2023年考研外语专家预测试卷8

考研外语专家预测试卷8

一、UseofEnglish

1、China'sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-China,theUnitedStatesandtheWTO.China,stilladevelopingcountry,hasatotaleconomic(1)_____rankingseventhworldwide,andisthe10thlargestnation(2)_____tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcentury,China'seconomywillhavea(3)_____impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChina,theWTOis(4)_____,anditsrolegreatlylimited.Thus,China'sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits(5)_____,(6)_____theUnitedStates,China'sentryintotheWTOwill(7)_____thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment(8)_____andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.(9)_____trade,andwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.

AsforChina,through13yearsofdifficult(10)_____,Chinahasfinallyrealizedits(11)_____ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates(12)_____thisfundamentalprinciple.China'sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificance,implyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoy,accordingtolaw,adevelopingcountry'spreferentialarrangements,protectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustries,aswellas(13)_____stipulations(协定)inthetariffsystem.Forexample,Chinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesector,mostofmarkets(wheat,maize,rice,cotton,sugar,andfertilizer)willbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas(14)_____meansofmacroeconomiccontrol,thereby(15)_____farmers'interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreover,insomesectors,themarketswillstillremainclosed,or,atleast,theopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically(16)_____bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno(17)_____prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;instead,Chinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively(18)_____todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.Shoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactors?Chinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.

Inshort,China's(19)_____totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina's(20)_____totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevel,thusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina'sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO.

A.capability

B.ability

C.capacity

D.aptitude

2、(2)

A.inviewof

B.withaviewof

C.intermsof

D.ontermswith

3、(3)

A.prevailing

B.profound

C.precautionary

D.progressive

4、(4)

A.inaccessible

B.inadvisable

C.inefficient

D.incomplete

5、(5)

A.prevalence

B.popularity

C.universe

D.universality

6、(6)

A.Onaccountof

B.Regardlessof

C.Bymeansof

D.Withregardto

7、(7)

A.recognize

B.realize

C.authorize

D.socialize

8、(8)

A.model

B.prototype

C.reproduction

D.pattern

9、(9)

A.double

B.controversial

C.duplicate

D.bilateral

10、(10)

A.negotiation

B.communication

C.transaction

D.communicability

11、(11)

A.objective

B.subjective

C.automotive

D.maturative

12、(12)

A.perceives

B.distinguishes

C.incorporates

D.embodies

13、(13)

A.inflexible

B.adaptable

C.yielding

D.elastic

14、(14)

A.sufficient

B.efficient

C.proficient

D.deficient

15、(15)

A.prohibiting

B.protecting

C.projecting

D.preventing

16、(16)

A.agreed

B.consented

C.approved

D.accepted

17、(17)

A.expression

B.vocabulary

C.term

D.clause

18、(18)

A.suitable

B.available

C.applicable

D.obtainable

19、(19)

A.contribution

B.accession

C.admission

D.compulsion

20、(20)

A.assignment

B.tariff

C.obligation

D.commitment

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptember,terroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacks,anditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines'third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairline,per"event".Underpressurefromairlines,theAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines'warandterroristliabilities,foralimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth.

TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU'stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably.

However,inthecaseofterrorism,andespeciallyofterrorismintheskies,anumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50m,andthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcover,anothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith.

Inaddition,arareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocover,atleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack.

Inthecaseoftheairlines,theappropriateanswerissomeform.ofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infact,underthecode-name"Equitime",representativesofairlines,insurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund'sexcessrisk,buttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew.

Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.So,tobridgethegap,governmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines'warandterroristriskforsometimetocome.

By"terroristriskbecamethepariahofperils"(Paragraph1),theauthormeans

A.insurancecompaniesincreasedpremiums.

B.airlinesseektoavoidlegalliabilities.

C.terroristattacksleftinsurerspanicked.

D.terroristriskisunlikelytobeinsured.

2、

Thewriterarguesthatintheforeseeablefuturetheinsureroflastresortforairline'sterroristriskwillbe

A.insurancecompanies.

B.airlinersthemselves.

C.governments'guarantees.

D.mutualfundscheme.

3、

Whenmentioning"$50mperairline,perevent"(Paragraph1),thewriteristalkingabout

A.thegapbetweeninsuranceandreinsurance.

B.theliabilitiesattributedtoterrorists.

C.thefundguaranteedbygovernments.

D.thecoverforthird-partyterroristrisk.

4、

Intheeyesofthewriter,thecurrentinsuranceindustryalone

A.willcanceltheprovisionofallairlineinsurance.

B.couldnotsustainanothersuddencatastrophe.

C.mustcopewitharareriskofapoliticalnature.

D.willbeintegratedintoaninsurancevehicle.

5、

Howdoesthewriterfeelaboutthepresentsituation?

A.Anxious.

B.Tolerant.

C.Amazed.

D.Indifferent.

6、TheEuropeanUnion'sBarcelonasummit,whichendedonMarch16th,wasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisy"anti-globalisation"demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.Ifnothingelse,thedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope—themeeting'smaintopic—presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.Influentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatens"socialEurope",theidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate.

Inthisclimateofpublicopinion,itisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope'senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampion,ElectricitedeFrance(EDF).AtBarcelonaitmadeawell-flaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2022industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysuppliers,whichshouldaccountfor"atleast"600%ofthemarket.

SinceEurope'senergymarketisworth350billion($309Billion)ayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusiness,thisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket.

Inotherareas,especiallytodowithEurope'stoughlabormarkets,theEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthat"disincentivesagainsttakingupjobs"shouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2022.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboree,theEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.Sixoutof20commissionersdid,unusually,voteagainstthemeasure—ablatantpieceofre-regulation—butthesocialaffairscommissioner,AnnaDiamantopoulou,wasunrepentant,indeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirective"anabsolutedisaster".

Thesummit'sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe'sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingon"researchanddevelopment"fromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearch?Nobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelona,theGalileosatellite-positioningsystem,whichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoney,isofdubiouscommercialvalue,sincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans'GPAsystem.EdwardBannerman,headofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReform,aBlairitethink-tank,callsGalileo"thecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace."

AccordingtothosewhosupporttheliberalizationofEurope'senergymarkets,energysupplymonopolyisunlikelyonthegroundsthat

A.businessuserswillchoosefromsuppliercompetitors.

B.energymarketscallforcross-tradecoordination.

C.competitionwillhardlybeconfinedtobusinessusers.

D.energysuppliersmightcatertoeconomicliberalization.

7、

Whatistheattitudeoftheminorityofcommissionerstowardsthere-regulationofEurope'sjobmarket?

A.Arbitrary.

B.Neutral.

C.Compromising.

D.Critical.

8、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthetext?

A.DemonstratorsarenotinfavorofEurope'seconomicliberalization.

B.France'sEDFisusedtoillustratearesultofliberaleconomies.

C.TheEurope'sUnion'sBarcelonasummitisnotasproductiveasexpected.

D.Europe'ssatellite-positionsystemisnowherenearagreatsuccess.

9、

ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatEurope'squestformoreliberaleconomiesmaybe

A.popularandsensible.

B.dubiousbutprofitable.

C.slowandcontradictory.

D.fragilebutpromising.

10、

WelearnfromthetextthatEdwardBannermanisprobably

A.anenthusiastinspaceexploration.

B.anadvocateofEurope'sunityandliberalization.

C.apioneerinresearchanddevelopment.

D.anopponentoftheGalileosatellite-positionsystem.

11、Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"—oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears—islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecall,theargumentwentwellbe-yondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwould,inturn,worsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated.

Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterall,computershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink—andsoithas.

Now,anewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.Thestudy,byeconomistsDavidCardoftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,challengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkers,increasingtheirwages.Meanwhile,computerization—byautomatingmanyroutinetasks—reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersand,thereby,theirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens.

Superficially,wagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap.

Butwait,pointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowing,thewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpand,ifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.Indeed,CardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury."

Thepopularperceptionofcomputers'impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuch,ormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980s,forexample,almostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981-82recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvive,theyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilled,leastmobileandyoungestworkers.

The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolution(computers)foracomplexproblem(poverty).Withmorecomputeraccess,thepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone'spovertyand,asforescaping,whatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem.

Itisgenerallybelievedthatthedigitaldivideissomething

A.thatisresponsibleforeconomicinequalities.

B.deemedtobepositiveinpoverty-relief.

C.thatresultsfromfallingcomputerprices.

D.gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet.

12、

Accordingtotheauthor,thenotionthatcomputersaretoblameforthewagegapis

A.quiteinsightful.

B.verycontradictory.

C.rathershallow.

D.fairlyilluminating.

13、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheopinionheldbyCardandDiNardoisoneof

A.reservedconsent.

B.strongdisapproval.

C.slightcontempt.

D.enthusiasticsupport.

14、

Theauthorseemstobelievethatwidenedwagegapcanbeattributedto

A.theimpactofcomputersonroutinework.

B.thedelayedeffectsintheearly1980s.

C.thecomplexityofpovertyproblem.

D.thenarrowingofthedigitaldivide.

15、

Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextis

A.toadvocatetheeliminationofpoverty.

B.tojustifytheinfluenceofthedigitaldivide.

C.todemocratizecomputeraccesstoday.

D.toexposethemythsofthedigitaldivide.

16、Penny-pinchingconsumersandfiercepricewarsarebadnewsforthetravelindustry.Bad,thatis,foreveryoneexcepttheboomingonlinetravelgiants.ConsiderthesharpreboundofsuchonlineplayersasTravelocityandExpedia.WhiletheysufferedinthewakeoftheSeptember11terroristattacks,withbookingsoffasmuchas70%0intheweeksthatfollowed,businesshassnappedback."Thespeedwithwhichthosebusinessesbouncedbacksurprisedeventhepeoplemostbullishaboutthesector,"saysMitchellJ.Rubin,amoneymanageratNewYork-basedBaronCapital,aninvestorinonlinetravelstocks.

Thetravelindustry'spainisoftentheonlineindustry'sgain,assupplierspushmorediscountedairlineseatsandhotelroomstowinbackcustomers.Andmanyofthosedealsareavailableonlyonline.Atthesametime,onlineagenciesrelyprimarilyonleisuretravelers,wheretraffichasreboundedmorequicklythanonthebusinessside.

Thetwobiggestplayers,Travelocity.ComInc.andExpediaInc,arelockedincombatforthetopspot.Bothsoldsome$3billionworthoftravellastyear,thoughExpediatoppedTravelocityinthefourthquarteringrossbookings.Andthanksinparttoagreateremphasisonwholesaledealswithsuppliers,Expediaismoreprofitable.ForthequarterendedinDecember,Expediaposteditsfirstnetprofit,$5.2million,evenwithnoncashandnonrecurringcharges,comparedwithTravelocity's$25millionloss.

Theairlines'latestcost-cuttingmovesmayonlyspurtheonlinestampede.MajorcarriersareeliminatingtravelagentcommissionsintheU.S.Thatcouldleadtogrowingservicechargesforconsumersattraditionalagencies,drivingstillmoretravelerstotheWeb.JupiterMediaMetrixispredictingthatonlinetravelsalesintheU.S.willjump29%,to$31billionthisyear,andto$50billionby2022.Abouthalfofthatisfromairlines'andothersuppliers'ownWebsites,butthatstillleavesplentyofroomfortheonlineagents.

Thisgrowingmarketisdrawingplentyofcompetitionandnewplayers.HotelandcarrentalfranchiserCendantCorp.snappedupCheapTicketslastOctober.BarryDiller'sUSANetworksInc.boughtacontrollingstakeinExpedia.Andagroupofhotels,includingHiltonHotelsandHyattCorp.,arelaunchingtheirownbusinessthissummertomarkethotelroomsontheNet.

Isthefieldtoocrowded?Analystsandonlineagenciesaren'tworried,figuringthatthere'splentyofnewbusinesstogoaround.But,fornow,theclearwinnersareconsumers,whocancountonfindingbetterserviceandbetterdealsonline.

Wecanlearnfromthebeginningthatthecompetitioninthetravelindustryrevolveschieflyaround

A.suppliersmarkets.

B.pricebattles.

C.travelstocks.

D.onlineservices.

17、

Whobenefitedthemostfromthecompetitionamongtravelagencies?

A.Consumers.

B.Onlineagencies.

C.Airliners.

D.Traditionalagencies.

18、

ItcaninferredfromParagraph4thatairlines'cost-cuttingmoves

A.willbeofgreatbenefittoagentcommissions.

B.areintendedtocatertotheneedsofconsumers.

C.willhelpplentyofnewbusinesstogoaround.

D.mighthaveaffectedthegainofonlineagencies.

19、

Theword"bullish"(Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto

A.skeptical.

B.doubtful.

C.optimistic.

D.shocked.

20、

WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

A.Onlinetravelagentsareindispensabletotravelers.

B.Onlinetravelservicesarelikelytotakewing.

C.Theadventofonlineplayerswillhurtconsumers.

D.Consumersaredeniedtherighttocancelbookings.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalistofexamplesorheadings.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedposition(41-45).Theremaybecertainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.(10points)

LetChinasleep,forwhenshewakes,shewillshaketheworld.

Untilrecently,theworldhappilyignoredNapoleon'swarning.ButChinaisnowshakingtheworld.TheUSwasthefirstcontinentalcapitalisteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionistryingtobecomeasecond.Potentially,Chinadwarfsthemboth.Already,itisabigandcontroversialpresenceintheglobaleconomy.Itsimpactiscertaintoincreasestillfurther.Fearisaninevitableresponsetothisgrowingupheaval.Buthowfarisitjustified?Andwhatisthebestresponse?

(41)TheamazingachievementsofChina'strade

China'stradeperformancehas,indeed,beenastonishing.Between1980and2022,China'sshareinglobalexportsandimportsrosefrom1.2percentand1.1percent,to5.2percentand4.2percent,respectively.From1993to2022,thevolumeofChina'sexportsofgoodsroseatanannualrateof17.3percent.

(42)HowtoevaluatetheimpactofChina'strade

ToassesstheimpactofChina'strade,onemuststartwithitscomparativeadvantageandtradepolicies.

(43)Chinahasreducedhertariffs

In1992,averagestatutorytariffsonmanufactureswere43.5percent.AfteraccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization,thiswillbedownto6.9percent.Forprimaryproducts,thedeclineisfrom22.3to3.6percent.

(44)Goodorbadnews?

Between1979and2022,China'stermsoftrade-theratioofthepricesofitsexportstothoseofitsimports-fellby30percent.AsChina'sgrowthdrivesdowntherelativepriceofherexports,countriesthatcompeteinthirdmarketssufferdecliningprofitabilityandmarketshares.ButnetimportersofChina'sexportsandnetexportersofherimportsbenefit.

(45)TheeffectofdirectChinesecompetition

GainsareevenavailabletocountriesthatwouldseemvulnerabletodirectChinesecompetition.ThereasonistheverticalintegrationofChineseproduction.In1998,justunderaquarterofthevalueofChineseexportscontaineddirectandindirectimports.Notsurprisingly,suchproductionisparticularlyrelevanttoChina'sneighbors.

HowshouldothercountriesrespondtotheChineseshock?"Calmly"isthebestadvice.Thebiggestreasonforcalmcomesfromhistory.IfChinaispermittedtothriveasadynamicexporterofcheapmanufactures,itspeoplewillobtaintheprosperitytheywant.IfChinaisthwartedbyprotectionistbarriers,itspeoplewillbecorrespondinglyfrustratedanddangerous.Thechallengesofaccommodatingawide-awakeChinawillbehuge.Buttheycanandmustberisento.

A.Chinaalsoreducedthecoverageofnon-tariffbarriersfrom32.5percentofimportsto21.6percentbetween1996and2022.ThisliberalizationfurtherincreasethecompetitivenessofChina'sexports,becauseataxonimportsisalsoataxonexports.

B.AnotherWorldBankstudynotes,forexample,thatbetween1985and2022,exportsfromotherEastAsianemergingmarketeconomiestoChinagrewfrom59billionto835billion.In2022,15percentofEastAsiansexportstoChinaconsistedofpartsofofficemachinesandtelecommunicationsequipmentandelectronicmicrocircuits,allofwhichwereforassemblyandre-export.

C.Ifcurrenttrendsweresustained(whichisunlikely),China'sexportswouldsurpassthoseoftheUSbyabout2022.Overthe12monthstomay2022,Chineseexportsof3,660billionweretheworld'sfourthlargest,afterthoseoftheUS,GermanyandJapan.Itsimports,at3,230billion,werethesixthlargest,butwillsoonbebiggerthanthose

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directi