阅读高阶完成考研强化阶段测评

考研英语强化阶段试题(共12题Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Sometimesit’sjusthardtochoose.You’reinarestaurantandthewaiterhashispenattheready.Asyouhesitate,hegraduallybeginstotakeacloseinterestintheceiling,hisfingernails,theninyourdiningpartner.Eachdishonthe esablurasyourollyoureyesupanddowninagrowingpanic.Finally,youdesperayoptforsomethingthatturnsouttobewhatyouhate.Itseemsthatweneeddevicestoprotectusfromourhopelessnessatdecidingbetween57barelydifferentiatedvarietiesofstuff—betheyTVchannels,gourmetcoffee,downloadableringtones,orperhaps,ultimayeveninterchangeablelovers.Thisthoughtisopposedtoourernment’sphilosophy,whichsuggeststhatgreaterchoiceoverrailways,electricityrsandeducationwillmakeushappy.Inmyexperience,theydoanythingPerhapsthehappiestpeoplearethosewhodonothavemuchchoiceandaren’tconfrontedbythemiseryofendlesschoice.True,thatmiserymaynotbeobvioustopeoplewhodon’thaveavarietyofluxuries.IfyouliveinMadagascar,say,whereaveragelifeexpectancyisbelow40andtheydon’thavedigitalTVorStarbucks,youmightnotbeimpressedbytheanxietyandperpetualstressourdecision-makingparalysiscauses.Choicewasn’tsupposedtomakepeoplemiserable.Itwassupposedtobethehallmarkofself-determinationthatwesocherishinmodemsociety.Butitobviouslyisn’t:evermorechoiceincreasesthefeelingofmissedopportunities,andthisleadstoself-blamewhenchoicesfailtomeetexpectations.Whatistobedone?AnewbookbyanAmericansocialscientist,BarrySchwartz,calledTheParadoxofChoice,suggeststhatreducingchoicescanlimitanxiety.Schwartzoffersaself-helpguidetogooddecision-makingthathelpsustolimitourchoicestoamanageablenumber,andultimayderivegreatersatisfactionfromthechoiceswemake.ButonceyourealizethatyourSchwartzianfiltersaredeprivingyouofsomethingyoumighthavefoundenjoyable,youwillexperiencethesameanxietyasbefore,worryingthatyoumadethewrongdecisionindrawingupyourchoice-limitingfilters.Arguably,wewillalwaysbedoomedtobuyers’remorseandthemiseryitentails.TheproblemofchoiceisperhapsmoredifficultthanSchwartzallows.道、咖啡、可的铃声，或者最终甚至是可以相互交换的。这种想法与我们的运作哲学正好相反，后者认为在铁blurn.模糊，模糊不清的事物panicn.，惊慌differentiatev.区别；区分luxuryn.奢侈品hallmarkn.标志，特征remorsen.懊悔，悔恨 1Thewaitermentionedinthefirstparagraphwouldagreethatgivenavarietyof [A]itispossibletogettoknowhiscustomer’s[B]itisimpoliteforhiscustomertoorderwith[C]itisdifficultforhiscustomertoexpectquality[D]itiscommonforhiscustomertohesitateinorderinga Thewaitermentionedinthefirstparagraphwouldagreethatgivenavarietyof [A]itispossibletogettoknowhiscustomer’spartner[B]itisimpoliteforhiscustomertoorderwithhesitation[C]itisdifficultforhiscustomertoexpectquality[D]itiscommonforhiscustomertohesitateinorderinga答案为D。细节题。文章第一段的结构很清晰，第一句是句：有时候要做出选择就是很难。接下来作者列举了一个具体的场景，该场景描述的是顾客在点菜时犹豫不决，而服务生就逐渐对一些与点菜毫不相关的事情产生。可见，在服务生的眼中，顾客点菜时犹豫不决是很常见的。因此选项D是正确答案。 2Itisimpliedthatitis ernment’sintention [A]improvethequalityofTV[B]trytooffergreaterchoiceoverpublicservice[C]makepeoplerealizethatsomeloversare[D]encouragethedownloadingofavarietyofring Itisimpliedthatitis ernment’sintention .文章暗示的意图 [A]improvethequalityofTV[B]trytooffergreaterchoiceoverpublicservicesystems尽力在公共服务体系方面提供选[c]makepeoplerealizethatsomeloversare[D]encouragethedownloadingofavarietyofringtones鼓励各种铃答案为B。推理题。首先根据题干中的 nnt’sntnton定位至文章第二段例数第二句，Thsthoughtsopposdeushpp.这句话中的Thsthought指的就是该段首句所说的看起来我们似乎需要一些来保护自己，使自己免受从57种鲜有差别的物品中做选择时那种绝望感的困扰。而的哲学好和这种想法相反，认为，在铁路、电力供应和教育方面提供的选择可以让我们快乐。选项A和D均属不相关信息，应排除；选项C太荒谬，凭就可以排除；正确答案是B选项，公共服务体系就是将原文中的铁路、电力供应和教育抽象化了。 3Wecaninferthattheauthor’sattitudetowardschoiceis [A]themorechoicewehave,themoredomwecan[B]endlesschoicehasonlymadeusmore[C]itiseasyforpeopletomakeawrongdecisionwithfew[D]beforewemakedecisions,wewantasmanychoicesas Wecaninferthattheauthor’sattitudetowardschoiceis [A]themorechoicewehave，themoredomwecan[B]endlesschoicehasonlymadeusmore[C]itiseasyforpeopletomakeawrongdecisionwithfew[D]beforewemakedecisions，wewantasmanychoicesas答案为B的句是有的时候要做出选择就是如此；第二段开头说看起来我们似乎需要一些来保护自己，使自己免受从57种鲜有差别的物品中做选择时那种绝望感的困扰就我的经验来看，这些东西根本没法让人快乐。选项B与该句意思相同，是正确答案。原文thydonthngbut中but后面省略的部分就是eushpp。 4FromBarrySchwartz’sbook,TheParadoxofChoice,wecan mendationtips [A]howtohandlethesituationofcapitalist[B]howtodealwithyourexpense[C]howtoavoidthefeelingofmissed[D]howtosavemoneybymakingaright FromBarrySchwartz’sbook，TheParadoxofChoice，wecan mendationtips. [A]howtohandlethesituationof[B]howtodealwithyourexpense[D]howtosavemoneybymakingaright 答案为C。细节题。文中第四段说，择得了的出达预期效果时又会令我们自责。该怎么办这是提出要解决的问题，接着就向读者介绍《选择的悖论》一建议：减少选择可以减少焦虑感因此选项C是正确答案。选项A、B和D原文均未提到。 5WemayconcludethatitisNOToneoftheauthor’spurposes [A]stresstheproblemof[C]makeanysisofbuyers’[D]promotethenewbookTheParadoxof WemayconcludethatitisNOToneoftheauthor’spurposes [A]stresstheproblemofchoice[B]discussdecision-making[C]make ysisofbuyers’[D]promotethenewbookTheParadoxof答案为D。是非判断题。本文的结构是：作者在开篇就提出了选择的问题，选择是令人痛苦的；接着讨论了做选择会什么样的焦虑以及避免焦虑的建议；最后说这些建议了你可能会有的乐趣，你又将经历与做选择时一样的痛苦。四个选项中只有D不是作者的写作目的，因此是正确答案。Manythingsmakepeoplethinksareweird—theoddhours,thenonconformity,theclovecigarettes.However,theweirdestmaybethis:s’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moresbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boring.Inthe20thcentury,classicalmusicbecamemoreatonal,visualartmoreSure,therehavebeenexceptions,butitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorso,seriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824,Beethovencompletedhis"OdetoJoy".In1962,novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthemasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandlicy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack.Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetolusthatitisOKnottobehappy,thatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewayslsus,itisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttolus,asreligiononcedid,thatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,isabreathoffreshair.weirda.奇异 lousya.令人不快 insipida.平淡的，乏味atonala.无调 skepticala.怀疑bombardv.不断，不断提出问 relentlesslyad.持续bogusa.假装的，arthritisn.关节mortalityn. 6Whatisthestrangest [A]Theywearspecial[B]Theyrarelyworkinthe[C]Theymainlydepictdistressing[D]Theyareliabletotakeillegal Whatisthestrangestabout[B]Theyrarelyworkinthe[C]Theymainlydepictdistressing[D]Theyareliabletotakeillegal答案为C。细节题。原文第一句话就说，很多事情致使人们觉得艺术家们怪诞诡异个现象：他们唯一的工作就是探究各种情感，而他们所选择的探究重点却是那些令人不快的情感。这道题考查的其实就是考生对词汇ous的理解，该词意为ypnfulorunpsnt非常痛苦的或不愉快的，因此，正确答案应该是C选项。 7Theexamplethat"OdetoJoy"wasusedinBurgess’snovelismeanttoillustrate [B]violentpeoplehaveastrongdesiretobe[C]seriousartisoftencontradictorywith[D]musicisenjoyedbygoodandbadpeople Theexamplethat“OdetoJoy”wasusedinBurgess’snovelismeanttoillustrate [A]musiciansandnovelistsshare ic[C]seriousartisoftencontradictorywith[D]musicisenjoyedbygoodandbadpeople答案为C。例证题。我们知道，作者举例不是为了说明事实而是为了证明观点，因此解答例证题的关键是能否找到例子要说明的观点或者支持此观点的例子，而非能否看懂例子本身。根据欢乐颂可以定位到文章第二段，第一句就是本段的观点：严肃艺术一直与欢乐格格不入。显然后面小说这个例子就是用来说明这一观点。选项A音乐家和小说家有相似的艺术品位是个貌似客观的选项，实际上是对例子的诠释，而非例子要说明的观点。 8Theword"Celebrex"inthe [A]misleadspeopleintobuyingdangerous[B]remindspeopleofacheerful[C]boastsoftheeffectivenessofa[D]comesfromareligious Theword“Celebrex”inthe .中Celebrex这个 [A]misleadspeopleintobuyingdangerous[B]remindspeopleofacheerful[C]boastsoftheeffectivenessofa[D]comesfromareligious答案为B。词汇题。说到，考生们可能会想到误导、吹捧之类的字眼儿，这也是选项A和C的干扰性所在。第四段末尾提到这种叫Cbrx的药物时，确实提到其副作用——可能会提高患心脏病的风险，但不能由此推出A选项。Cbrx这个品牌让人联想起brt庆祝这个词，而文中也说该要人们brt，而人们只有在遇到高兴的事情时才会庆祝，结合本文的可知B选项是正确答案。 9Howcouldtheeconomydependonourforgetting[A]Theeconomywouldnotbeboostedifeverybodywas[B]Therearemanynewproductsdesignedforthe[C]Wepayheavilyforforgettingthings[D]Peoplewillspendmoremoneyifwebelieveineasy Howcouldtheeconomydependonourforgettingthings经济是怎样依赖我们的遗忘的?[A]Theeconomywouldnotbeboostedifeverybodywassatisfied.[B]Therearemanynewproductsdesignedfortheforgetful.[C]Wepayheavilyforforgettingthings[D]Peoplewillspendmoremoneyifwebelieveineasy 答案为D。细节题。原文末段首句讲到，忘了不快的我的这种遗忘。言下之意是，人们认为就是无痛苦的快乐，是可以轻易获得的，这支撑了我们的经济即人们花10Whatdoestheauthorimplywiththemovie[A]Happinesscanbefoundthroughpainsand[C]Happinessmakessadness[D]Happinessisnotagood WhatdoestheauthorimplywiththemovieSideways?作者以《杯酒人生》暗示什么?[A]Happinesscanbefoundthroughpainsandefforts.[B]Happinesscomeswheneverything[D]Happinessisnotagood答案为A恰是腐坏和之物。这句话以s正如开头，和前面一句话应该是对等关系，其实就是sdnssshppnssdp的比喻，说明快乐和痛苦的关系，与文章相扣。因此A选项是正确答案。 11Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit,weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofthecenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(1)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(2)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearerthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymlsandfish-eatingbirds.(3)Timewasbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlesss”species.Hereagain,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargumentthatpredatorsaremembersofthecommunity,andthatnospecialinteresthastherighttoexterminatethemforthesakeofabenefit,realorfancied,toitself.Somespeciesoftreeshavebeen“readoutoftheparty”byeconomics-mindedersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.(4)InEurope,whereryisecologicallymoreadvanced,the mercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofthenativecommunity,tobepassuch,withinreason.Moreover,somehavebeenfoundtohaveavaluablefunctioninbuildingupsoilfertility.Theinterdependenceoftheanditsconstituenttreespecies,groundflora,andfaunaistakenforgranted.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(5)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheeconomicparts.科学家们迅速进行救援，但 显然站不住脚，这些的大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会将人类吞噬。但是我们至少已经几乎承认，不管鸟类对我们而言有没有经济价值，出于其本身固有的权利，它们都应生存下去。曾经有段时间，科学家们有点了这样一种，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持猎物种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值的”物种。在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有的树种被合理地视为土生森林群落的成员，因此会得到相应的保护。这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏、但对陆地群落健康运行至关重要的物种，而最终导致它们的。科学家们迅速进行救援，但 显然站不住脚，这些的大意是，如果鸟类不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会将人类吞噬。但是我们至少已经几乎承认，不管鸟类对我们而言有没有经济价值，出于其本身固有的权利，它们都应生存下去。曾经有段时间，科学家们有点了这样一种，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持猎物种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值的”物种。在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有的树种被合理地视为土生森林群落的成员，因此会得到这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏、但对陆地群落健康运行至关重要的物种，而最终导致它们的。本句的主干为scientistsjumpedtotherescue…。with引导的介词结构在句中作伴随状语；totheeffect本句的主干为ehave…dawnnearerthepoint…。ofadmttngthat…作主句宾语pont的后置定语，其中that引导宾语从句作动名词admitting的宾语，宾语从句中又包含一个由regardessof引导的介词短语作让步状语。本句主干为Timewaswhen…。when引导的表语从句的主干为：biologistsoverworkedtheevidence；本句的主干为…thetreespeciesarerecognizedasmembers…。inEurope为地点状语，其后where引导的非限定性定语从句对其进行补充说明，tobep assuch在句中作插入语，withinreason作方式状语，修饰谓语arerecognized。本句主干为Ittendstoignoreand…toeliminatemanyelements…。tendstoignoreand…to 12Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.(1)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Itis inglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(2)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryareernedbyuniversalfeatures.(3)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrrsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage—acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrr.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitso(4)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(5)Chomsky’sgrrshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenpartic