为鼓励创新和解决问题设置“挑战奖”等2则外刊阅读与训练-高三英语二轮复习

外刊精读为鼓励创新和解决问题设置“挑战奖”导读：当你遇到困难的时候，会怎么办？找专家？问朋友？或者你会找陌生人来帮你解决问题，你付钱给他们作为回报？这正是“挑战奖”背后的初衷。近来，“挑战奖”这个概念再次受到人们的欢迎。跟随本集《外刊精读》，了解“挑战奖”的由来和人们利用它的原由。一、语篇泛读Vocabulary:Innovationandproblem-solving词汇:创新和解决问题Whatdoyoudowhenyouhaveaproblem?Doyougotoanexpert,askyourfriendsto

comeupwith

anidea?Or,giventhechance,wouldyouaskacrowdofstrangersfora

solution?Itmaysoundstrange,butithas

spurred

morethanafewsuccessful

innovations.That’sthethinkingbehinda'challengeprize'.Challengeprizescomeinmanyshapesandsizesbutthebasic

concept

remainsthesame.Ratherthanconsultingandpayinganexpertto

innovate

asolution,youoffertheprizeuptoanyonewhobelievestheycan

solve

itandpresentthefirsttodosowithaprize.Thismightsoundodd-manywouldargue,'Whoisbetterqualifiedthananexpert?'Butactually,notusingoneseemstoresultinagreatdealof

thinkingoutside

of

thebox.Somearguethatformaleducationcankillcreativitybecauseitsometimesonlyteachesasinglesolutiontoaproblemorsinglemethodtoachieveatask.Inthesameway,somesuggestthatexpertscansufferfrom

tunnelvision."IfwelaunchanXPRIZEandit'sjustthe'experts'thatcomeoutandcompete,they'reusuallytheonesthatwilltellusitcan'tbedone."saysMarcusShingles,formerCEOoftheXPRIZEFoundation,whichorganiseschallengeprizestoday.Thereareotheradvantagestoo."You'renotaskingpeopletouseaparticularsolutionsetonhowtosolvethatproblem.Soyougetthistremendousamountofdiversity."addsShingles.Andbecausethecrowdactslikeanimpromptu

thinktank,its

lateralthinking

can

throwupissues

thatmayhavebeen

overlooked.Challengeprizesweremostpopularduringthe18th

and19th

centuries,buthavereceivedrenewedinterestmorerecently.Historically,manypractical

inventions

havebeen

conceived

inthisway–forexample,thetincan.Morerecently,VirginGalactic,acompanyhopingtocommercialisespaceflight,developedoutoftheAnsariXPRIZE2004winnerTierOne.TheysuccessfullylaunchedareusablespacecraftthatlefttheEarth'satmospheretwiceintwoweeks.Theprizewas$10m.However,therearedangersconnectedto

blue-skythinking."Youdon'twanttobecreatingachallengeprizewhichincentivisespeopletosolveaproblemwherethereisnodemand,"saysTrisDyson,executivedirectorofchallengeprizesatNesta,aUK-basedinnovationfoundation.Thishappenedin1979whereaKremerprizeof£100,000wasclaimedbythefirstpersontoflyunderhumanpoweracrosstheEnglishChannel.Despiteitssuccessfulcompletion,ithasnotledtotheadoptionofhuman-poweredflightasaformoftravel.Andofcourse,therearethosewhoinvesttheirpersonaltimeandmoneyonlytoseenoreturnatall:someoneelseclaimstheprize,ortheyfindthattherewarddoesnotmatchtheresourcestheyinvested.Theprosandconsofchallengeprizesaffectbothproblem-settersand

problem-solvers.Buttheydon’tseemtobegoingoutofstyleanytimesoon.Tomany,thechallengetoinnovate,thelureoftheprizeandtheprestigeofbeingfirstistoomuchtoresist.Andthere’snosolutionforthat.二、词汇表comeupwith想出，提出

solution解决办法

spurinnovation激发创新

concept概念

innovate创新（解决方案）

solve解决

thinkoutsidethebox以新眼光看问题，跳出传统的思维框框

tunnelvision视野狭隘，井底之蛙

thinktank智囊团

lateralthinking横向思维

throwupissues抛出问题

overlook忽略，忽视

invention创造，发明

conceive构想出

blue-skythinking“蓝天思考”，不着边际的想法

problem-solver善于解决问题的人三、测试与练习

阅读课文并回答问题。1.Whatisthebasicideabehindachallengeprize?2.AccordingtoMarcusShingles,whatcanbetheproblemwith‘experts’?3.Trueorfalse:

Challengeprizeshavebecomepopularonlyrecently.4.AccordingtoTrisDyson,whatisthedangerofchallengeprizes?5.Whichwordinthetextmeans‘notplannedorprepared’?请在不参考课文的情况下完成下列练习。选择一个意思合适的单词填入句子的空格处。1.It'sagoodideabutIdon'tthinkitwillbecost-effectivetomakesoweallneedto_________andcomeupwithanewplan.thinking

blue-sky

thinkoutsidethebox

lateralthinking

tunnelvision2.Youhave30minutesto______theanswer.Youmaybeginyourexam,now.innovation

concept

overlook

comeupwith3.Abstract______suchasfamily,freedomanddutyvaryfromculturetoculture.concepts

inventions

innovations

problem-solver4.Itwasonlyoncewehadimplementedthesolutionthatit______wehadn'tanticipated.spurredinnovation

threwupissues

conceived

overlooked5.Itwasonlyoncewehadimplementedthesolutionthatraiseddifficultieswehad______.invented

overlooked

solved

conceived【参考答案】

阅读课文并回答问题。1.Whatisthebasicideabehindachallengeprize?

Youofferaproblemuptoeveryonewhobelievestheycansolveitandpresentthefirsttodosowithaprize.2.AccordingtoMarcusShingles,whatcanbetheproblemwith'experts'?

Theexpertsareusuallytheoneswhosaythatthereisnosolutiontoaproblemorthatitcan'tbedone.3.Trueorfalse:

Challengeprizeshavebecomepopularonlyrecently.

False.Challengeprizesweremostpopularduringthe18thand19thcenturies,buthavereceivedrenewedinterestmorerecently.4.AccordingtoTrisDyson,whatisthedangerofchallengeprizes?

AccordingtoTrisDyson,creatingachallengeprizeincentivisespeopletosolveaproblemwherethereisnodemand.5.Whichwordinthetextmeans‘notplannedorprepared’?

Impromptu.(Thecrowdactslikeanimpromptuthinktank.)

请在不参考课文的情况下完成下列练习。选择一个意思合适的单词填入句子的空格处。1.

It'sagoodideabutIdon'tthinkitwillbecost-effectivetomakesoweallneedto

think

outsidethebox

andcomeupwithanewplan.2.Youhave30minutesto

comeupwith

theanswer.Youmaybeginyourexam,now.3.Abstract

concepts

suchasfamily,freedomanddutyvaryfromculturetoculture.4.Itwasonlyoncewehadimplementedthesolutionthatit

threwupissues

wehadn'tanticipated.5.Itwasonlyoncewehadimplementedthesolutionthatraiseddifficultieswehad

overlooked.我们才不稀罕甜食呢！导读：不管你是不是甜品爱好者，都无法避免摄入日常饮食中所含的糖分。这是因为很多食物和饮料是含糖的。尽管人们都知道过度摄入糖类有害健康，但这并没有阻止一些人大量且无节制地吃甜食，从而患上肥胖、糖尿病和龋齿等疾病。本集《外刊精读》讨论对食品征收“糖税sugartax”能否扼制人们购买甜食或甜饮料的欲望。一、语篇泛读Vocabulary:health词汇:健康There'snodoubtthatIhavea

sweettooth

–I

crave

cakesandbiscuitsandcouldhappilyfinishoffabarofchocolateinminutes.I'msureI'mnotalone,thesweetsugarytasteisaddictivebutthebigquestionis,isitbadforme?IthinkIknowtheanswer!Sugariseverywhere.Evenifsweetstuffisn'tyourthingit'shardtoavoid.IntheUK,we

consume

overtwomilliontonnesofsugareveryyearbutoftenwedon’tknowwe’reeatingit.Therehavebeenmany

healthcampaigns,tellingusaboutthedangersofconsumingtoomuchsugarandwehaveprobablylearntthatitshouldbeeaten

inmoderation

butwemaybeunawareoftheaddedsugarweconsumethat'sfoundinthefoodanddrinkwethinkofashealthyor

savory,suchaslow-fatyoghurtandsauces.Theobviousnegativeeffectofeatingsugarisonour

dentalhealth

–

toothdecay

isabigprobleminchildren,partlycausedbydrinkingtoomanysugarydrinks.PublicHealthEnglandclaimsachildinEnglandhasatoothremovedinhospitalevery10minutesdueto

preventable

decay.Butevenifyoucanescapethedentist'sdrill,therearemoreworryingnegativeeffects-repeatedlyeatingtoomuchsugarcanleadtoweightgainandeven

obesity,leadingtoanincreasedriskof

diabetes,

heartdisease

and

liverdisease.Sowhatcanwedotocutdownonoursugarintake?Well,thereare

low-sugarrecipes

youcantryandapparentlytherearealternativefoodstohelpusbeatthesweetcravings.Butpotentiallythemosteffectivemethodistotaxthesugarweconsume.It'swhatseveralcountrieshavebeendoingforawhileandtheUKhasrecently

jumpedonthebandwagon,byforcingmanufacturerstopaya

levy

onthehigh-sugardrinkstheysell.It'suptothemanufacturersiftheypassthecostontoconsumers.Butwillitwork?UniversityofBedfordshirenutritionexpertDrDanielBaileytoldBBCOnlinethat:"Theincreaseintaxplacedonsoftdrinkswillmakeproductsmoreexpensive,butwillthisactually

discourage

peoplefrombuyingthem?"Maybeifyou'readdictedtothestuff,you'dacceptpayingmoretobuyit.ButintheUKatleast,several

softdrinks

companieshavealreadyreducedthesugarcontentoftheirproductstoavoidthetax.Obviouslyit'sbettertodosomethingratherthannothingtohelpimprovethe

well-being

ofeveryone.Butwithsomany

temptations

outthere,I'mnotsurehoweasyitwillbetocuremysweettooth.二、词汇表sweettooth对甜食的渴望、喜爱

crave渴求

consume（正式）消耗，大量地吃

healthcampaign健康宣传活动

inmoderation适度

savoury咸的

dentalhealth牙齿健康

toothdecay蛀牙，龋齿

preventable可预防的

obesity肥胖

diabetes糖尿病

heartdisease心脏疾病

liverdisease

肝病

low-sugarrecipe低糖食谱

jumpedonthebandwagon紧跟潮流

levy税款

discourage打消…的念头

softdrink汽水，软饮料

well-being安康

temptation诱惑三、测试与练习阅读课文并回答问题。1.Trueorfalse?

Savouryfoodissugar-free.2.Whatisremovedfromchildrenevery10minutesinEngland?3.Whyhavesomedrinksmanufacturersreducedthesugarcontentintheirdrinks?4.Whyarehigh-sugardrinksintheUKbecomingmoreexpensive?5.Whattemptationsistheauthorreferringtointhelastsentence?请在不参考课文的情况下完成下列练习。选择一个意思合适的单词填入句子的空格处。1.WhenIwaspregnantIusedto______orangesbutnowmybabyisborn,Ican'teatthem!levy

crave

discourage

temptations2.Somedoctorssaythatdrinkingredwine

______couldactuallybegoodforyourhealth.onmoderation

inmoderning

inmoderation

atmoderation3.Alarge

______onalcoholseemstobeencouragingpeopletodrinkless.levy

discourage

preventable

healthcampaign4.Onceourclassstartedrecyclingourwaterbottles,therestoftheschool

______anddidthesame!wentonthewagon

jumpedoverthebandwagon

joinedthebandwagon

jumpedonthebandwagon5.Despitebeinganaward-winningactor,heresistedthe

______tomovetoHollywood.crave

temptation

preventable

wellbeing【参考答案】阅读课文并回答问题。1.Trueorfalse?

Savouryfoodissugar-free.

False.Wemaybeunawareoftheaddedsugarweconsumethat'sfoundinthefoodanddrinkwethinkofashealthyorsavoury,suchaslow-fatyoghurtandsauces.2.Whatisremovedfromchi