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[模拟]考研英语模拟291

多项选择

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Mostofusareunawareofourownmanagementstyle,letalonethose

ofourcolleagues.—1_aleadingpsychologist,temperamentplacesa

signatureorthumbprintoneachofouractions._2_temperament,

managerscanbedividedintofourgroups.

FirstistheTroubleshooter.His_3_areboldness,bravery,

endurance,andcleverness.Heisgoodat_4_firesandstraightening

things_5_.Helovestotakerisksandsolvecrises.Butheresents_6_

howtoworkandisnotverygoodatfollowing_7_agreements.Thesecond

istheTraditionalist.Astabilizerandconsolidator,hisabilities_8—

establishingpolicies,schedules,regulationsandhierarchy.Heis_9_

whenhecanplanhiswork.Butheestablishesaformal,impersonalstyle

indealingwithcolleaguesuntilheiswell_10_withthem.Thethird

istheConceptualiser.Heuseshisintellectto_11_complexities,to

getmodelsontopaper.Heisthearchitectofchangeandhisfocusison

possibility.Sinceheismoreinvolved_12_thecreativeprocess,he

prefersotherstotake_13_execution.ThelastistheCatalyst.Heis

personaland_14_.Hehastheabilitytodrawoutthebestinpeople

asheis_15_people-oriented.Heexcelsattheheadofdemocratically

runorganization.Butheletsotherpeople,s_16_eatupmuchofhis

time.Heisliable_17_makedecisions_18_hispersonallikesand

dislikes_19_whatisbestfortheorganization.

Tobeawareofthesetemperamentsistoappreciatethat

differencesareneitherflawsnorafflictions.Understandingthiscan

leadtoavoidingmuchmutual_20_andenhancingrelationshipwith

businessassociatesandcolleagues.

A.Asto

B.Accordingto

C.Asfor

D.Intermsof

参考答案:B

答案解析:

1

句意要求Accordingto,即根据一位重要心理学家的看法,人们的性情影响人

们的一切行动。语义正确。Asto和Asfor词义相近:至于,涉及到;interms

of依照,依据,三者都与句意不符。

第2题:

A.Basedon

B.Judgedfrom

C.Embeddedin

D.Rootedin

参考答案:A

答案解析:

句意要求Basedon,即管理者依据其性格不同可分为四类。judgedfrom(依

据来判断);Embeddedin和Rootedin词义相近:根深蒂固于,三者皆不

合句意。

第3题:

A.attributes

B.attitudes

C.altitudes

D.latitudes

参考答案:A

答案解析:

注意区分:attributes(品格);attitudes(态度);altitudes(高度);latitudes

(纬度),四个词外表有点相似,但词义差别甚大,句意分析,选用attributes

是对的:解决麻烦的能手的大胆勇敢、忍耐是其品格特征。

第4题:

A.settingon

B.turningon

C.puttingup

D.puttingout

参考答案:D

答案解析:

句中fire暗示答案是Puttingoutfire,直译是灭火,意译是解决问题,此处

正是用的这种词义。seton着手,动身;turnon开;putup举起,挂起。

第5题:

A.out

B.away

C.aside

D.over

2

参考答案:A

答案解析:

straightenout是词组,表示解决、整顿、清理;away,aside,over都不与

straighten连用,英语中有straightenup,也表示清理,整顿。句意要求

straightenout:处理麻烦的能手善于解决问题,善于把事情处理得有条有理。

第6题:

A.totell

B.telling

C.beingtold

D.havingtold

参考答案:C

答案解析:

resent(憎恶)后边常跟动名词,此外,本句中,需要被动形式的动名词,这两

个条件决定只有beingtold可选,符合句意:处理困难的能手憎恶别人告诉他

如何去工作。

第7题:

A.through

B.on

C.up

D.about

参考答案:A

答案解析:

句中follow(ing)暗示要选through,因为followthrough是词组,表示贯彻

执行,贯彻到底。句意为:处理麻烦的能手非常不善于贯彻执行一致作出的决定。

第8题:

A.relyon

B.liein

C.composeof

D.lieon

参考答案:B

答案解析:

relyon和lieon意思接近,依靠;composeof应改为becomposedof故仅有

liein可用。句意为:传统主义者的能力在于能够制定政策和各种规定。

第9题:

A.onthetop

B.inhisprimeyears

3

C.atthebottom

D.athisbest

参考答案:D

答案解析:

onthetop应改成onthetopof(在...上面,止匕夕卜)才对:inhisprimeyears

(在其最重要的年代);atthebottom(实际上),后二者都与句意不符,只

有athisbest可用:传统主义者在规划工作时状态最佳。

第10题:

A.identified

B.distinguished

C.recognized

D.acquainted

参考答案:D

答案解析:

句中介词with暗示应选acquainted,因为是搭配,而[A],[B],[D]三个动词

皆不与with搭配。bewellacquaintedwith与...非常熟悉,非常了解。

第11题:

A.embarkon

B.figureout

C.workat

D.figureon

参考答案:B

答案解析:

figureon(计划,指望);embarkon(从事,着手);workat从事,研究。

句中complexities暗示答案是figureout。意思是:概念主义者利用其才智去

解决复杂问题。

第12题:

A.at

B.into

C.in

D.by

参考答案:C

答案解析:

句中involved暗示答案是介词in,heinvolvedin(陷入,献身于)是动词搭

配,也符合句意:更多地参与创新过程。at,into,by等介词均不与involve

搭配。

4

第13题:

A.over

B.up

C.on

D.for

参考答案:A

答案解析:

注意分辩:takeover(接管);takeup(开始作,占据);takeon(承担,

采纳);takefor(把...误认为,把....当作),从句意分析,应选takeover;

由于他(概念主义者)更多的参与创新过程,因此,只希望别人承担去干就行了。

第14题:

A.personable

B.private

C.personnel

D.intimate

参考答案:A

答案解析:

句意要求Personable:这种善于用热情和语言打动他人的人是有个性的、有风

度的人。注意不要混淆personnel(全体人员:人事部)。

第15题:

A.partially

B.primarily

C.promptly

D.uniquely

参考答案:B

答案解析:

beprimarilypeople-oriented(以人为本的),符合句意:由于能以人为本,

所以他能使人们处于最佳状态。

第16题:

A.privileges

B.promotions

C.priorities

D.emotions

参考答案:C

答案解析:

上下文要求选择priorities,前一句讲,这种人办事民主,即让他人讲话,发

表意见,接下来,他人的这种权力就消耗了他很多时间,即发扬民主后要集中,

5

要集中就得花费时间。

第17题:

A.for

B.of

C.to

D.with

参考答案:C

答案解析:

句中beliable暗示要选to,beliabletodosth.,表示:常常会做...。

句意为:这种人(指有感染力的人)常常会做决定。注意,beliablefor表示:

对...负责,后边也不能跟动词,故排除,而of,with不与liable连用。

第18题:

A.withrelationto

B.inspiteof

C.asto

D.onthebasisof

参考答案:D

答案解析:

句意要求:根据个人的好恶。所以,不能用withrelationto(与...相关)

或inspiteof(不顾)或asto(关于)。

第19题:

A.morethan

B.ratherthan

C.instead

D.inplaceof

参考答案:B

答案解析:

morethan(多于,大于),instead不能用,应是insteadof(what),inplace

of(代替),与句意不符,故只有ratherthan可选,句意为:这种人常常按照

个人好恶而不是根据公司最高利益做决定。

第20题:

A.aggravation

B.gravity

C.aggression

D.intensity

参考答案:A

6

答案解析:

句意要求aggravation,“了解这一点有助于避免相互间关系恶化,并改善商业

合作和同事间的关系”。gravity(重力),aggression(侵略),intensity

(强度),显然这三个词无法用于句中。

多项选择

Althoughnooneiscertainwhymigrationoccurs,thereareseveral

theories.OnetheoryclaimsthatprehistoricbirdsoftheNorthern

HemispherewereforcedsouthduringtheIceAge.Astheglaciersmelted,

thebirdscamebacktotheirhomelands,spentthesummer,andthenwent

southagainastheiceadvancedinwinter.Intime,themigrationbecame

ahabitinspiteofthedisappearanceofglaciers.

Anothertheoryproposesthattheancestralhomeofallmodern

birdswasthetropics.Whentheregionbecameoverpopulated,manyspecies

werecrowdednorth.Duringthesummer,therewasplentyoffood,butduring

thewinter,scarcityforcedthemtoreturntothetropics.

Amorerecenttheorysuggestsarelationshipbetweenincreasing

daylightandthestimulationofcertainglands(腺)inthebirds'bodies

thatmaypreparethemformigration.Onescientisthasbeenabletocause

midwintermigrationsbyexposingbirdstoartificialperiodsofdaylight.

Hehasconcludedthatchangesoccurinthebodiesofbirdsduetoseasonal

changesinthelengthofdaylight.

第21题:

Accordingtoonetheory,whentheglaciersdisappeared,birds.

A.stoppedmigrating

B.continuedmigrating

C.stayedinthenorth

D.migratedsouthandstayedthere

参考答案:B

答案解析:

注释:本题考查对文中细节的理解,题干里的theglaciersdisappeared是关

键词语,依据是首段最后一句中的themigrationbecameahabitinspiteof

thedisappearanceofglacierso

第22题:

Theauthorstatesthatbirdsliftthetropicsbecause

A.therewasnotenoughfoodthereinthewinter

B.thereweretoomanybirds

7

C.thereweretoomanyglaciers

D.therewastoomuchdaylight

参考答案:B

答案解析:

注释:本题依据是第二段前两句,关键词语是。verpopulated,意思是“数量过

3夕/”o

第23题:

Whydidonescientistexposebirdstoartificialdaylight?

A.Totesttherelationshipbetweendaylightandadiseaseoftheglands

commontobirds

B.Totesttherelationshipbetweendaylightandmigration

C.Totesttherelationshipbetweenmigrationandtemperature

D.Totesttherelationshipbetweendaylightandchangesintheseason

参考答案:B

答案解析:

注释:本题依据是第三段首句,关键部分是arelationshipbetweenincreasing

daylightand...maypreparethemformigration。

第24题:

Accordingtothetheoryofphoto-periodism,.

A.birdsshouldmigrateinthemiddleofthewinter

B.longerdayscausechangesinthebodiesofbirds

C.seasonalchangesinthelengthofdaysdonotaffectmigration

D.increasingdaylightincreasesthedistanceofmigration

参考答案:B

答案解析:

注释:本题解答依据在最后一句changesoccurinthebodiesofbirdsdueto

seasonalchangesinthelengthofdaylight,即“日照时间的季节性变化会

造成鸟类身体生理变化"由此推断白天不论长还是短的变化都可能引起鸟类体

内变化。故B.longerdayscausechangesinthebodiesofbirds正确。

第25题:

Thispassagesupportsthebeliefthat.

A.exactreasonsformigrationarenotknown

B.birdsmigratebecauseofchangesintemperature

C.theancestralhomeofallbirdswasthetropics

D.glacierscausedbirdstomigrate

参考答案:A

答案解析:

8

注释:本题考查应试者对作者态度的理解,文章客观地介绍了关于候鸟迁徙的观

,点,全篇除了首句Althoughnooneiscertainwhymigrationoccurs,...,其

他地方并没有表露作者观点。所以只能从这儿得出结论:exactreasonsfor

migrationarenotknowno

WhenIarrivedatafewminutesbeforeseven,Ifoundtheplatoon

assembledandreadytogo.Itwascold,andintheranksthemenwere

shiveringanddancingupanddowntokeepwarm.Iwasonlythe

second-in-commandoftheplatoonatthattime,underinstructionfroma

seniorlieutenant,whowastheplatooncommander.PunctuallyatsevenI

saidtoBroadhurst,“Marchoff,Sergeant,Totheaerodrome,atthedouble.”

Broadhurstaskeddoubtfullywhetherweshouldn,twaitforthe

platooncommander,whohadnotturnup.Unversedinthewaysofthearmy,

Isaid,“No,marchoff.Themenarecold."Wedoubledoff.

Threeorfourminuteslatertheplatooncommander,whohadabout

fourteenyearsofservice,appeared.Hewasinatoweringrage.Herushed

straightuptoBroadhurstandaskedhimfuriouslywhathemeantbymarching

offwithoutpermission.

Broadhurstsaid,"I'nisorry,sir.”

Myfeetwouldn,tmove.Mymouthwouldn,topen.Imadeagigantic

effortandsaid,"Sir—"ButthelieutenanthadgivenBroadhurstafinal

blastandtakencommand.IlookedatBroadhurst,buthewasbusy.After

paradeIapologizedtohim,butIneverexplainedtothelieutenant.

Broadhursttoldmetheincidentwasn,tworthworryingabout.

ItwastheworstthingthatIeverdidinthearmy,becausein

itIshowedcowardiceanddisloyalty.TheonlyexcusesIcouldfindfor

myselfwerethatithappenedquicklyandthatIwasveryyoung.Ithad

aresult,though.Ihadbeenfrightenedofthelieutenant,frightenedof

beingreprimanded,frightenedoffailureeveninthesmallestendeavor.

Idiscoverednowthatbeingashamedofyourselfisworsethananyfear.

Duty,orders,loyalty,obedience-allthingsboileddowntoonesingle

idea:Whatevertheconsequences,amanmustactsothathecanlivewith

himself.

第26题:

Thenarratorprobablygavetheordertomarchoffbecausehe

A.wantedachancetoshowhisauthority

B.wasconsiderateofthetroops

C.secretlywantedBroadhursttoreceiveareprimand

D.wantedtobeingoodfavorwiththetroop

9

参考答案:B

答案解析:

[B]意为:为士兵们着想。第一段指出,当作者七点前到达的时候,士兵

们已经排好了队待命出发了,天气很冷,队里的每个人都打着寒战,上下跳动着

驱寒,所以,他七点钟时准时发出了出发的命令;在第二段,上士问作者是否等

排长来了再走,作为副排长的他回答道:不等了,出发,士兵们都太冷了。可见,

他是因为可怜士兵们才不等排长到来就下命令出发的。

第27题:

Whichstatementcanmostsafelybemadeabouttheplatooncommander?

A.Herefusedtogivethenarratoranyinstructions.

B.HegavecommandofthetroopstoBroadhurst.

C.Heexpectedhissubordinatestoexecuteordersontheirown.

D.Heobservedarmycustomstotheletter.

参考答案:B

答案解析:

[B]意为:他将部队交给了布洛德赫斯特指挥(言外之意,根本没把副排长放在

眼里)。在第二段中,当作者向他下达出发的命令时,布洛德赫斯特产

生了犹豫,排长来后又直接质问他为什么(自己没有来就)下达出发的命令(第

三段);训斥完布洛德赫斯特后,排长下令出发。可见,排长没将指挥权交给作

者,来后也根本没理睬作者。

第28题:

Itismostprobablethatbeforethisepisodetookplace.

A.planshadbeenmadeforthetroopstomarch

B.thenarratorhadnotbeentoldthetimeofdeparture

C.thenarratorhadgivenseveralotherincorrectorders

D.theplatooncommanderhadreliedgreatlyuponthenarrator

参考答案:A

答案解析:

[A]意为:已安排好了部队什么时候出发。从第一段可以推测出,部队

原定于七点出发。

第29题:

Thenarratordidn,tsayanythingwhentheplatooncommandershoutedat

Broadhurstprobablybecause.

A.hehadjustarrivedandthecommanderdidn'tknowhim

B.hewasatalosswhatwashappening

C.hewastooafraidtosayanythingatthetime

D.thecommanderdidn'tgivehimachancetotalk

参考答案:C

io

答案解析:

[C]在最后一段,作者对这个事件进行了自省,其中提到了自己的胆怯

(cowardice)。参阅第5题题解。

第30题:

Thetitlethatbestexpressesthemainideaofthispassageis

A.LivingintheArmy

B.AFriendinNeed

C.ALessonLearned

D.YouthandDuty

参考答案:C

答案解析:

[C]意为:一次教训。作者在最后一段对这次经历进行了总结,认为,这

是他在当兵期间做的最糟糕的事,因为在这件事上,他表现出懦弱、不诚实。他

能为自己找到的惟一理由是:事情发生在瞬间,来不及理智地反应;或者,自己

当时还年轻。但是,无论怎样解释,结果是摆在那儿了。他现在感到,自惭形秽

是最糟糕的心理,责任、命令、诚实、服从一一所有这一切可以归做一点:无论

结果如何,人必须学会原谅自己的过失。可见,他从这次经历中得出不少教训I。

Everyyear,nearlyamillion12-to-19-year-oldsaremurdered,robbed,

orassaulted一manybetheirpeers一andthenumberofteensarrestedfor

murderhasincreasedashocking85percentsince1987,reportsBarbara

Kantrowitzin“WildintheStreets”,Newsweek*scoverstoryforAugust

2,1993.Althoughthegrowingproblemofyouthviolenceisfartoocomplex

foranyonesolution.Teachingyoungpeopleconflictresolutionskills,

thatis,nonviolenttechniquesforresolvingdisputesseemstohelp.To

reduceyouthviolence,conflictresolutionskillsshouldbetaughttoall

childrenbeforetheyreachjuniorhighschool.

Firstandmostimportant,youngpeopleneedtolearnnonviolent

waysofdealingwithconflict.Inadangeroussocietywheregunsare

readilyavailable,manyyoungstersfeeltheyhavenochoicebuttorespond

toaninsultoranargumentwithviolence.Iftheyhavegrownupseeing

familymembersandneighborsreacttostresswithverbalorphysical

violence,theymaynotknowthatotherchoicesexist.RobertSteinback,

aMiamiHeraldcolumnistwhoworkswithatriskyouthinMiami,writes

thatbehaviorlikecarryingaweaponorrefusingtobackdowngivesyoung

people“theillusionofcontrolv,butwhattheydesperatelyneedisto

learnrealcontrol一forexample,whenprovoked,towalkawayfromafight.

Next,conflictresolutionprogramshavebeenshowntoreduce

violentincidentsandempoweryoungpeopleinahealthyway.Manyprograms

andcoursesaroundthecountryareteachingpreteensandteenstowork

throughdisagreementswithoutviolence.Toolsincludecalmlytelling

one'sownsideofthestoryandlisteningtotheotherpersonwithout

11

interruptingorblaming-skillsthatmanyadultsdon,thave!Conflict

Busters,aLosAngelespublicschoolprogram,startsinthethirdgrade;

ittrainsstudentstobemediators,helpingpeersfindtheirownsolutions

toconflictsrangingfrom"sandboxfightstointerracialgangdisputes”,

accordingtoNewsweek.SchoolsinClaremont,Connecticut,runaconflict

resolutioncoursewrittenbyDr.LuzRivera,whosaidinaphoneinterview

thatfewerviolentschoolincidentshavebeenreportedsincethecourse

began.[1]Although!conflictresolutionisusefulatanyage,experts

agreethatstudentsshouldfirstbeexposedbeforetheyarehitbythe

doublejoltsofhormonesandjuniorhighschool.

Finally,althoughopponentsclaimthatthisisa“Band-Aid”

solutionthatdoesnotaddresstherootcausesofteenviolence一poverty,

troubledfamilies,badschools,anddrugs,tonameafew一infact

resolutiontrainingsaveslivesnow.[2]Thelargersocialissuesmust

beaddressed,buttheywilltakeyearstosolve,whereasteachingstudents

newattitudesand“peopleskillsvwillempowerthemimmediatelyandserve

themforalifetime.Althoughitisjustonesolutionamongmany,this

solutiontapsintogreatpower;thehearts,minds,andcharactersofyoung

people.

(510words)

1.assault[v.]突袭,突击[同义]attack,onset,onslaught,

aggression

2.nonviolent[n.]非暴力的

3.columnist[nJ专栏作家

4.jolt[v.]震摇[同义]shake,shock

into兑进

[听力原文]

参考译文

每年有将近100万12到19岁的孩子遭到攻击、抢劫或者被谋杀,而这些

事件多数是他们的同龄人干的。因犯谋杀罪而被拘留的10来岁的孩子竟比1987

年增加了85%。这是BarbaraKantrowitz在《新闻周刊》1993年8月2号刊的

封面新闻《野蛮的街道》中报道的。尽管青少年暴力现象的增长情况非常复杂,

不是单独一种方法就能解决的。教会青年人化解冲突的技巧,即用非暴力手段解

决争端还是有用的。为减少青少年暴力,应该在孩子升入初中前教给他们化解冲

突的技巧。

首先,同时也是最重要的是:青年人要学会非暴力地解决冲突。在这个枪

支随处可见的危险社会里,许多青少年感到除了用暴力回答侮辱和争吵外,他们

别无选择。如果他们在一个一有紧张就会发生争吵或打斗的家庭或邻里长大,他

们或许不知道还有其他的解决方法。以问题青少年为工作对象的迈阿密《先驱报》

12

专栏作家RobertSteinback写道,拿把武器或者拒绝让步给年轻人一种“幻想

中的控制”的感觉,但他们迫切需要学会真正控制局面一一比如受到挑衅时应该

走开进而避免打斗。

另外,化解冲突的节目已被播出,旨在减少暴力事件并使青年学会健康的

解决方式。遍及全国的节目及课程正教育青少年以非暴力方式解决问题。这些手

段包括平静的解释自己的情况并且倾听对方的情况,而且不要打断或指责对方一

一这是甚至一些中年人也不会的技巧。据《新闻周刊》报道,洛杉矶一所公立学

校从三年级就开设了名为“冲突终结者”,以训练学生成为调停人,学会帮助同

龄人找到解决冲突一一从鸡毛蒜皮到种族问题的争端一一的办法。康涅狄格州的

克莱蒙市的学校正在开设一门由LuzRivera博士编写的如何解决冲突的课程。

在电话采访中,LuzRivera博士说:自课程开始以来,报道的暴力事件已开始

下降。尽管矛盾解决技巧能适用于任何年龄段,但专家们认为学生们应该在经受

荷尔蒙和初中阶段问题困扰之前就受到这方面的教育。

最后,尽管有人反对说:这是一种“权宜式”的帮助,它不能解决青少年

暴力的根本原因一一贫穷、糟糕的家庭背景、差劲的学校以及毒品等因素。但这

种训练确实挽救了不少性命。这些重要的社会问题理应得到重视,但解决它们要

花很多时间,而教会学生新的态度和待人处事的方法则会起到“立竿见影”的效

果,并且对他们一生都有好处。尽管现存方法只是诸多方法中的一种,但这种方

法对青少年的心灵和性格都产生了巨大的触动。

第31题:

Itimpliedinthefirstparagraphthat

A.youthviolencewilldisappearaslongasyoungpeoplearetaught

conflictresolutionskills.

B.”wildinthestreetsvwasanarticleaimingatteachingyoungpeople

complicateresolutionskills.

C.therateofyouthviolencewillkeepincreasing.

D.toteachyoungpeopleconflictresolutionskillscan,tbetheonly

certaincureforyouthviolence.

参考答案:D

答案解析:

本题是推理判断题,答案见第一段中Althoughthegrowingproblem...seemsto

help一句。

第32题:

Youngpeopleresorttoviolenceforallofthefollowingreasonsexcept

A.theyarefollowingsuitafterseeingviolencebehaviorsfrompeople

aroundthem.

B.thereisnobetterwaytoreacttoinsultsanddisputes.

C.theyhaveeasyaccesstoguns.

D.theyfeelempoweredbyusingviolence.

参考答案:B

答案解析:

13

本题是正误判断题,用排除法根据第二段内容排除[A],[C],[D]。

第33题:

Theauthorcomplainsinthethirdparagraphthat

A.youngpeopleintoday'ssocietyhavetoomuchpower.

B.therearenotenoughcoursesteachingyoungpeopletosolve

conflictsinapeacefulway.

C.somegrown-upsdon,tknowhowtosettledisputesinanonviolent

way.

D.studentsareexposedtoviolenceinsociety.

参考答案:C

答案解析:

本题是细节题。第三段介绍了Toolsinclude...,并指出这些是skillsthatmany

adultsdon,thave。

第34题:

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardconflictresolutionskills?

A.HeregardsitaBand-Aidresolution.

B.Hethinksthatittakeslongertimetocomeintoeffect.

C.Heholdsthatitsnegativesideoverweighsitpositiveside.

D.Hethinksthatitexertsfavorableinfluenceonyoungsters.

参考答案:D

答案解析:

本题是细节题,最后一段可见作者对conflictresolutionskills的看法。见

Thelargersocialissues...一句。

第35题:

Whatistheauthor'stoneinwritingthisarticle?

A.Biased.

B.Neutral.

C.Matter-of-fact.

D.Objective.

参考答案:A

答案解析:

本题是作者语气题,跟第4题是相关联的,作者对conflictresolutionskills

持肯定态度,故选A。

Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessinUnitedStates

unprecedentedopportunitiesaswellasnewandsignificantrisks.Civil

rightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhy

Blacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishing

14

themselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersand

subcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,in

apparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederal

contractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminority

subcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththe

government.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofaras

tosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworks

contractstominorityenterprises.

Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.According

tofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswith

minoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin

1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinesses

fortheearly1980,sisestimatedtoheover$3billionperyearwith

noletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.

Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreased

patronageposeddangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsrisk

expandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemost

aresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomake

substantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipmentinorderto

performworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontracts

areforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycrippling

fixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingfor

smallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesand

bids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany,s

effortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancial

healthofthebusinesswillsuffer.

AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocash

inontheincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventures

withminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancesthereare

legitimatereasonsforjointventuresclearly,Whiteandminority

enterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquire

alone.Butcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershave

complainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas^fronts^withWhite

backing,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejoint

ventures.

Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofone

largecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecoming一and

remaining一dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fierce

competitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficult

forsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases;whensuchfirmshave

nearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymay

trulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrent

success.

15

第36题:

Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto

A.presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies.

B.describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks.

C.proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem.

D.analyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement.

参考答案:B

答案解析:

[B]讨论少数民族企业的处境与潜在的问题。第一段第一句讲:近几年来,美国

的少数民族企业具有空前的发展机遇,但同时也存在着新的、巨大的危机。第3、

4两句又讲,现在国会已同意,根据法律少数民族企业可获得50万元以上的订

单,的确,某些联邦和地方机构为少数民族企业确定了一定百分比的定单。第二

段用具体数字说明:根据1997年的数字,1972年少数民族企业得到的合同数值

为七千七百万美元,到1977年,就增加到1亿1千万美元。预计到1980年初期,

每年可达到3亿美元。尽管现状很好,前景又光明,但是仍存在三个大问题,即

后边讲的risk,由此可见,本文中心议题是研讨少数民族企业的现状及存在的

问题的。[A]关于少数民族的一般状况及其不确定性。[C]提出暂时解决问题的

办法。[D]分析经常存在的分歧。

第37题:

Thewordupatronagevinthirdparagraphmightmean

A.support.

B.appointment.

C.treatment.

D.patrimony.

参考答案:A

答案解析:

[A]patronage在本文中相当于support支持,保护,培植。请看该句内容:看

起来,少数民族企业前景光明,但是,日益增长的支持对它们来讲也出现了危机,

其后具体分析了三种危机。[B]任命,选派。[C]处理,解决。[D]世袭财产,传

统。

第38题:

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat,comparedwiththerequirementof

law,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”(in

Line7)are

A.morepopularwithlargecorporations.

B.morespecific.

16

C.lesscontroversial.

D.lessexpensivetoenforce.

参考答案:B

答案解析:

[B]某些联邦和地方机构所确定(为少数民族企业)的百分比指标更加明确具体。

这是道推论题,答案可参

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