固体废弃物全过程管理

固体废弃物全过程管理第一页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日4-1PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFMSW

ImportantphysicalcharacteristicsofMSWincludespecificweight,moisturecontent,particlesizeandsizedistribution,fieldcapacity,andcompactedwasteporosity.第二页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日SpecificWeightSpecificWeightisdefinedastheweightofamaterialperunitvolume.BecausethespecificweightofMSWisoftenreportedasloose,asfoundincontainers,uncompacted,compacted,andthelike,thebasisusedforthereportedvaluesshouldalwaysbenoted.Specificweightdataareoftenneededtoassessthetotalmassandvolumeofwastethatmustbemanaged.Unfortunately,thereislittleornouniformityinthewaysolidwastespecificweightshavebeenreportedintheliterature.Frequently,nodistinctionhasbeenmadebetweenuncompactedorcompactedspecificweights.第三页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日TypeofwasteSpecificweight,lb/yd3Moisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalResidential(uncompacted)foodwaste220-81049050-8070paper70-2201504-106cardboard70-135854-85plastics70-22011001-42textiles70-1701106-1510rubber,170-3402201-42leather170-4402708-1210yardwastes170-38017030-8060wood220-54040015-4020glass270-8103301-42Tincans85-2701502-43Aluminum110-4052702-42Othermetal220-19405402-43Dirt,ash,etc.540-16858106-128Ashes1095-140012556-126rubbish150-3052205-2015第四页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日TypeofwasteSpecificweightMoisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalResidentialyardwastes)Leaves(looseanddry)50-25010024-0-4030Greengrass(looseanddry)350-5040040-8060Greengrass(wetandcompacted)1000-1400100050-9080yardwaste(shredded)450-60050020-7050yardwaste(composted)450-65055040-6050municipalIncompactortruck300-76050015-4020InlandfillNormallycompacted610-84076015-4025Wellcompacted995-1250101015-4025第五页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日TypeofwasteSpecificweightMoisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalcommercialFoodwaste(wet)800-160091050-8070appliance250-3403050-21Woodencrates185-27018510-3020Treetrimmings170-30525020-8050Rubbish(combustable)85-30520010-3015Rubbish(noncombustable)305-6105055-1510Rubbish(mixed)235-30527010-2515ConstructionanddemolitionMixeddemolition(combustable)Mixeddemolition(uncombustable)MixedConstruction(combustable)Brokenconcrete1685-2695505-675305-6052020-3035239560544025952-104-154-150-5488-第六页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日TypeofwasteSpecificweightMoisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalindustrialChemicalsludges(wet)1350-1885168575-9980Flyash1180-151513502-104Leatherscraps170-4202706-1510Metalscrap(heavy)2530-337030000-5-Metalscrap(light)840-151512450-5-Metalscrap(mixed)1180-253015150-5-Oilstars,asphalts1350-168516000-52Sawdusts170-59049010-4020Textiles170-3703056-1510Wood(mixed)675-114084030-6025第七页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日TypeofwasteSpecificweightMoisturecontent,%byweightrangetypicalrangetypicalagriculturalAgricultural(mixed)675-126594540-8050Deadanimals340-840605--Fruitwastes(mixed)420-126560560-9075Manure(wet)1515-1770168575-9694Vegetablewastes(mixed)340-118060560-9075第八页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日MoistureContentThemoisturecontentofsolidwastesusuallyisexpressedinoneoftwoways.Inthewet-weightmethodofmeasurement,themoistureinasampleisexpressedasapercentageofthewetweightofthematerial;inthedry-weightmethod,itisexpressedasapercentageofthedryweightofthematerial.Thewet-weightmethodisusedmostcommonlyinthefieldofsolidwastemanagement.第九页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Inequationform,thewet-weightmoisturecontentisexpressedasfollows:

第十页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日ParticleSizeandsizeDistributionThesizeandsizedistributionofthecomponentmaterialsinsolidwastesareanimportantconsiderationintherecoveryofmaterials,especiallywith①mechanicalmeanssuchastrommelscreens②magneticseparators.

第十一页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Thesizeofawastecomponentmaybedefinedbyoneormoreofthefollowingmeasures:第十二页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日FieldCapacityDefinition:Thefieldcapacity(场地持水量)ofsolidwasteisthetotalamountofmoisturethatcanberetainedinawastesamplesubjecttothedownwardpullofgravity.Thefieldcapacityofwastematerialsisofcriticalimportanceindeterminingtheformationofleachateinlandfills.Waterinexcessofthefieldcapacitywillbereleasedasleachate.Thefieldcapacityvarieswiththedegreeofappliedpressureandthestateofdecompositionofthewaste.Afieldcapacityof30percentbyvolumecorrespondsto30in/100in.Thefieldcapacityofuncompactedcommingledwastesfromresidentialandcommercialsourcesisintherangeof50to60percent.第十三页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日PermeabilityofCompactedWasteThehydraulicconductivityofcompactedwastesisanimportantphysicalpropertythat,toalargeextent,governsthemovementofliquidsandgasesinalandfill.Thecoefficientofpermeabilityisnormallywrittenas固有渗透性水的动力黏度渗透系数第十四页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日4-2CHEMICALPROPERTIESOFMSWInformationonthechemicalcompositionofthecomponentsthatconstituteMSWisimportantinevaluatingalternativeprocessingandrecoveryoptions.

Forexample,thefeasibilityofcombustiondependsonthechemicalcompositionofthesolidwastes.Typically,wastescanbethoughtofasacombinationofsemimoistcombustibleandnoncombustiblematerials.

第十五页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Ifsolidwastesaretobeusedasfuel,thefourmostimportantpropertiestobeknownare:1.Proximateanalysis2.Fusingpointofash3.Ultimateanalysis(majorelements)4.Energycontent

WheretheorganicfractionofMSWistobecompostedoristobeusedasfeedstockfortheproductionofotherbiologicalconversionproducts,theinformationwemustknow:1）themajorelements(ultimateanalysis)thatcomposethewaste,2）thetraceelementsinthewastematerials.

第十六页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日ProximateAnalysisProximateanalysisforthecombustiblecomponentsofMSWincludesthefollowingtests:1.Moisture(lossofmoisturewhenheatedto105℃for1h)2.Volatilecombustiblematter(additionallossofweightonignitionat950℃inacoveredcrucible)3.Fixedcarbon(combustibleresidueleftaftervolatilematterisremoved)4.Ash(weightofresidueaftercombustioninanopencrucible)第十七页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日FusingPointofAsh

definition

Thefusingpointofashisdefinedasthattemperatureatwhichtheashresultingfromtheburningofwastewillformasolid(clinker)byfusionandagglomeration.

Notation:Typicalfusingtemperaturesfortheformationofclinkerfromsolidwasterangefrom2000to2200℉(1100to1200℃).第十八页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日UltimateAnalysisofSolidWasteComponentsUltimateAnalysisofSolidWasteComponentstypicallyinvolvesthedeterminationofthepercentC,H,O,N,Sandash(sometimeshalogen).

Thepurpose:TocharacterizethechemicalcompositionoforganicmattersinMSW.第十九页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日EnergyContentofSolidWasteComponentsTheenergycontentoftheorganiccomponentsinMSWcanbedetermined(1)byusingafullscaleboilerasacalorimeter,(2)byusingalaboratorybombcalorimeter(3)bycalculation,iftheelementalcompositionisknown.Becauseofthedifficultyininstrumentingafull-scaleboiler,mostofthedataontheenergycontentoftheorganiccomponentsofMSWarebasedontheresultsofbombcalorimetertests.第二十页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日EssentialNutrientsandOtherElements

WheretheorganicfractionofMSWistobeusedasfeedstockfortheproductionofbiologicalconversionproductssuchascompost,methane,andethanol,informationontheessentialnutrientsandelementsinthewastematerialsisofimportancewithrespecttothemicrobialnutrientbalanceandinassessingwhatfinalusescanbemadeofthematerialsremainingafterbiologicalconversion.TheessentialnutrientsandelementsfoundintheprincipalmaterialsthatcomposetheorganicfractionofMSWarereportedinTable4-6.

第二十一页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日第二十二页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日4-3BIOLOGICALPROPERTIESOFMSWtheorganicfractionofmostMSWcanbeclassifiedasfollows（Excludingplastic,rubber,andleathercomponents

）:1.Water-solubleconstituents,suchassugars,starches,aminoacids,andvariousorganicacids,2.Hemicellulose,acondensationproductoffive-andsix-carbonsugars,3.Cellulose,acondensationproductofthesix-carbonsugarglucose,第二十三页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日

4.Fats,oils,andwaxes(蜡),whichareestersofalcoholsandlong-chainfattyacids,5.Lignin,apolymericmaterialcontainingaromaticringswithmethoxylgroups(-OCH3),theexactchemicalnatureofwhichisstillnotknown(presentinsomepaperproductssuchasnewsprintandfiberboard),6.Lignocellulose,acombinationofligninandcellulose,7.Proteins,whicharecomposedofchainsofaminoacids.第二十四页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日PerhapsthemostimportantbiologicalcharacteristicoftheorganicfractionofMSWisthatalmostalloftheorganiccomponentscanbeconvertedbiologicallytogasesandrelativelyinertorganicandinorganicsolids.

TheproductionofodorsandthegenerationoffliesarealsorelatedtotheputresciblenatureoftheorganicmaterialsfoundinMSW(e.g.,foodwastes).

第二十五页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日BiodegradabilityofOrganicWasteComponents

Volatilesolids(VS)content,determinedbyignitionat550℃,isoftenusedasameasureofthebiodegradabilityoftheorganicfractionofMSW.

〔TheuseofVSindescribingthebiodegradabilityoftheorganicfractionofMSWismisleading,assomeoftheorganicconstituentsofMSWarehighlyvolatilebutlowinbiodegradability(e.g.,newsprintandcertainplanttrimmings).〕第二十六页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Alternatively,thelignincontentofawastecanbeusedtoestimatethebiodegradablefraction,usingthefollowingrelationship:第二十七页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日ThebiodegradabilityofseveraloftheorganiccompoundsfoundinMSW,basedonlignincontent,isreportedinTable4-7.AsshowninTable4-7,wasteswithhighlignincontents,suchasnewsprint,aresignificantlylessbiodegradablethantheotherorganicwastesfoundinMSW.Therateatwhichthevariouscomponentscanbedegradedvariesmarkedly.Forpracticalpurposes,theprincipalorganicwastecomponentsinMSWareoftenclassifiedasrapidlyandslowlydecomposable.

第二十八页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日第二十九页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日ProductionofOdorsOdorscandevelopwhensolidwastesarestoredforlongperiodsoftimeon-sitebetweencollections,intransferstations,andinlandfills.Thedevelopmentofodorsinon-sitestoragefacilitiesismoresignificantinwarmclimates.Typically,theformationofodorsresultsfromtheanaerobicdecompositionofthereadilydecomposableorganiccomponentsfoundinMSW.第三十页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日BreedingofFliesInthesummertimeandduringallseasonsinwarmclimates,flybreedingisanimportantconsiderationintheon-sitestorageofwastes.Fliescandevelopinlessthantwoweeksaftertheeggsarelaid.Thelifehistoryofthecommonhouseflyfromeggtoadultcanbedescribedasfollows:第三十一页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Theextenttowhichfliesdevelopfromthelarval(maggot)stageinon-sitestoragecontainersdependsonthefollowingfacts:Ifmaggotsdevelop,theyaredifficulttoremovewhenthecontainersareemptied.Thoseremainingmaydevelopintoflies.Maggotscanalsocrawlfromuncoveredcansanddevelopintofliesinthesurroundingenvironment.

第三十二页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日4-4PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL,ANDBIOLOGICALTRANSFORMATIONSOFSOLIDWASTEThepurposeofthissectionistointroducethereadertotheprincipaltransformationprocessesthatcanbeusedforthemanagementofMSW.Thesetransformationscanoccureitherbytheinterventionofpeopleorbynaturalphenomena.

第三十三页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Solidwastecanbetransformedbyphysical,chemical,andbiologicalmeans.Onemustunderstandthetransformationprocessesthatarepossibleandtheproductsthatmayresultbecausetheywillaffectdirectlythedevelopmentofintegratedsolidwastemanagementplans.

第三十四页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日PhysicalTransformationsTheprincipalphysicaltransformationsthatmayoccurintheoperationofsolidwastemanagementsystemsinclude

(1)componentseparation,(2)mechanicalvolumereduction,(3)mechanicalsizereduction.

comment:Physicaltransformationsdonotinvolveachangeinphase(e.g.,solidtogas),unlikechemicalandbiologicaltransformationprocesses.

第三十五页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日ComponentSeparation.Componentseparationisthetermusedtodescribetheprocessofseparating,bymanualand/ormechanicalmeans,

identifiablecomponentsfromcommingledMSW.Componentseparationisusedto

transformaheterogeneouswasteintoanumberofmore-or-lesshomogeneouscomponents.

第三十六页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日MechanicalVolumeReduction.Volumereduction(sometimesknownasdensification)isthetermusedtodescribetheprocesswherebytheinitialvolumeoccupiedbyawasteisreduced,usuallybytheapplicationofforceorpressure.Inmostcities,thevehiclesusedforthecollectionofsolidwastesareequippedwithcompactionmechanismstoincreasetheamountofwastecollectedpertrip.第三十七页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日MechanicalSizeReduction.Sizereductionisthetermappliedtothetransformationprocessesusedtoreducethesizeofthewastematerials.Theobjectiveofsizereductionistoobtainafinalproductthatisreasonablyuniformandconsider-ablyreducedinsizeincomparisonwithitsoriginalform.Inpractice,thetermsshredding,grinding,andmillingareusedtodescribemechanicalsize-reductionoperations.

第三十八页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日ChemicalTransformationsChemicaltransformationsofsolidwastetypicallyinvolveachangeofphase.Toreducethevolumeand/ortorecoverconversionproducts,theprincipalchemicalprocessesusedtotransformMSWinclude

(I)combustion(chemicaloxidation),(2)pyrolysis,(3)gasification.

Allthreeoftheseprocessesareoftenclassifiedasthermalprocesses.第三十九页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Combustion(ChemicalOxidation).Combustionisdefinedasthechemicalreactionofoxygenwithorganicmaterials,toproduceoxidizedcompoundsac-companiedbythe

emissionoflightandrapidgenerationofheat.Inthepresenceofexcessairandunderidealconditions,thecombustionoftheorganicfractionofMSWcanberepresentedbythefollowingequation:

第四十页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Pyrolysis.Pyrolysisisthetermusedtodescribetheprocess.

Incontrastwiththecombustionprocess,whichishighlyexothermic,thepyrolyticprocessishighlyendothermic.

Forthisreason,destructivedistillationisoftenusedasanalternativetermforpyrolysis.

第四十一页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Gasification.Thegasificationprocessinvolvespartialcombustionofacarbonaceousfuelsoastogenerateacombustiblefuelgasrichincarbonmonoxide,hydrogen,andsomesaturatedhydrocarbons,principallymethane.Thecombustiblefuelgascanthenbecombustedinaninternalcombustionengineorboiler.第四十二页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日Whenagasifierisoperatedatatmosphericpressurewithairastheoxidant,theendproductsofthegasificationprocessare(1)alow-Btugastypicallycontainingcarbondioxide(CO2),carbonmonoxide(CO),hydrogen(H2),methane(CH4),nitrogen(N2);(2)acharcontainingcarbonandtheinertsoriginallyinthefuel,(3)condensibleliquidsresemblingpyrolytic

oil.

第四十三页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日OtherChemicalTransformationProcesses.Example:Thehydrolyticconversionofcellulosetoglucose,followedbythefermentationofglucosetoethylalcohol.第四十四页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日BiologicalTransformationsThebiologicaltransformationsoftheorganicfractionofMSWmaybeusedtoreducethevolumeandweightofthematerial;toproducecompost,ahumus-likematerialthatcanbeusedasasoilconditioner;toproducemethane.Theprincipalorganismsinvolvedinthebiologicaltransformationsoforganicwastesarebacteria,fungi(真菌),yeasts,andactinomycetes（放线菌）.Thesetransformationsmaybeaccomplishedeitheraerobicallyoranaerobically,dependingontheavailabilityofoxygen.第四十五页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日AerobicComposting.Leftunattended,theorganicfractionofMSWwillundergobiologicaldecomposition.Theextentandtheperiodoftimeoverwhichthedecompositionoccurswilldependon

thenatureofthewaste,

themoisturecontent,

theavailablenutrients,otherenvironmentalfactors.Undercontrolledconditions,yardwastesandtheorganicfractionofMSWcanbeconvertedtoastableorganicresidueknownascompostinareasonablyshortperiodoftime(fourtosixweeks).第四十六页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日CompostingtheorganicfractionofMSWunderaerobicconditionscanberepresentedbythefollowingequation:

第四十七页，共五十三页，2022年，8月28日AnaerobicDigestion.ThebiodegradableportionoftheorganicfractionofMSWcanbeconvertedbiologicallyunderanaerobicconditionstoa