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PostalDevelopmentReport2021
Takingstockofanewreality
October2021
DIRCAB.STRAT
October2021
Postaldevelopmentreport2021
Takingstockofanewreality
2
POSTALDEVELOPMENTREPORT
Aboutthisreport
Thisreportexaminesthestateofpostaldevelopmentaroundtheworldin2021,buildingontheIntegratedIndexforPostalDevelopment(2IPD)whichcurrentlyranks168countriesacrossfourdimensions:reliability,reach,relevanceandresilience.Switzerland,GermanyandAustriatoptheranking,followedbyJapanandFrance.Belarus,Brazil,Ghana,SingaporeandTunisiahavealsoobtainedencouragingresultsandcurrentlyleadtheirrespectiveregionalgroups.Asshownbygreatervolatilitywithintheranking,manypostaloperatorsaroundtheworldarestilladjustingtothenewnormalitybroughtbythepandemic.Thereportexploitstheinformationembeddedinthe2IPD’sreliabilitypillar,whichmeasuresthedeliverytimesofmailitems,toquantifytheoperationaldisruptionscausedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Themainfindingisthatthelogisticalbottlenecksexperiencedin2020haveseverelyaffectedthereliabilityofpostaloperations,withaveragedomesticdeliverytimesincreasingby13%in2020withrespectto2019,beforereturningtopre-crisislevelsin2021.Theresultsofthereportalsosuggestthat,evenifdisruptionsinglobalsupplychainsareeventuallyabsorbed,gapsinpostaldevelopmentarelikelytoremainaconsiderablechallengeforthesectorinthecomingyears.
Copyright©2021UniversalPostalUnion.Allrightsreserved
Exceptasotherwiseindicated,thecopyrightinthispublicationisownedbytheUniversalPostalUnion.Reproductionisauthorizedfornon-commercialpurposes,subjecttoproperacknowledgementofthesource.Thisauthorizationdoesnotextendtoanymaterialidentifiedinthispublicationasbeingthecopyrightofathirdparty.Authorizationtoreproducesuchthird-partymaterialsmustbeobtainedfromthecopyrightholdersconcerned.
DISCLAIMER:ThispublicationbytheUPUconstitutesresearchinprogressofaninformationalcharacterforwhichnoguaranteesorassurancesareprovided;inthisregard,itshallnotbedeemedtorepresenttheofficialpositionoropinionsoftheUPUoritsstaffmembersorofUPUmembercountries.Moreover,thedepictionanduseofboundaries,geographicnamesandrelateddatashownonmapsandincludedinlists,tables,documentsanddatabasesarenotwarrantedtobeerror-freeanddonotnecessarilyimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUPU.
Authors:MauroBoffa,FernãoDeBorbaandLukaszPiotrowski.
UNIVERSALPOSTALUNION,2021
Tableofcontents
Glossary4
Introduction5
1-Whatisthe2IPD?6
2-The20212IPDranking8
3-Changesinreliabilityaroundtheworld15
Conclusion17
Appendix1:Regionalclassificationandlistofcountries18
Appendix2:Regionalgraphs19
Appendix3:EstimatingtheimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemiconaveragedeliverytimes21
Appendix4:Methodologyforcalculatingthe2IPD22
Endnotes28
Figuresandtables
Figure1Cumulativedistribution,20212IPD
Figure2Growingdispersioninthe2IPDranking
Figure3Boxplotof2IPDscoresacrossregions
Figure42IPDperformanceinICs
Figure52IPDperformanceinEasternEuropeandtheCIS
Figure62IPDperformanceinAsia-Pacific
Figure72IPDperformanceintheArabregion
Figure82IPDperformanceinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
Figure92IPDperformanceinAfrica
Figure10Postaldevelopmentandeconomicdevelopment
Figure112IPDranking
Figure12COVID-19impactondeliverytimes
Figure13COVID-19impactandrecovery
Figure14Trajectoryofthecoefficientofvariation
Figure15Medianwithin-countryyear-on-yearchangeindomesticdeliverytimesFigure16Regionalevolution:averagecoefficientofvariation,domesticdeliverytimesFigure17Regionalevolution:mediancoefficientofvariation,domesticdeliverytimes
Figure18Regionalevolution:medianyear-on-yearwithin-countrychangeindomesticdeliverytimes
Table120212IPDranking
Table2Statisticaldifferencebetween2019and2020deliverytimes
Table3Estimationresults:averagedeliverytimes
Table4Estimationresults:coefficientofvariation
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POSTALDEVELOPMENTREPORT
Glossary
2IPD
IntegratedIndexforPostalDevelopment
CIS
CommonwealthofIndependentStates
DO
Designatedoperator
EDI
Electronicdatainterchange
EMSEVT
Expressmailserviceevents
EmIS
EmergencyInformationSystem
GDP
Grossdomesticproduct
ICs
Industrializedcountries
IMF
InternationalMonetaryFund
PREDES
Pre-adviceofdispatch
SDR
Specialdrawingrights
UPU
UniversalPostalUnion
USD
UnitedStatesdollar
WDI
WorldDevelopmentIndicators
WHO
WorldHealthOrganization
YoY
Year-on-year
UNIVERSALPOSTALUNION,2021
Introduction
ThebattleagainsttheCOVID-19pandemichasredefinedtheworldeconomy.Atthetimeofwritingthisreport,theoverallpandemicsituationremainsdelicate.iInresponsetotherapidsurgeinrecordedcases,governmentsresortedtodrasticmeasures.
In2020,thepandemic’simpactontheworldeconomy,globaltradeandcross-bordersupplychainswasunprecedented,withalevelofcontractionnotseensincetheSecondWorldWar.iiIntheUnitedNationssystem,therehasalsobeenagrowingconcernthattheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)mightbecompromised.iii
Thepostalsectorwasnotsparedbythismajorcrisis.Sincethepandemicwasdeclared,postaloperatorsaroundtheworldhavehadtodealwithintermittentairtraffic,laboursupplyshortagesandincreasedoperationalcosts.Unlikemanyotherbusinesses,theyhavealsohadtocontinueoperatingduringmostlockdowns,providingservicesdeemedessentialbyauthoritieswhileatthesametimeattemptingtomeetasurgingdemandforthedeliveryofonlineshoppingtransactions.
However,despiteitsessentialnature,thesectorhadalreadybeenfacingtremendouschallengesbeforethepandemic.Postaloperatorswerestrugglingtomaketheirrevenuesgrowatthesamerateasthewiderrealeconomy,ivwhilepostalservicesinmanydevelopingcountrieswereincreasinglyfallingbehindwhencomparedtotheperformanceinwealthiernations.v
Inthiscontext,measuringpostaldevelopmentremainsparamount,andtheUPU’sIntegratedIndexforPostalDevelopment(2IPD)constitutesakeytooltohelppolicymakers,regulatorsandoperatorssteerthecourseofthesectorinanenvironmentofacceleratedtransformation.
Indeed,bytappingintothewiderangeof(big)datacollectedandconsolidatedbytheUPU,the2IPDprovidesacompositepictureofpostaldevelopmentaroundtheworld,witharankingthatreflectstheperformanceoftraditionalpostaloperatorsacrossfourdimensions
(reliability,reach,relevanceandresilience).vi
Historically,theseoperatorshaveprimarilybeen
consideredasvehiclesfordeliveringsocio-
economicdevelopment,representingoneofthe
largestphysicalnetworksintheworld,with
some630,000postofficesand5.25million
employees.
Inthe2021edition,theindexcovers168
countries,withSwitzerland,Germanyand
Austriaatthetop,followedbyJapanand
France.InthevariousUPUregions,Belarus,
Brazil,Ghana,SingaporeandTunisiacurrently
leadthepack.
Notwithstandingtheencouragingresultsofsuch
leadingcountries,disparitiesinpostal
developmentareintensifying,withthe
coefficientofvariationreachingitsmaximum
valuesincethefirstpublicationoftheranking.
Suchdisparitiesarecertainlyduetodifferences
ineconomicdevelopment,butotherfactorsmay
alsobeatplay.Indeed,inindustrialized
countries,postaloperatorstendtooutperform
nationallevelsofeconomicdevelopment,
whereasinAfricaandLatinAmericathe
oppositetrendisatwork.vii
OnemajorsymptomoftheCOVID-19crisisis
perceptibleintheareaofdeliverytimes,which
reflectthereliabilityofpostalservices.Whenthe
pandemicfirststruckin2020,bothspeedand
predictabilitydroppeddramatically,with13%
lengthierdeliverytimesonaverageanda9%
increaseinthecoefficientofvariationofthe
samewithrespectto2019.
In2021,deliverytimesappeartohavereverted
topre-crisislevels;butmoretimewillbeneeded
beforedeclaringa“returntonormal”.
Moreover,evenifthedeteriorationofreliability
throughthecrisisiseventuallyovercome,the
issueofgapsinpostaldevelopmentislikelyto
remainhighontheagendaofpolicymakers,
regulatorsandoperatorsintheyearstocome.
Thisreportisstructuredinfoursections.
Section1discussesthemethodologybehindthe
2IPD.Section2presentstheresultsofthe2021
editionoftheranking.Section3discussesthe
consequencesoftheCOVID-19pandemicin
termsofpostalreliability.Section4concludes
thereport.
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POSTALDEVELOPMENTREPORT
1-Whatisthe2IPD?
Fourpillarsofpostaldevelopment
The2IPDisacomparativeindicatorofpostaldevelopmentaroundtheworld.Itisacompositeindexthatsummarizesinformationabouttheperformanceofpostaloperatorsin168countries.Assuch,the2IPDisauniquetoolforanalyzingthestateofthepostalsector.Thankstoitswidegeographiccoverageandthedepthofitsunderlyingdata,thisindexappealstoamultitudeofstakeholders,frompolicymakersandregulatorstopostaloperatorsandwiderpostalsectorplayers.
The2IPDisbuiltonfourpillars(whichareinturnsustainedbyavarietyofsub-indicators):
–Reliabilityreflectsperformanceintermsofspeedandpredictabilityofdelivery,acrossallthekeysegmentsofphysicalpostalservices(letterpost,parcelpostandexpress).
–Reachsynthesizesglobalconnectivitybyevaluatingthebreadthanddepthofthepostaloperators’internationalnetwork.Thesearemeasuredbythenumberofpartnernetworksandthevolumesofinternationalexchanges,respectively,acrossallthekeysegmentsofphysicalpostalservices.
–Relevancemeasurestheintensityofdemandforthefullportfolioofpostalservicesrelativetothebestperformersineachcategoryofpostalactivity,alsotakingintoaccountelementssuchasthenumberofinternationaltransactionsandthenumberofpostoffices.
–Resilienceindicatesthelevelofdiversificationofrevenuestreams,aswellasthecapacitytoinnovateanddeliverinclusivepostalservices.
Thepurposeofthereliabilitypillaristomeasuretheoperationalefficiencyofpostalservices,showingthedegreetowhichtheyareperformedinatimelyandpredictablemanner.
Thereachpillarcapturesthelevelofinternationalizationoftheseoperations,demonstratingwhetherpostalservicesinthecountryinquestionhaveahighlevelofcross-borderexchanges.
inallkeysegments,andinparticularthe
potentialtogeneratehighervolumes.Countries
possessingarelativelydensernetworkanda
highlevelofpostalconsumptionpercapitawill
showgoodperformanceinthisarea.
Regardingtheresiliencepillar,theintentisto
assesstheabilityofpostalservicestowithstand
externalshocksthroughadaptablebusiness
models.
Overall,thesefourpillarsareaimedatproviding
abalancedviewofpostaldevelopment,without
solelyfocusingonoperational(e.g.delivery),
strategic(e.g.businessportfoliomanagement)or
societalmatters(e.g.financialinclusion).This
enablesthefinalscoretocomprehensively
reflect(whilesuccinctlyexpressing)thesituation
ofpostalservicesinanygivengeography.
Theinputisthenintegratedintoanalgorithm,
whichyieldsageneralscorebetween0and100
foreachassessedcountry.
Datasupportingthepillars
The2IPDdrawsonthefollowingtypesofUPU
data:
–UPUpostalbigdata,namely,trackingdataonpostaltransactionsworldwide;
–OfficialUPUpostalstatisticsandUPUsurveys.
Thefirsttypeisusedmainlytocompute
indicatorsassociatedwithqualityofservice,
transactions,volumesandconnectivity.Itfeeds
thereliabilityandreachpillars.Thesecondtype
appliestothemeasurementofrevenuestreams,
economiesofscale,infrastructureandfinancial
inclusion.
Everyyear,thebestpostaldevelopment
performerobtainsanormalizedmaximumscore
of100,whiletheworstgetstheminimumscore
of0.Thus,thenormalizedscorescanbereadas
theperformanceofanygivencountrycompared
withthebest(scoreof100)orworst(scoreof0)
globalperformer.
Whenitcomestorelevance,thekeygoalisto
evaluatethecompetitivenessofpostalservices
UNIVERSALPOSTALUNION,2021
Comparingpostaldevelopmentaroundtheglobe
Giventhestatisticaldistributionofthe2IPDscores,itispossibletocategorizecountriesinfourmaincategories(seeFigure1):viii
–Postalchampions:Ascoreabove55showsthatacountry’spostaldevelopmentisamongthetop20%intheworld–aperformancewhichcanbeconsideredverygoodtooutstanding.Thisgroupofcountriescanbedenotedashavingawell-balancedperformanceacrossallpillarsofpostaldevelopment.
–Goodperformers:Ascorebetween30and55showsanupper-intermediatelevelofperformance.Thesecountriesareconsistentperformersandbelongtothetop50%.
–Potentialperformers:Ascorebetween15and30showsaperformancethatislowerthanthemedian,withcountriesusuallyperformingonlypartiallywell,albeitwithsomedevelopmentpotential.Mostcountriesinthis
groupexhibitglaringweaknessesinoneormoreareasofpostaldevelopment.
–Leastdevelopedoperators:Ascorebelow15showsthatacountry’spostaldevelopmentisverylow.Thesecountriesarefacingmajorchallengesinseveralofthekeypillarsofpostaldevelopment.
Figure1Cumulativedistribution,20212IPD
Sincethe2IPDisacomparativeindex,theinterpretationofthescoreshastotakeintoaccountfourimportantelements:
makesabsoluteprogressonaspecificdimension
ofthe2IPD,thiswillhaveanimpactonthe
finalrankingifandonlyifitspeershavenot
madeevengreatergainsinperformance.
Second,thepositionofacountryintheglobal
rankingshouldpreferablybeconsideredin
conjunctionwiththeregionalstandingandits
economicdevelopmentlevel.Inthissense,it
maybeunrealistictoexpectcountriestobe
postalchampionsifmostoftheirregionalpeers
arestruggling.
Third,performanceismoreadequately
evaluatedinclusters,suchaswithinoneofthe
fourmaincategoriesmentionedabove(i.e.
postalchampions,goodperformers,potential
performersandleastdevelopedoperators).
Movementsintherankingwithinacategoryare
muchmorelikelythanbetweencategories.For
instance,turningaleastdevelopedoperatorinto
agoodperformerwillusuallyrequirea
substantialtransformation,andwillmostlikely
takeyearsofconsciousandcontinuous
improvementinitiatives.
Fourth,beyondthecomparisonofcountries
solelywithinthe2IPDranking,itmayalsobe
usefultobenchmarkpostaldevelopmentagainst
othermacroeconomicdimensions,inparticular
economicdevelopment.Thismaybeauseful
exercisebecauseitallowsonetomoreclearly
disentanglethoseissuesthatareinherentto
postalservicesfromwidersocio-economic
factorsfacedbyagivencountry.Anexampleof
suchananalysisispresentedinSection2ofthe
presentreport.
Furtherdetailsonthemethodologyusedto
calculatethe2IPDareavailableinAppendix4.
First,thescoresareofarelativenature.Thus,
thepositionofagivencountryisdeterminedby
itsperformancerelativetoitspeers.Ifacountry
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POSTALDEVELOPMENTREPORT
2-The20212IPDranking
COVID-19hasexacerbatedpostal
developmentgaps
The20212IPDrankingcovers168countries(seeTable1),withaglobalaveragescoreof33,vs36in2020.
Onceagain,Switzerlandsecuredthetopspot,slightlydistancingitselffromGermany(2nd,93)andAustria(3rd,91),withJapan(4th,90)andFrance(5th,88.4)completingthetopfive.Thebartoenterthetop10isnowat77.1,slightlybelowthelevelrequiredin2020(77.9).
Bycontrast,thedegreeofdispersionoftheoverallrankinghassteadilyincreased(Figure2),peakingat71%in2021,possiblybecauseofthehavoccreatedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Indeed,theworldiswitnessingawidening“postaldevelopmentdivide”,withthebest2IPDperformersalsoappearingasthemostresilienttothecrisis.
Figure3Boxplotof2IPDscoresacrossregions
growingdispersionofscoresisindeedaglobal
phenomenoncuttingacrossallhistoricallevels
ofpostaldevelopment.
Industrializedcountries–consolidationat
thetop
Figure42IPDperformanceinICs
Figure2Growingdispersioninthe2IPDranking
ICsformthemosthomogeneousregionalgroupandarecharacterizedbyhighlevelsofpostal
Regionaldifferences
Asinallpasteditionsoftheranking,thegroupofindustrializedcountries(ICs)hasrecordedthehighestaveragescoreat68.25,followedbyEasternEuropeandtheCIS(49.82),Asia-Pacific(28.63),theArabregion(25.62),LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(18.74),andAfrica(17.85).
AlthoughAsia-Pacificremainstheregionwiththegreatestdisparityofperformancebetweencountries,thecoefficientofvariationhasincreasedeverywhere,suggestingthatthe
development.Inthe2021ranking,withanaverageof68.25,thegrouphasthelowestdegreeofdispersionaroundthemean,withacoefficientofvariationof27%.
Asinallpasteditionsoftheranking,Switzerlandretainsthetopspotthankstostellarperformanceacrossalldimensionsofthe2IPD,includingadditionalprogressintermsofreachandresilience.
Germanyhasreachedsecondplace,itsbestperformancesincethecreationoftheranking.Thisismainlyduetoprogressmadeinreach,
UNIVERSALPOSTALUNION,2021
combinedwithcontinuedsuperiorperformanceinreliabilityandrelevance.
Forthesecondyearinarow,Austriaispartofthetopthree.ThisismainlyduetoitsabilitytoretainabalancedshowingacrossallthefourpillarsofpostaldevelopmentinspiteofthemanylogisticalturbulencescausedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.
JapanandFrancecompletethetopfivethankstoveryhighlevelsofreliability,andfurtherprogressintermsofrelevanceinthecaseof
France.
Overall,thetop10remainsunchangedcomparedto2020,with9outof10beingICs.Inanenvironmentofgrowinggapsinpostaldevelopment,thisconcentrationofsuccesswouldsuggestthatthemostdevelopedcountries,evenwithintheICs,areextendingtheirleadandconsolidatingtheircomparativestrengths.
AmongICs,Denmarkhasmadethehighestrelativeprogress,movingfrom53rdto45thplace.Yet,thelowestrankingofthisgroupcorrespondsto83rdplace,confirmingthepatternofintra-regionaldisparitythathasbeenintensifyingacrosstheworld,albeittoalesserextentamongICs.
EasternEuropeandtheCIS–good
performanceinadevelopingregion
withacoefficientofvariationaroundthemean
of29%,i.e.nearlythesamelevelasintheICs.
Ranksinthisregionspanfrom14thto111th
place.
Themainnoveltyof2021hasbeenthe
performanceofBelarus,whichhasforthefirst
timereachedthetopregionalposition,
progressinginreliabilityandresilience,while
benefittingintherankingfromaslightdropin
Poland’sshowing.
Thebestrelativeprogressintheregionwas
madebyLatvia,whichsucceededingaining33
places,jumpingfrom62ndto29thrank,owing
totremendousprogressinreachandreliability.
Asia-Pacific–theheightofheterogeneity
Figure62IPDperformanceinAsia-Pacific
Asia-Pacifichasthethirdbestregionalperformance,withanaveragescoreof28.6.However,thisnumbermaskssignificantdisparities,inwhatisthemostheterogeneousregionofall,aswitnessedbyacoefficientofvariationof76%.Withcountriesrangingfrom10thto166thplace,thesituationofAsia-Pacificissymptomaticoftheextremegapsinpostaldevelopmentwhichareaffectingthewholeworld.
Indeed,ontheonehand,Singaporeoutperformsmostglobalandregionalpeers,withaworld-classshowinginreliability,reachandresilience.Ontheotherhand,atthebottomoftheranking,thePacificIslandsarestrugglingtoimprovetheirdeliverytimes,reachandrelevance.
Figure52IPDperformanceinEasternEuropeand
theCIS
FollowingcloselybehindthegroupofICs,
countriesinEasternEuropeandtheCISalso
benefitfromahighaveragescore(49.8).
Moreover,theregionisrelativelyhomogeneous,
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POSTALDEVELOPMENTREPORT
Figure72IPDperformanceintheArabregion
Figure82IPDperformanceinLatinAmericaandthe
Caribbean
Arabregion–movingup
TheArabregionisstillthefourthbestperformingregion,withanaveragescoreof25.6,i.e.belowtheglobalaverage.Yet,thisisoneoftheregionsthathaveshownthegreatestdegreesofdynamisminrecentyears.
Tunisia,ranked44thglobally,stillholdsthelead;followedbyeightcountrieswithscoresabovetheregionalaverage.Iraq,theComorosandMoroccohaveexperiencedthehighestrelativeprogressionintheirranking,jumpingby26,13and11places,respectively.
At51%,theregion’scoefficientofvariationremainshigh,butstillbelowthatobservedinAfricaandLatinAmerica.
Relevanceremainstheregion’sweakestpillar.Inallotherdimensions,theaverageisratherclosetotheperformanceoftheAsia-Pacificregion.
LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean–a
difficultCOVID-19recovery
Theregionisfacingaverychallenginglandscape,asmanyoperatorshavebeendeeplyaffectedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Thisisreflectedintheaveragescoreof18.7,downfrom23.18in2020,andthelowestsincethecreationoftherankingin2017.Dispersionaroundthemeanisveryhighat62%,withranksrangingfrom48thto160th.
Brazilholdsthetopregionalspot,thankstocontinuedstrongresilience,aswellaseffortstomaintainreliabilityandreachinspiteoftheshockcausedbythepandemic.Colombiahas
thesecondoverallscore,whileleadingthe
regionintermsofdeliverytimes.
Astheexampleofthesecountriesshows,strong
performanceinthelongtermrequiresa
balancedshowingacrossalldimensionsofthe
2IPD;however,itisusuallythrough
improvementsinreliabilityandreachthatgood
performersinthesecondtieroftherankingcan
progressrapidly,fromoneyeartoanother.
Africa–persistingchallenges
Africawasalsosignificantlyaffectedbythe
COVID-19pandemic.Theaverageregional
scorenowstandsat17.9,thelowestsincethe
creationoftheranking.At63%,dispersion
aroundthemeanisthehighestofall,withranks
rangingfrom53rdto167th.
Ghanaholdsthetopspot,thankstoverygood
reliability,improvedreachandalevelof
resiliencemovingclosertotheglobalaverage.
Zambia,NamibiaandLiberiahavemadethe
largestrelativegains,movingupby34,31and
26places,respectively.
UNIVERSALPOSTALUNION,2021
Figure92IPDperformanceinAfricaFigure10Postaldevelopmentandeconomic
development
Disparitiesineconomicdevelopment
remainakey,butdefinitelynottheonly,
sourceofpostaldevelopmentgaps
Whenconsideringtheabove-mentionedgapsin
postaldevelopmentbetweenregions,onemay
wonderwhethertheystemprimarilyfrom
sector-specificfactorsorratherthattheyarethe
resultofawiderexternalcontext.
Historically,thecorrelationbetweeneconomic
andpostalperformancehastendedtobe
relativelyhigh.Figure10showsthatcountries
withahigherGDPpercapitaaremorelikelyto
achievehigher2IPDscores.However,thesame
graphshowsthattheoveralltrendisnotahard
rule,withnumerouscountrieseither
outperformingorunderperformingtheirlevelof
economicdevelopment.
Forinstance,asizeableportionofICshave
postalservicesthatstronglysurpasswhatwould
bepredictedbytheirlevelofeconomic
development.Conversely,postaldevelopmentin
LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanislowerthan
whatonewouldexpectgiventhecorresponding
countries’GDPpercapita.
Furtheranalysisofspecificcaseswouldprovide
meansfordisentanglingthevariousfactors
behindtheindividualperformanceofparticular
countries.Nonetheless,thecomparisonbetween
postalandeconomicdevelopmentoutlined
abovedoessuggestthatpostaloperatorscan
improveperformanceeveninachallenging
economicenvironment,andviceversa.
11
12
Figure112IPDranking
POSTALDEVELOPMENTREPORT
13
UNIVERSALPOSTALUNION,2
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