语言学-形态学

Morphology

形态学语言学-形态学Q1.Whatismorphology?Q2.Adistinctionismadebetweenopenclassandclosedclassconcerningthecategorizationofwordsinalanguage.Howdoesthisdistinctionrelateitselftomorphologyinyouropinion?Q3.Morpheme:freemorphemevs.boundmorpheme;derivationalmorphemevs.inflectionalmorphemeQ4.Affix:prefixvs.suffixQ5.Compoundingandcompounds语言学-形态学1.什么是形态学？研究范围？形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构造规则Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Q1.Whatismorphology?语言学-形态学Q2.Adistinctionismadebetweenopenclassandclosedclassconcerningthecategorizationofwordsinalanguage.Howdoesthisdistinctionrelateitselftomorphologyinyouropinion?Openclasswords:contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs.E.g.hacker,email,internet,surf,spam,blogsphere,songlifting(song+shoplifting),

workaholic,surgiholic,tree-huggerTaikonaut,ginormous,fantabulous菜鸟、驴友、枪手、做秀、粉丝、帖子、拍砖、下课、前卫、PK、丁克、爽、酷、饭局、充电、月光族、黄牛、房奴语言学-形态学Closedclasswords:grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.“e”“偶”语言学-形态学Q3.语素的定义语素是语言最小的意义单位。句子是由单词构成的，词可以被分成更小的成分。我们把这些处于单词最低一层的、有意义的成分称为”语素”。Q3:Whatismorpheme?语言学-形态学Q3:Whatismorpheme?Morpheme:theminimalmeaningfulunitHowmanymorphemesdoeseachofthefollowingwordscontain?boy,desireboyish,desirableboyishness,desirabilitygentlemanliness,undesirabilityantidisestablishmentarianism语言学-形态学根据结构语素分为自由语素和粘着语素

(morpheme)

(freemorpheme)(boundmorpheme)

具有完整词汇意义具有一定词汇意义能够独立使用不能单独使用根据语义语素分为词根(root）和词缀(affix）自由，粘着屈折，派生

freeroot,boundrootinflectionalaffix,derivationalaffix

前缀，后缀

prefix，suffix语言学-形态学词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素的关系

语言学-形态学Freevs.boundmorphemeFreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteawordbyitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance.Boundmorphemeisonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“-al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“-ed”in“recorded”.语言学-形态学Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemesaremorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofthewordstowhichtheyareconjoined,orchangetheirlexicalordictionarymeaning.E.g.modern:modernize;length:lengthen;fool:foolish;do:undo;selfish:unselfishetc.语言学-形态学InflectionalmorphemesWhenawordchangesinformbutnotinlexicalmeaning,wesayithasundergoneaninflection.E.g?Inflectional

morphemesaremorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsasperson,number,gender,case,tense,aspectandsoon;theyneverchangethegrammaticalcategoryofthebasewordsortheirlexicalmeaning.语言学-形态学3.词根、词基和词干

去掉派生词缀得到的词是词基，去掉屈折词缀得到的词为词干。如果去掉词缀后的单词在不改变身份和词义的情况下不能再去任何词缀，则这个词是个词根。语言学-形态学4.构词法构词方法(wordformation)复合法(compound)

混合法(blending)

派生法(derivation)

缩略法(abbreviation)

逆构法(backformation)

借词法(borrowing)造词法(invention)语言学-形态学Q4.Affix:prefixvs.suffixandsomeotherterms:root,stem,base语言学-形态学Arootisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectionalaswellasderivational)areremoved.E.g.___in“desirable”,___in“unbelievable”Astemispartofaword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.E.g.___in“undesirables”,___in“enriched”Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.E.g.“desire”in“desired”isa___?“enrich”in“enriches”isa___?语言学-形态学Basicways/rulesofformingwordsinEnglish1.Freemorphemeformingaword自由语素成词2.Derivation派生---afreemorphemeplusatleastaderivationalmorpheme(bound),aderivative3.Compounding复合---twofreemorphemesmerged,acompound语言学-形态学ExamplesofCompoundingNouncompoundsdaybreak(N+V)playboy(V+N)haircut(N+V)callgirl(V+N)windmill(N+N)Verbcompoundsbrainwash(N+V)lipread(N+V)babysit(N+V)Adjectivecompoundsmaneating(N+Ving)heartfelt(N+Ved)dutyfree(N+adj.)Prepositioncompoundsinto(P+P)throughout(P+P)语言学-形态学SomepointsaboutcompoundsWhenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory,e.g.postbox,landlady,icy-coldWhenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories,theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound,e.g.head-strong,pickpocketCompoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon-compoundedwordsequence,e.g.redcoat,greenhouseThemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts语言学-形态学ChinesemorphologyDothereexistaffixes,freevsboundmorphemes,derivationalvsinflectionalmorphemes,andcompoundsinChinese?语言学-形态学one-morphemewordsthatmaycomprisetwoormoreChinesecharacters单纯词：人，水，走，吃，红琵琶，枇杷，葡萄，菩提，仿佛，犹豫，巧克力，苏维埃Derivatives

派生词老-;小-；阿-；第-；初-；见--子；-头；-儿；-者；-员；-士；-手；-化Compounds

复合词思想，动静，看见，纸张，车辆，注意，关心，笔试语言学-形态学Chineseinflectionalmorphemes?DotheleelementinthefollowingtwoChinesesentencesexpressthesamegrammaticalizedmeaning?他吃坏肚子了。他吃坏了肚子。Leisundoubtedlyagrammaticalmarker.Butisitanaspectmarkeroratenseindicator?Adebatablematter.Anditseemsthatthesentencefinallediffersfromthelefollowingtheverbphraseinthattheyareassociatedwithdifferentmeanings.Changeofstateorcontrarytoexpectation?Whatdoyouthinkisthep