的信息：江泽民主席于1997年7月1日宣布香港回归中国，那么上述划线部分实际上就成了冗余信息。Anticipationininterpreting(2)

非语言系预测:既包括译员的译前预测，又包括在口译过程中所作的预测。即对讲话中要表达的思想的预测，而非准确无误地预测讲话人的具体措辞。例如，2002年10月美国教育代表团来渝访问了解该市的现代外语教育技术概况，该市教委高教处领导发表了一篇集欢迎与介绍于一体的讲话。在这一特定的语境中，译员在讲话发表前就可预测到以下内容：（1）讲话人将代表市教委向代表团表示欢迎；（2）重庆市高等院校简介；（3）重庆市高校现代外语教育技术运用情况以及（4）对代表团的良好祝愿。Week11

SimilaritiesandDifferencesbetweenWT&CI

1.工作方式的不同

2.语言运用的不同a.用词上的区别口译用偏重口语化的词，笔译往往用书面词语。

b.句法上的区别口译多用简单语法、简单句子和简单结构;笔译可以视需要而定，选用适当的句子结构:口译应少用被动语态，笔译不做此要求。

Week12

BasiccharacteristicsofnarrativespeechNarrativespeech:叙述类讲话(alsoincludeintroduction)Achronologicalnarrativemaybehistory,thestoryofacountry,oraninternationalorganizationoverthelastfiftyyears.Butitmayalsobethechairpersonofameetingsummingupthesituationattheoutcomeofthelastmeeting,theprocedurefollowedsincethen,includingtheactivitiesofvarioussub-committeesandtheprocedureenvisagedfortheimmediatefuture.Theinterpretermustpaydueattentiontotimephrases,datesandverbtenses.Peoplewanttowhathappenedwhen.Anarrativespeechmayalsohavethefeatureofthedescriptivespeech.Introductoryspeeches

介绍类讲话的基本特点介绍类讲话是口译实践中最常见的语类之一，出现得最多的情况有如下几种：(1)

对公司、工厂、学校等企业、团体的介绍；(2)对项目、展品、产品以及科研成果等的介绍；(3)对城市、地区（包括景区）等的介绍；(4)

对人物的介绍。

介绍类讲话的基本模式是：总说、分说、总结或适当的小结。这类话语的展开没有明显的时间或空间顺序，而是靠时间、空间和逻辑程序的相互组合或补充。通常在介绍之前都有一段概述性质的话语，以便能给听话人留下一个整体的印象，然后再按照被介绍物的特点或说话人的目的，分门别类按不同的主题进行进一步详细的介绍。

Week13

PreparationininterpretationAdvancedPreparationBeforethemeeting,theinterpretershouldasktheconferenceorganizertoprovideafullsetofdocuments,whichincludetheconferenceprogramme,listofparticipants,backgroundinformationabouttheconference,andmostimportant,documentsonthecontentoftheconference(includingdraftsofpaperstobereadorpresented,abstracts,etc.)Briefingsarepotentiallyaveryusefulpartofadvancedpreparation.Theyaremeetingsorganizedfortheinterpreter,withtheparticipati