专题20上海高考说明文阅读技巧点睛（原题版）

?专题20上海高考说明文阅读技巧点睛_________________________________________________________________________________________考点精考点精讲【考情链接】上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。文章题材广泛，体裁多样，包括记叙文、新闻报道、应用文、说明文、议论文等。以下梳理说明文体裁主要阅读技巧。【要点梳理】[方法1]细节理解题说明文通常突出介绍事件的过程、步骤和方法，同时通过具体的事例、数字、定义或图表等加以说明，所以该文体中的细节理解题常常和这些过程、步骤、方法、事例、数字、定义、图表等相关。考生解题时一定要准确地理解这些事实细节，进而做好相关的细节理解题。【典例】（2023宝山一模）Whendisasterstrikesacommunity,itisoftencriticalthatassistancebeprovidedrightaway.Thebestfirstrespondersarethepeoplewhocallthatareahome.TheCommunityEmergencyResponseTeam(CERT)programteachescivilianshowtopreparethemselvesfordangersthatmightaffecttheircommunities.Teamsofvolunteersaretrainedinbasicskillssuchasfiresafetyandprevention,searchandrescue,andfirstaid.Aftertraining,thesevolunteerscanbegintoprovideimmediateassistanceintheconsequenceofdisastersbeforeprofessionalrescuersarrive.43.Accordingtothepassage,whendoCERTmembersusuallyprovideassistance?A.Beforethoseprofessionalrescuersarrive. B.Whenuniformedemergencyrespondersarrive.C.Duringtheearlystagesofadisastrousevent. D.Throughouttheprocessofrescueinadisaster.[方法2]主旨大意题说明文中的主旨大意题通常会体现作者写作的目的、文章主题思想、段落大意及阅读人群、文章出处等。这样，考生需要根据文章或段落的主题句、作者说明的主要内容等信息确定和主旨大意相关的试题，从而做出正确的选择。【典例】(2023静安一模)AsChristmasapproached,thepriceofturkeywentwild.Itdidn’trocket,assomemightsuggest.Nordiditcrash.Itjuststartedwaving.Weliveintheageofthevariableprices.Intheeyesofsellers,therightprice—theonethatwilldrawthemostprofitfromconsumers’wallets—hasbecomethefocusofhugeexperiments.Thesesortsofpriceexperimentshavebecomearoutinepartoffindingthatrightprice.Itmaycomeasasurprisethat,inbuyingapie,youmightbeparticipatinginacarefullydesignedsocial-scienceexperiment.Butthisiswhatonlinecomparisonshoppinghasbrought.Simplyput,theconveniencetoknowthepriceofanything,anytime,anywhere,hasgivenus,theconsumers,somuchpowerthatsellers—inadesperateefforttoregaintheupperhand,oratleastavoidextinction—arenowstaringbackthroughthescreen.Theyaretryingto“comparisonshopping”us.46.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Theadvantagesofonlineshoppingovertraditionalshopping.B.Measuressellerstaketomaximizeprofits.C.Theanalysisofpricingmechanism.D.ThebattlebetweenbuyersandsellersinInternetage.[方法3]标题判断题科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?等为设问方式，文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子，它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后归纳文章中心。【典例】（2023长宁一模）……Takenasawhole,however,thebookcontributesmuchtothediscussionoftheoriginsofemotions,presentingaremarkablecollectionofcross-culturalstudiesintermixedwithpersonalstoriesaboutforeignresidents’strugglestoreunitediverseemotionalandsocialworlds.……Thebook’stake-homemessageisfundamental:Therearenonaturalemotions,noinbornemotions,nouniversalemotions.Mesquitaarguesthatemotionsare“meaningmaking”and“apreparationforaction”andthattheideaof“emotionsasinnerstates”isaWesternconstruct.Instead,shesuggeststhatemotionsarea“dance”cocreatedbetweenpeoplewholiveinaspecificculturalcontextataparticularhistoricalmoment.46.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Theculturallandscapeofemotions B.TheculturaloriginofemotionsC.Theculturalconventionofemotions D.Theculturalshockofemotions[方法4]推理判断题为了考查考生的逻辑推理判断能力，说明文中的推理判断题通常要求考生推断出事件发展过程和步骤的重要环节以及作者使用举例和对比等写作手法的具体目的等。这时，考生需要联系文章的主题思想对推理判断题加以突破。【典例】（2023青浦区一模）Adatabasethatfollowstheworld’sfossilfuelproduction,reserves,andreleaseofcarbonwaslaunchedonMonday.Thelaunchcomesoutatthesametimeastwoimportantclimatetalkshappeningattheinternationallevel.OneistheclimatetalksattheUnitedNation’sGeneralAssemblyinNewYorkwhichbeganonSeptember13.TheotherisCOP27inSharmElSkeikhwhichbeganinNovember.Itreallymatterstoenvironmentalsustainability.……Untilnow,therehasbeenprivatedataavailableforpurchase,andresearchoftheworld’sfossilfuelusageandreserves.TheInternationalEnergyAgencyalsokeepspublicdataonoil,gas,andcoal.Butitcentersonthedemandforthosefossilfuels.Thisnewdatabase,however,looksatwhatisyettobeburned.Theinformationcouldhelpenvironmentalgroupstopressureleadersforstrongerpoliciesreducingtheamountofcarbontheyrelease.46.What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsthelaunchofthenewdatabase?A.Positive. B.Flexible. C.Critical. D.Ironical.[方法5]生词词义猜测题科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?或Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。词义猜测题的设置通常和定义、概念、举例等有关，这有助于对词汇的理解，解题时考生要注意捕捉这些信息，正确理解相关词汇的意思。【典例】（2023宝山一模）ACERTteamcanmakeahugedifferencetoacommunity.Duringtheearlystagesofadisastrousevent,citizenswilllikelyfaceextremechallengesontheirown.Emergencyservicesareusuallyoverwhelmed,andcommunitiesmaybeisolatedbecauseofblockedroads.ACERTteamcansizeupthesituationintheirneighborhoodandprovidehelprightaway.In1986,untrainedvolunteerssavedmorethan800livesintheMexicoCityearthquake.Unfortunately,atleast100volunteersalsodiedintheprocess.Toensuretheircommunitywasbetterpreparedineventslikethis,LosAngelespilotedthefirstCERTprogramin1986,andmanycitiesfollowedtheirlead.44.Theword“pilot”inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.conduct B.imitate C.pass D.discuss_____真题操真题操练2019年上海秋季高考英语真题CompositeimageofEuropeandNorthAfricaatnight,2016.Credit:NASAEarthObservatoryimagesbyJoshuaStevens,usingSuomiNPPVIIRSdatafromMiguelRoman,NASA’sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.Artificiallightisoftenseenasasignofprogress:themarchofcivilizationshinesalightinthedark;ittakesbackthenight;itilluminates.Butachorusofscientistsandadvocatesarguesthatunnaturallybrightnightsarebadnotjustforastronomersbutalsofornocturnal(夜间活动的)animalsandevenforhumanhealth.Nowresearchshowsthenightisgettingevenbrighter.From2012to2016theearth’sartificiallylitareaexpandedbyanestimated2.2percentayear(map),accordingtoastudypublishedlastNovemberinScienceAdvances.Eventhatincreasemayunderstatetheproblem,however.Themeasurementexcludeslightfrommostoftheenergy-efficientLEDlampsthathavebeenreplacingsodium-vaportechnologyincitiesallovertheworld,saysleadstudyauthorChristopherKyba,apostdoctoralresearcherattheGermanResearchCenterforGeosciencesinPotsdam.ThenewdatacamefromaNASAsatelliteinstrumentcalledtheVisibleInfraredImagingRadiometerSuite(VIIRS).Itcanmeasurelong---wavelengthsoflight,suchasthoseproducedbytraditionalyellow-and-orangesodium-vaporstreetlamps.ButVIIRScannotseetheshort-wavelengthbluelightproducedbywhiteLEDs.Thislighthasbeenshowntodisrupthumansleepcyclesandnocturnalanimals’behavior.Credit:MappingSpecialists;Source:“ArtificiallyLitSurfaceofEarthatNightIncreasinginRadianceandExtent,”byChristopherC.M.Kybaetal.,inScienceAdvances,Vol.3,No.11,ArticleNo.E;November22,2017.TheteambelievestheongoingswitchtoLEDscausedalreadybrightcountriessuchasItaly,theNetherlands,SpainandtheU.S.toregisterashavingstablelevelsofilluminationintheVIERSdata.Incontrast,mostnationsinSouthAmerica,AfricaandAsiabrightened,suggestingincreasesintheuseoftraditionallighting.Australiaactuallyappearedtoloselitarea—buttheresearcherssaythatisbecausewildfiresskewedthedata.“ThefactthatVIIRSfindsanincrease(inmanycountries),despiteitsblindnessinthepartofthespectrumthatincreasedmore,isverysad,”saysFabioFalchi,aresearcheratItaly’sLightPollutionScienceandTechnologyInstitute,whodidnotparticipateinthestudy.In2016Falchi,alongwithKybaandseveralothermembersofhisresearchteam,publishedaglobalatlasofartificiallightingthatshowedonethirdoftheworld’spopulationcurrentlylivesunderskiestoobrighttoseetheMilkyWayatnight.ThedataalsocastdoubtontheideathattheLEDlightingrevolutionwillleadtoenergycostsavings.Between2012and2016themediannationpumpedout15percentmorelong-wavelengthlightasitsGDPincreasedby13percent.Andoverall,countries’totallightproductioncorrelatedwiththeirGDP.Inotherwords,Kybasays,“webuyasmuchlightaswearewillingtospendmoneyon.”Whichisnottrueaboutthespreadoflitareas?A.Litareaexpandedbyanestimated2.2percentayear. B.Artificiallightisoftenseenasasignofprogress.C.TheincreaseinGDPisduetotheincreaseinlight. D.Itisbadfornocturnalanimalsandevenforhumanhealth.WhatisthefunctionofVIIRS?A.ItcantakingpicturesoftheEarthtosolveproblems.B.Itcanrecordandanalyselongwavelengthsoflight.C.ItisaNASAsatellitearoundtheearth.D.Itcanfindthelightthatisbadforhumansleepcycles.Accordingtothearticle,whatwecanknowabouttheLEDs?A.UnnaturallyLEDlightsarebadforpeople.B.Itisasignofcivilizationinmodernsociety.C.VIIRScanseethelightproducedbywhiteLEDs.D.ArtificiallylitsurfaceofEarthincreasingbecauseofLEDs.66. Theauthorwritesthisarticleto__________.A.showthenightisgettingevenbrighterB.tellpeoplethatVIIRSmeasurelongwavelengthsoflightC.complainthattheMilkyWayisnotvisibleatnightD.attempttoarousepeople’sawarenessoflightpollution2014年上海秋季高考英语真题Ifyoucouldbeanybodyintheworld,whowoulditbe?Yourneighbourorasuperstar?Afewpeoplehaveexperiencedwhatitmightbeliketostepintotheskinofanotherperson,thankstoanunusualvirtualreality（虚拟现实）device.RikkeWahl,anactress,modelandartist,wasoneoftheparticipantsinabodyswappingexperimentattheBeAnotherlab,aprojectdevelopedbyagroupofartistsbasedinBarcelona.Sheswappedwithherpartner,anactor,usingamachinecalledTheMachinetoBeAnotherandtemporarilybecameaman."AsIlookeddown,Isawmywholebodyasaman,dressedinmypartner'spants,"shesaid."That'sthepictureIrememberbest."Theset-upisrelativelysimple.Bothuserswearavirtualrealityheadsetwithacameraonthetop.Thevideofromeachcameraissenttotheotherperson,sowhatyouseeistheexactviewofyourpartner.Ifshemovesherarm,youseeit.Ifyoumoveyourarm,sheseesit.Togetusedtoseeinganotherperson'sbodywithoutactuallyhavingcontrolofit,participantsstartbyraisingtheirarmsandlegsveryslowly,sothattheothercanfollowalong.Eventually,thiskindofslowsynchronised（同步的）movementbecomescomfortable,andparticipantsreallystarttofeelasthoughtheyarelivinginanotherperson'sbody.Usingsuchtechnologypromisestoalterpeople'sbehaviourafterwards-potentiallyforthebetter.Studieshaveshownthatvirtualrealitycanbeeffectiveinfightingracism-thebias（偏见）thathumanshaveagainstthosewhodon'tlookorsoundlikethem.ResearchersattheUniversityofBarcelonagavepeopleaquestionnairecalledtheImplicitAssociationTest,whichmeasuresthestrengthofpeople'sassociationsbetween,forinstance,blackpeopleandadjectivessuchasgood,bad,athleticorawkward.Thentheyaskedthemtocontrolthebodyofadarkskinneddigitalcharacterusingvirtualrealityglasses,beforetakingthetestagain.Thistime,theparticipants'biasscoreswerelower.Theideaisthatonceyou've"putyourselfinanother'sshoes"you'relesslikelytothinkillofthem,becauseyourbrainhasinternalisedthefeelingofbeingthatperson.ThecreatorsofTheMachinetoBeAnotherhopetoachieveasimilarresult."Attheendofbodyswapping,peoplefeellikeholdingeachotherintheirarms,"saysArthurPointeau,aprogrammerwiththeproject."It'sareallynicewaytohavethiskindofexperience.Iwouldreally,reallyrecommendittoeveryone."74.Theword"swapping"(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto______.A.buildingB.exchangingC.controllingD.transplanting75.WecaninferfromtheexperimentattheBeAnotherlabthat______.A.ourfeelingsarerelatedtoourbodilyexperienceB.wecanlearntotakecontrolofotherpeople'sbodiesC.participantswilllivemorepassionatelyaftertheexperimentD.TheMachinetoBeAnothercanhelppeoplechangetheirsexes76.IntheImplicitAssociationTest,beforetheparticipantsusedvirtualrealityglassestocontroladarkskinneddigitalcharacter,______.A.theyfoughtstronglyagainstracismB.theyscoredloweronthetestforracismC.theychangedtheirbehaviourdramaticallyD.theyweremorebiasedagainstthoseunlikethem77.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.A.technologyhelpspeoplerealizetheirdreamsB.ourbiasescouldbeeliminatedthroughexperimentsC.virtualrealityhelpspromoteunderstandingamongpeopleD.ourpointsofviewaboutothersneedchangingconstantly_____好题必好题必测【上海市复旦大学附属中学2022-2023学年高三上学期11月教学质量检测英语试题】Thateveryone’stoobusythesedaysisacliche.Butonespecificcomplaintismadefrequently:There’sneveranytimetoread.AprofessionalreaderthenovelistandcriticTimParks,wroteinaNewYorkReviewofBooksessay:“Everymomentofseriousreadinghastobefoughtfor,plannedfor.”ParkswrotethatinJune;lastmonth,Ifinallyfoundtimetoreadit.Whatmakestheproblemthornieristhattheusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tseemsufficient.Theweb’sfullofarticlesofferingtipsonmakingtimetoread:“GiveupTV”or“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”.Butinmyexperience,usingsuchmethodstofreeuptheodd30minutesdoesn’twork.Sitdowntoreadandtheflywheelofwork-relatedthoughtskeepsspinning—...elseyou’resoexhaustedthatachallengingbook’sthelastthingyouneed.“Themodernmind,”Parkswrites,“isoverwhelminglyinclinedtowardcommunication...Itisnotsimplythatoneisinterrupted;itisthatoneisactuallyinclinedtointerruption.”Deepreadingrequiresnotjusttime,butaspecialkindoftimewhichcan’tbeobtainedmerelybybecomingmoreefficient.Infact,“becomingmoreefficient”ispartoftheproblem.Thinkingoftimeasaresourcetobemaximizedmeansyouapproachitinstrumentally,judginganygivenmomentaswellspentonlyinsofarasitadvancesprogresstowardsomegoal.Immersivereading,bycontrast,dependsonbeingwillingtoriskinefficiency,goallessness,eventime-wasting.Trytoslotitasato-dolistitemandyou’llmanageonlygoal-focusedreading—useful,sometimes,butnotthemostfulfillingkind.“Thefuturecomesatuslikeemptybottlesalonganunstoppableandnearlyinfiniteconveyorbelt,”writesGaryEberleinhisbookSacredTime,and“wefeelapressuretofillthesedifferent-sizedbottles(days,hours,minutes)astheypass,foriftheygetbywithoutbeingfilled,wewillhavewastedthem”.Nomind-setcouldbeworseforlosingyourselfinabook.Sowhatdoeswork?Perhapssurprisingly,schedulingregulartimesforreading.You’dthinkthismightfueltheefficiencymind-set,butinfact,Eberlenotes,suchritualisticbehaviourhelpsus“stepoutsidetime’sflow”into“soultime”.Youcouldlimitdistractionsbyreadingonlyphysicalbooks,oronsingle-purposee-readers.“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”canactuallywork,too-providingyoudipinoftenenough,sothatreadingbecomesthedefaultstatefromwhichyoutemporarilysurfacetotakecareofbusiness,beforedroppingbackdown.Onareallygoodday,itnolongerfeelsasifyou’re“makingtimetoread,”butjustreading,andmakingtimeforeverythingelse.43.Theusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tworkbecause_________.A.whattheycanofferdoesnoteasethemodernmindB.whatchallengingbooksdemanditrepetitivereadingC.whatpeopleoftenforgetiscarryingabookwiththemD.whatdeepreadingrequirescannotbeguaranteed44.The“emptybottles”metaphorillustratesthatpeoplefeelapressureto_________.A.updatetheirto-dolists B.makepassingtimefulfillingC.carrytheirplansthrough D.pursuecarefreereading45.Eberlewouldagreethatschedulingregulartimesforreadinghelps__________.A.encouragetheefficiencymind-set B.developonlinereadinghabitsC.promoteritualisticreading D.achieveimmersivereading46.“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”canworkif_________.A.readingbecomesyourprimarybusinessofthedayB.allthedailybusinesshasbeenpromptlydealtwithC.youareabletodropbacktobusinessafterreadingD.timecanbeevenlysplitforreadingandbusiness上海师范大学附属外国语中学高三第二学期四月线上诊断Dependingonwhomyoubelieve,theaverageAmericanwill,overalifetime,waitinlinesfortwoyears(saysnationalpublicradio)orfiveyears(accordingtosomecustomer-loyaltyexperts).Thecrucialwordisaverage,aswealthyAmericansroutinelyavoidlinesaltogether.Oncethemostdemocraticofinstitutions,linesarerapidlybecomingtheexclusiveprovinceofsuckers(peoplewhostillbelieveinandpracticewaitinginlines).Poorsuckers,mostly.AirportsresembleFrancebeforetheRevolution:first-classpassengersenjoy"elite"securitylinesandpriorityboarding,anddisembarkbeforetheunwashedincoach,heldatbaybyaflightattendant,areallowedtofoultheJet-way.Atamusementparks,too,youcannowbuyyourwayoutofline.ThissummerIhaplesslywatchedkidsusea$52GoldFlashPasstojumpthelinesatSixFlagsNewEngland,andsimilarsystemsareinuseinmostmajorAmericanthemeparks,fromUniversalOrlandotoWaltDisneyWorld,wherethehavesgettowatchthehave-moresbreezepastontheirwaytotheirseats.FlashPassteacheschildrenavaluablelessoninreal-worldeconomics;thatthericharemoreimportantthanyou,especiallywhenitcomestowaiting.AnNBAplayeroncesaidtome,withabemusedchuckleofdisbelief,thatwhenplayinginCanada—getthis—"Wehavetowaitinthesamecustomslineaseverybodyelse."Almosteverylinecanbebreachedforaprice.InseveralU.S.citiesthissummer,earlyarriversamongtheearlyadopterswaitingtobuyiPhonesofferedtoselltheirspotsinthelines.OnCraigslist,prospectiveiPhonepurchasersofferedtopay"waiters"or"placeholders"towaitinlineforthemoutsideApplestores.Inevitably,somesemi-populistpoliticianshaveseenthevalueofsort-ofwaitinginlineswiththeordinarypeople.BillionaireNewYorkmayorMichaelBloombergoftenwaitsforthesubwaywithhisfellowcitizens,thoughhe'sfirstdrivenbymotorcadepastthestopnearesthishousetoastation22blocksaway,wherethewait,oratleasttheride,isshorter.Nothingannoysanationallawmakermorethanapersonwhowillnotwaitinline,unlessthatline