高中英语新高考-改革：从江苏卷走向全国卷（比较分析+应对措施）

高中英语新高考-改革：从江苏卷走向全国卷（比较分析+应对措施）全国卷对于成绩中等考生，尤其是对于英语绝望的考生，是个天大的福音。全国卷很规矩，不走极端，只要你认真刷题，然后抓好词汇，效果是立竿见影的，你会喜欢上英语的，并发出感慨：原来，英语我也是可以考高分啊。而对于优秀学生，也不是坏事，因为江苏卷，你无论成绩多好，都要每天刷高大上的题目，遇到任务型也是束手无策，全国卷给你一个考满分的机会了，而且还不要投入太多的精力。未来英语的竞争，真是分毫必争了。建议：抓好词汇，不要太钻，大部分只需要识记的。抓好阅读完形，我认为，江苏模考卷的阅读完形可以继续使用的，起点高一点，不是坏事，我们的目标是高分甚至满分。江苏阅读完形命题技术上和全国卷一样的，差别在于选材，文学类的小说文章可以不做了，文学评论可以不做了，重点科普文、说明文和记叙文。

语法，要注意多做填空题，把握最最基础的。做好这三件事，就可以了，其它的题型都是建立它们的基础上，开学后跟着任课老师刷刷题就ok了。首先要分析全国卷和江苏卷的题型区别：全国卷I和II题型几乎完全一样，就是难度稍微有点差别，因此无须为此纠结。我们主要分析I卷：江苏卷和全国卷I完全一样的题型是：第一大题：听力（30分）第二大题：阅读（30分）第三大题：完形（30分）以上三大题，江苏卷由于分值的原因，听力是20分，完形是20分。那么全国卷的不同的题型是：第一、七选五的阅读理解（10分）第二、语法填空（15分）第三、短文改错（10分）第四、写作（25分）这就意味着，你将和江苏的任务型阅读、单选彻底告别了。但是即使是一样的题型，也有差别的。下面我一一说明：听力，江苏高考一直用全国卷的，所以这块不用分析，但是此后每道题就是1.5分了，各位同学的损失价值增加了二分之一，所以还是要一如既往搞好听力训练。阅读理解，江苏的阅读特点就是：文章长，句子长，题材还涉及到文学评论、小说、哲学思考，即使科普文，也要搞一些深度分析（例如人性的角度，经济变化等等），但是全国卷就比较缓和了，肯定没有文学评论、小说、哲学类，题材集中在科普文、说明文和记叙文，少了烧脑的深度分析，譬如今年介绍语言的消失，就是说一下不同的时间段语言特点。江苏文章BCD篇词数基本都是：380、450、650；全国卷BCD篇基本都是：300-350之间。江苏文章由于选材的深度高一些，所以用词的术语就多，看起来概念多，这就要考生去理解并记住。如果撇开长度和话题深度而言，全国卷和江苏卷阅读几乎没有差别。现在高考阅读的难度主要在选材上，命题技术上很难看出高下。近年来，阅读趋向语篇意义的理解，江苏卷和全国卷几乎保持同步，譬如推理题、选标题、词义猜测题等都要结合语篇。下面我会结合例题简要分析。先说2018年全国I卷，总结一下：1、语篇特点非常鲜明2、命题点都是落在语篇关键句上。这和江苏命题一样，也是今后的命题方向。CLanguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.

Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,

small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,

manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunications

inthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,and

dominant

languagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.

Thegeneralruleisthat

mildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.

Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.命题者选文严格遵守层次分明的说明文：开篇说主题：语言在消失：Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.

末段照应：具体的数量的语言在小时：Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.中间用时间顺序展开：Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherersSoonafterwardsinthepastfewdecadesAtpresent命题点是：28.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast. B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns. D.Theywerecloselyconnected.本题针对第一个时间节点的语言特征命题，根据：Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.可知：群居时代，语言各自独立，这就意味着语言种类很多，所以选B.这种推理也不是直接看出答案的，需要一种数学转换。29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Complex. B.Advanced. C.Powerful. D.Modern.本题是猜测词义题，在第二个时间点，根据：allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.可知takeover和powerful相近。这种题大都一样的思维。选C.30.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800. B.About3,400. C.About2,400. D.About1,200.本题也是根据语篇意义，根据首句：Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.结合定位句Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.就能计算。选B。31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.主旨大意题，根据语篇的概念，第一句就是大意，说语言的消失，只有C说到了语言越来越少。如果说以上还不能完整体现语篇概念，那么D篇更明显了：Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,

butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.

That’s

bad

newsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn’tthrowoutouroldones.

“Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.

Accordingtotheanalysis

ofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdevices

withtheirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoubling

duringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat’sthesolution(解决方案)?

Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.本篇选材语篇模式：现象——实验分析——解决方式，这和历年江苏完全一致的：第一段点明主旨：wekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.

第二段开始用实验证明使用旧设备的不利：先说明实验目的：Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,

第三段再说明实验结果：theworstdevices

withtheirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoubling最后一段说解决方式：Sowhat’sthesolution(解决方案)?

看命题点：32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironment-friendly. B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome. D.Theygooutofstylequickly.

本题是考查区分作者态度和事实，和江苏考查一样。根据首段的

That’s

bad

newsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.可见选A。这个里面也是需要推理的：旧设备耗费更多的能量，说明新设备耗费的少。

33.WhydidBabbitt’steamconducttheresearch?A.Toreducethecostofminerals.

B.Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.本题考查实验目的，直接根据第二段首句和第三段末句进行推理，选D。34.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?A.Thebox-setTV. B.Thetablet. C.TheLCDTV. D.Thedesktopcomputer.细节考查，因为文章列举了很多具体设备的耗费，所以一般都会有一个细节题。选B.35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A.Stopusingthem. B.Takethemapart.

C.Upgradethem. D.Recyclethem.

本题考查解决方案，从replacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction可知答案A.

再说2017年全国卷，我做了一个具体分析：B篇记叙文的文本分析1.注意感情的变化。2.记叙文的语篇模式：开始——发展——高潮（twist)——结局1.注意感情的变化。四个地方要关注副词和状语虚拟语气动词感叹号2.记叙文的语篇模式：开始——发展——高潮（twist)——结局开始：examinedthechick发展：constructanestandanchoritinatree高潮：recordingofthehungerscreamsof结局：theparentshadrespondedtotherecordings具体演化总写：Tryingto...heartbreaking-->

survivalis

never

certain-->

However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.开始：itseemed

fine-->IfIcouldlocatethenest,Imighthavebeenabletoputitback,butnoluck.发展：Thehomeownerwasvery

helpful--》thisnestsafeandcomfortable.--》it

quicklycalmeddown.高潮：Nowallthatwasneededweretheparents,buttheywereabsent.--》they

mightalsoencourageourchicktostartcallingaswell.结局：Anervousnighttobesure,

butsometimesthespiritsofnaturesmileonusall!--》lookinghealthyandactive--》greatestsightofall—LUNCH!--》Theparentshaddonetheirdutyandwouldprobablycontinuetodo

so.语篇模式把握的好处：快速把握文章大意；有利于文本分析命题技巧探索一、从题干的分析：总写：24.Whatis

unavoidableintheauthor’srescueworkaccordingtoparagraph1?开始：25.

Why

was

the

author

called

to

Muttontown?发展：26.What

made

the

chick

calm

down?结局.How

would

the

author

feel

about

the

outcome

of

the

event?1.按段的顺序出题2.题干本身透露了事物发展的框架内容二、选项的特点：1、Efforts

made

in

vain.原句：survivalisnever

certain.干扰项特点：原句：Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturesGetting

injured

in

his

work（混淆角色）Feeling

uncertain

about

his

future（混淆角色）Creatures

forced

out

of

their

homes（无中生有）2、To

look

at

a

baby

owl原句：IgotarescuecallfromawomaninMuttontown.Shehadfoundayoungowl(猫头鹰)ontheground.Isaw...Iexamined干扰项特点：A.To

rescue

a

woman.(混淆角色）B.To

take

care

of

a

woman.（混淆角色）D.To

cure

a

young

owl.（动词过度加深）3、A.A

new

nest.原句：Iplacedthechickinthenest,andit

quicklycalmeddown.干扰项特点：B.Some

food.（混淆角色：事情过程混淆）

C.A

recording.（混淆角色：事情过程混淆）

D.Its

parents.（混淆角色：事情过程混淆）4、It’s

beautiful.原句：However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.thechickinthenestlookinghealthyandactive.the

greatestsightofall干扰项特点：A.It’s

unexpected.（曲解）C.

It’s

humorous.（曲解）

D.

It’s

discouraging.（曲解）C篇介绍事件类的说明文的文本分析本文模式：主题解释类，即：主题——解释（两个原因）——结论具体如下：第1段：主题（现象）：阅读关键词：抓住路标词：目的关系，让步转折关系tocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay--》toraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying(联合)voiceacrosscultures这也是题眼：28.WhydidUNESCOsetApril30asInternationalJazzDay?第2、3、4段：原因1——thejazzaudience

continuestoshrinkandgrowolder，failedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.（推测：Jazz开始不受欢迎了）3、4论证：Moranhopesto...WhatI’mhopingtoaccomplishisthat...第5段：原因2——Moransays

entertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.题眼：30.WhatcanweinferaboutMoran’sopiniononjazz?第6段：总结：Sometimeswelosesightthatthemusichasawidercontext,

so

Iwanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.题眼：31.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?命题技巧探索题干的设问成线性：28.Whydid

UNESCOsetApril30asInternationalJazzDay?30.Whatcanweinferabout

Moran’sopiniononjazz?命题技巧总结：正确选项为同义转述；错误选项在于混淆事实和观点，具体为：角色混淆、概念混淆。分析：（只挑选代表性的选项）28.WhydidUNESCOsetApril30asInternationalJazzDay?A.Torememberthebirthofjazz.（角色混淆，这个是针对Someoftheworld’smostfamousmusiciansrecentlygathered）B.Toprotectculturaldiversity.（混淆概念，原文：itspotentialasaunifying(联合)voiceacrosscultures）C.Toencouragepeopletostudymusic.（混淆概念，原文：raiseawarenessofjazzmusic）D.Torecognizethevalueofjazz.

（原句：

toraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying(联合)voiceacrosscultures.）29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?C.Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.（同义转述：continuestoshrinkandgrowolder,

andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.）30.WhatcanweinferaboutMoran’sopiniononjazz?原文：“Themusiccan’tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame,”saysMoran.C.Itshouldkeepupwiththetimes.（同义转述）D.Itchangesevery50years.（曲解）D篇介绍概念性说明文的文本分析语篇模式：概念介绍——功能、性质、方法——应用或评价第1段：主题——介绍概念：Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill主题句：Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸馏器）isoneof

thebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.作者主观感情：Unfortunately,youmust

carrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.--》Theonly

componentsrequired,though,are...针对题目：32.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?第2、3段：介绍过程Toconstructaworkingstill,

useasharpstickorrocktodigahole

fourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Next,

covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.34.What’sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?

第4段：补充介绍应用型结果横向延伸：江苏省的同类语篇模式：（D篇）概念（适应气候）——具体解释——5个例子

——总结第1、2段：二氧化碳排放在继续，带来人类适应气候变化的挑战。第1段：介绍climateadaptation的概念。提示：注意soeven...，Here...examples的衔接词，它们既是主旨，又引出下文。第2段：具体解释climateadaptation。提示：注意but,nevertheless语篇衔接词，前者引出主旨，后者引出下文的someactions。第3、4、5、6、7段分别介绍了适应气候变化的例子。第8段：总结：适应气候变化。提示：语篇衔接词but的一句非常关键，是主题句。最后afterall是感情色彩词，引出作者的感慨。命题技巧探索细节题比较多，但是此题迷惑性比较大：32.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?C.It’scomplex.(混淆事实和观点：Theonly

componentsrequired)

.

D.It’sportable.（同义转述：youmust

carrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou）

其它角度考虑一、从词汇的角度考虑1、词汇用法很活，不走寻常路2、涉及高中的词汇很多，有120个A篇smileonawarenessobtainpickupawonderfulscienceactivityrescuesignificanceliquidfeedyourmindorganizationpotentialreadilyseasonalspecialsinjuredDespiteavailablebeavailabletodisplacedaudiencecollectorinspiringapassioncreatureshrinkequipmentlifelonglearningheartbreakingfailtosubstitutecommunityeventsurvivalconnectcomponentgeneroussupportcarriergenerationrequiredsouvenirsafetyartisticslightlyexhibitconstructadvisermilkyoffercalmeddownwidenplasticmenuabsentaccessibletubesnackhomeownerpreservecontaineroptionrecordingappetitefoldPushchairscreamaccomplishpackwheelchairinformationreconsiderfastentechnologyheadedhomeactuallyconstructservenervousdigitalsharpamazingspiritsentertainmentstickaccomplishmentrespondaspectdigachieveactivepresentproductivityindividualaccompanyemotionsheetcorporationC篇gainsecuringvariouskindofinsightedgesB篇asmuchasabstractdirtlocatethenestconcertmusiclosesightangleanchoritinatreemusicianfostercreateadvertisethepresenceofchickstoadultsannualD篇collectInternationalweightdownmaterialbreakdownsucksolarrefreshment从长难句的理解：D篇Next,

covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.--》What’sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.--》Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom

.

完形填空，体现在长度缩小了，全国卷长度290-300，江苏卷在350左右。其它命题没有区别。难度的缩小就在于，全国卷要在有限的空间里体现语篇的关联性，考生容易搜索到相关句。就干扰项而言，对词汇的考查还是差不多的。再看不同点吧：七选五阅读：这个是根据语篇结构和细节来做题的。一般来说，只要刷题多的话，不难。例如今年的：Orareyoujustlookingforaplacetorelaxafteralongday?

36

,

coloristhekeytomakingaroomfeelthewayyouwantittofeel.看准前面说lookfor，后面说thekey，可以断定答案：B.Whateveryou’relookingfor。大部分都是这样的题目，只