美国环境保护概论一

InstructionsforUsingThisPowerPointPresentationYoumayadjustthesizeofwindows(seeinstructionsbelow)moveforwardtothenextslide,orbackwardtothepreviousslideusingthethearrows–bottomcenterofthescreen.1ESC110CHAPTERONE

UNDERSTANDINGOURENVIRONMENT2ChapterOneReadings&ObjectivesRequiredReadingCunningham&Cunningham,ChapterOne:UnderstandingOurEnvironmentAfterfinishingChapterOneyoushouldbeableto:definethetermenvironmentandEnvironmentalScienceandidentifysomeimportantenvironmentalconcernsthatwefacetoday;explainthescientificmethodandhowtoapplyittoproblemsolving;explainhowstatisticsandprobabilitycanbeusedinEnvironmentalScience;understandhowanalytical,creative,critical,logicalandreflectivethinkingdiffer;summarizesomemajorenvironmentaldilemmasandissuesthatshapeourcurrentenvironmentalagenda;and,discusstheimplicationsofsustainabilityandsustainabledevelopment.3ChapterOneKeyTerms

analyticalthinking–page11oftextbiocentricpreservation15blindexperiments6controlledstudies6creativethinking11criticalthinking11deductivereasoning6double-blinddesign6environment4environmentalscience4globalenvironmentalism16hypothesis7inductivereasoning6logicalthinking11mean8modernenvironmentalism15paradigms9parsimony5probability8reflectivethinking11reproducibility6sample8scientifictheory7significantnumbers6statistics8sustainability21sustainabledevelopment21utilitarianconservation144Chapter1TopicsUnderstandingOurEnvironment(DredgingtheHudson)ScienceasaWayofKnowingInvestigatingourEnvironmentThinkingAboutThinkingABriefHistoryofConservation&EnvironmentalismCurrentEnvironmentalConditionsHumanDimensionsofenvironmentalscience5ThePlanetEarthUniqueintheuniverse(?)Mild,relativelyconstanttemperaturesBiogeochemicalcyclesMillionsofspeciesDiverse,self-sustainingcommunitiesPART1:UNDERSTANDINGOURENVIRONMENT6Environmentisthecircumstancesandconditionsthatsurroundanorganismoragroupoforganisms.Environmentalscience

isthesystematicstudyofourenvironmentandourplaceinit.Ecology

isthestudyofanorganismororganisms,theimpactoftheenvironmentonthem,andtheirimpactontheenvironment.EnvironmentalScience7Part2:ScienceasaWayofKnowingModernsciencehasitsrootsinantiquityGreekphilosophersArabicmathematiciansandastronomersChinesenaturalists8QuotestothinkaboutregardingEcology:

Thereasonablemanadaptshimselftotheworld;theunreasonableonepersistsintryingtoadapttheworldtohimself.

Thereforeallprogressdependsontheunreasonableman.

[GeorgeBernardShaw]9QuotestothinkaboutregardingTechnology:

Theonlytwothingsthatareinfiniteinsizearetheuniverse,andhumanstupidity.AndI'mnotcompletelysureabouttheuniverse.

[AlbertEinstein]10ScientificInvestigationDeductivevs.inductivereasoningHypothesis-aconditionalexplanationthatcanbeverifiedorfalsifiedScientifictheory-anexplanationthatissupportedbyanoverwhelmingbodyofdataandexperience11ModelsandNaturalExperimentsModelsSimulaterealenvironmentalsystems;Canbephysicalormathematical;Provideheuristicinformation(suggestionsofhowthingsMIGHTbe);andAreinfluencedbyresearchers'assumptions.NaturalExperimentsGatheringofhistoricevidence;andConductedbyscientistswhocan'ttesttheirhypothesesdirectly.12Insomeways,childrenarethe““ultimate”practicalscientists…nopre-conceivedbiasintheirinvestigations.However,Societyusesnumbers,called“statistics”toletyouevaluateandcomparethings.Informationknownbyonlyonepersonisn’tusefultoSociety,andcommunicationisessential.Thisisonereasonwhyscientistsarerewardedsomuchforpublishinginscientificjournals.“PublishorPerish”isarealthreatinacademia.OpenMindsareLearningMinds13ScientificDesignBlindExperimentConductedsoinvestigatorsdonotknowwhichisthecontrolandwhichistheexperimentalgroup,untilafterdatahavebeengatheredandanalyzed.Double-BlindNeitherthesubjectnortheinvestigatorsknowwhichparticipantsarereceivinganexperimentaltreatment.14StatisticsandProbabilityQuantitativedataPreciseandeasilycompared;andGoodbenchmarksformeasuringchange.ProbabilityMeasureofhowlikelysomethingis;andHighdegreeofscientificcertainty:95%probability.StatisticsImportanttoolinbothplanningandevaluatingscientificstudies;andSamplesize,numberofreplicationsimportant.15ParadigmsandScientificConsensusParadigmsOverarchingmodelsoftheworldthatguideourinterpretationofeventsExamples:tectonicplatemovement,Einstein'stheoryofrelativityParadigmshiftOccurswhenamajorityofscientistsacceptthattheoldexplanationnolongerexplainsnewobservationsverywellParadigmshiftsaresometimescontentiousandpolitical.16Part3:ThinkingAboutThinking17Table1.3StepsinCriticalThinking18ApplyingCriticalThinkingIdentifyandevaluatepremisesandconclusionsinanargument;Acknowledgeandclarifyuncertainties,vagueness,equivocation,andcontradictions;Distinguishbetweenfactsandvalues;Recognizeandassessassumptions;Distinguishsourcereliabilityorunreliability;andRecognizeandunderstandconceptualframeworks.19StepsinCriticalThinkingIdentifyandevaluatepremisesandconclusionsinanargument.Acknowledgeandclarifyuncertainties,vagueness,equivocation,andcontradictions.Distinguishbetweenfactsandvalues.Recognizeandassessassumptions.Distinguishsourcereliabilityorunreliability.Recognizeandunderstandconceptualframeworks.20Part4.HistoryofConserva-tionandEnviron-mentalism21OurConservationandEnvironmentalismHistoryhasfourDistinctStages:PragmaticResourceConservationMoralandAestheticNaturePreservationModernEnvironmentalismGlobalEnvironmentalCitizenship22PragmaticResourceConservationPresidentTheodoreRooseveltandhischiefconservationadvisor,GiffordPinchot,believedinutilitarianconservation.Forestsshouldbesavedsotheycanbeusedtoprovidehomesandjobs.Shouldbeusedfor““thegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber,forthelongesttime.””23MoralandAestheticNaturePreservationJohnMuir,firstpresidentoftheSierraClub,opposedPinchot’’sutilitarianpolicies.BiocentricPreservationemphasizesthefundamentalrightofallorganismstopursuetheirowninterests24ModernEnvironmentalismRachelCarson’sSilentSpring(1962)startedthemodernenvironmentalmovement.awakenedthepublictothreatsofpollutionandtoxicchemicalstohumansaswellasotherspeciesmodernenvironmentalismextendsconcernstoincludebothnaturalresourcesandenvironmentalpollution.25GlobalConcernsIncreasedtravelandcommunicationenablespeopletoknowaboutdailyeventsinplacesunknowninpreviousgenerations.Globalenvironmentalismistherecognitionthatweshareoneenvironmentthatiscommontoallhumans.26Part5:CurrentEnvironmentalConditionsHalftheworld'swetlandswerelostinthelast100years.Landconversionandlogginghaveshrunktheworld'sforestsbyasmuchas50%.Nearlythree-quartersoftheworld'smajormarinefishstocksareover-fishedorarebeingharvestedbeyondasustainablerate.Soildegradationhasaffectedtwo-thirdsoftheworld'sagriculturallandsinthelast50years.27MajorCausesofEnvironmentalDegradation(1)PopulationGrowthalmost6.5billionpeoplenowoccupytheearth,andweareaddingabout85millionmoreeachyear.Inthenextdecade,mostpopulationgrowthwillbeinthepoorercountries-countrieswherepresentpopulationsalreadystrainresourcesandservices/main/www/popclock.htmlgov/main/www/popclock.html28burningoffossilfuelsdestructionoftropicalrainforestsandotherbiologicallyrichlandscapesproductionoftoxicwastes(2)ResourceExtractionandUseMajorCausesofEnvironmentalDegradation(cont’’d)29MajorCausesofEnvironmentalDegradation(cont’’d):AcidDeposition30Part6:HumanDimensionsofEnvironmentalScienceMorethan1.3billionpeopleliveinacutepoverty,withanincomeoflessthan$1(US)perday.Thesepeoplegenerallylackaccesstoanadequatediet,decenthousing,basicsanitation,cleanwater,education,medicalcare,andotheressentials.Fouroutoffivepeopleintheworldliveinwhatwouldbeconsideredpovertyinindustrializedcountries.Theworld'spoorestpeopleareoftenforcedtomeetshort-termsurvivalneedsatthecostoflong-termsustainability.3132TheAmericanLifestyleTogetanaverageAmericanthroughthedaytakesabout1,000poundsofrawmaterials,including40poundsoffossilfuels22poundsofwoodandpaper119gallonsofwater.Everyyear,Americansthrowawaysome160milliontonsofgarbage,including50milliontonsofpaper67billioncansandbottles18billiondisposablediapers.33Ifeveryoneintheworldtriedtoliveatconsumptionlevelsapproachingours,theresultswouldbedisastrous.3435SustainabilitySustainabilityHowcanthenationsoftheworldproducethegoodsandservicesneededtoimprovelifeforeveryonewithoutovertaxingtheenvironmentalsystemsandnaturalresourcesonwhichwealldepend?Sustainabledevelopment:progressinhumanwell-beingthatwecanextendorprolongovermanygenerations,ratherthanjustafewyears.Tobetrulyenduring,thebenefitsofsustainabledevelopmentmustbeavailabletoallhumans,notjusttothemembersofaprivilegedgroup.36IndigenousPeoplesIndigenouspeoplesaregenerallyamongtheleastpowerful,mostneglectedgroups.Inmanycountries,traditionalcastesystems,discriminatorylaws,economics,orprejudicesrepressindigenouspeoples.Inmanyplaces