科技英语翻译专题 知识点汇总

a碱矿铀。材料：()))))))))))))))硅铝ss:a中间结构”a(]’和aaaade·ter·gentɪ]机械：Smarthome智能家居//////:+-(断裂)+–))))()()))/))/ˈɪə)/ˈɪə)/ˈ))))ɪə)))steel()steel()steel()steel()))硬化、淬火)(回火)(退火)(正火))计算机中央处理器CPU=centralprocessingunit存储器memoryInputdevice输入设备操作系统OperatingsystemApplicationsoftware应用软件Databasesystem数据库系统parallelcomputation并行计算computer-humaninteraction人机交互computergraphics,计算机图形学numericalandsymboliccomputation数值与符号计算Virtual虚拟现实CloudComputing-云计算Silicon[ˈkn,-ˌkɑn]（硅谷）Searchengine搜索引擎basicprogrammer基础程序员theInternetofThings物联网wiredandwirelessnetworks有线/无线网络数量(volume)、速度(velocity)、多样性(variety)。Stockvalues股票市值DT(Data数据处理技术Retrieve检索Offline离线计算Memorycomputing-内存计算（秒级）：Stream/Real-timecomputing流式/实时计算（毫秒）collaborativefiltering协同过滤Smartcity智慧城市barometric[ˌbær'metrk]sensors气压传感器customerretention客户挽留coupledmodels耦合模型Aerosiderite陨铁Coke焦炭BF=blastfurnaces高炉氧气顶吹转炉;Converter转化炉Reduce还原Bosh炉腹Belly炉腰Shaft轴Hearth炉膛Raceway燃烧空窝Decarburize脱碳Ladle钢包Recrystallization再结晶[];;;Two-strand二流Rolling轧制tightlyadherentoxidelayers(致密氧化层)Excellentformability可塑性creepatelevatedtemperatures高温蠕变性Matrix基质（矩阵）Breakout漏钢Crudeironmetalisproducedinblastfurnaceswhereoreisreducedbycoketopigiron.生铁是在高炉内通过焦炭还原原料而得到的。Inrecentyears,moreexactcontrolhasbeenrequiredonthecompositionandmorphologyofinclusionsinmoltensteel.近年来对钢中夹杂物成分和形貌的控制有了更精确的要求。Oxideinclusionswithirregularand（团聚）morphologymaycausecrackflawduringtherollingprocess.不规则以及团聚状的氧化物夹杂可能会在轧制过程中造成裂纹缺陷。Thetypesofcontinuouscastersincludetheverticaltypeandthehorizontaltype.连铸机的种类有立式连铸机和水平连铸机两类。ferrousmetallurgy钢铁冶金non-ferrousmetallurgy非铁金属冶金Smelting熔炼MineralProcessing选矿Pyrometallurgy火法冶金Hydrometallurgy湿法冶金Electrometallurgy电冶金Precipitation沉淀cementation（粘结）purificationandconcentration净化和浓缩Electrowinning电热冶金Electro-refining电化冶金Thermalspraying热力喷雾Plating电镀Amalgam汞合金，汞齐Thermocouple热电偶plate在普通英语中：“盘子”在冶金英语中：“电镀”breakout在普通英语中：“打破”在冶金英语中：“漏钢”BF=blastfurnace高炉DRI=directlyreducediron直接还原铁ESR=electroslagremelting电渣重熔VOD=vacuumoxygendecarburizationprocess真空吹氧脱碳法名词+名词carbonsteel碳钢furnaceroof炉顶equilibriumconstant平衡常数pigiron生铁名词+动词airblow吹气副词+动词overblow过吹副词+过去分词magneticallyseparated磁性分离形容词名词predominancearea优势区exothermicreaction放热反应longnozzle长水口interfacialenergy界面自由能finepowder细粉借词+名词by-product副产品动词+副词breakout拉漏anti-反对、防止：antibody抗体antioxidants抗氧化剂auto-自己的、独立的：autobiographic自传体的automate自动操作iso-相同、相等：isobar等压线isotherm等温线thermo-热的：thermocouple热电偶thermometer温度计hydro-水的、液体的：hydrometallurgy湿法冶金Whenthevoltageisstepped-upby10times,thestrengthofthecurrentisstepped-downby10times,sothatthepowerremainsthesame.当电压升高10倍时，电流强度则降低到1/10，因此功率保持不变。DRIderivedfromvirginironoreunitsisarelativelypurematerialwhichdilutescontaminantsinthescrapandimprovesthesteelquality.译文：由天然铁矿石冶炼而成的直接还原铁是一种相对纯净的产品，它的杂质比废钢中的少，从而提高了钢的质量。：Concreteismadeofcement,sand,stonesandwater.译文：混凝土是用水泥、沙子、石子和水制成的。：Solventsareusedtotreatoresandconcentrates.译文：采用溶剂来处理矿石或精矿。Liquidmetaliscastintometalingotsordirectlyintofinishedmetalobjects.译文：把液态金属铸成金属锭，也可以直接铸造成成品金属件。Withthemorecomplexshapesandwhenlessductileandmalleablematerialsareused,itisnecessarytogothroughaseriesofstagesbeforethefinalshapecanbeproducedfromtherawmaterial.译文：如果形状比较复杂，而所用材料的可延性和可锻性较差，就需经过一系列过程，才能使原材料成形。Therustingofironisonlyoneexampleofcorrosion,whichmaybedescribedasthedestructivechemicalattackofametalbymediawithwhichitcomesincontact,suchasmoisture,airandwater.译文：可以认为，腐蚀是金属在接触湿气、空气和水等介质时所受到的破坏性化学侵蚀，铁生锈只是其中一个例子。Anacidisacompoundwhosesolutionscanproducehydrogenions.译文：酸是一种化合物，其溶液能产生氢离子。（分译定语从句）钢水liquidsteel,moltensteel沸腾钢rimmingsteel,rimmedsteel镇静钢killedsteel电炉炼钢electricsteelmaking铁水预处理hotmetalpretreatment钢包精炼ladlerefining文化遗产保护CulturalHeritageConservation科学技术与社会ScienceandTechnologyandSociety近现代技术史与工业遗产ModernandContemporaryHistoryofTechnologyandIndustrialHeritageTheJesuitsandtheircollaboratorsalsotranslatedmanyworksofAristoteliannaturalphilosophyintoclassicalChinese.Thesetranslationspresentedthesystemofschools,curricula,examinations,anddegreesinaThomisticmannerandwerebasedonbothJesuitpedagogyattheRomanCollegeandPortuguesetexts,whichrepresentedanewsynthesisoftheworksofAristotleandtheinterpretationsofThomasAquinas.耶稣会士及其合作者也把亚里士多德的诸多自然哲学著述译成文言文。这些译注以托马斯主义的方式介绍了学校、课程、考试、学位等制度，它们以罗马学院耶稣会士教学法和葡萄牙语的课本为基础，这些都象征着亚里士多德著述和托马斯·阿奎那论说的一种新结合。In1629,XuGuangqi(HsüKuangch'i),LiZhizao,andtheircoterieofJesuittranslatorsproducedanessentialseriesoftranslationsonastronomicalreforfromthelatestEuropeanworks.TheyentitledittheMathematicalAstronomyoftheChongzhenReign(1635),andalthoughitwasneverpublishedasacompletecollection,manyofitsincludedworkswerepublished.1629他们将之定名为《崇祯历书》，虽然它从未完整地出版过，但其中许多著述还是得以刊印发行。ToavoidtheappearancethatEuropeanlearningtookprecedenceoverChineselearning,XuGuangqistressedtotheemperorthatWesternmethodswouldyieldacomprehensivesystemthatwouldharmonizeEuropeanandChinesemeasurements:MeltingthematerialandsubstanceofWesternknowledge,wewillcastthemintothemoldoftheGrandConcordancesystem.”Suchaccommodativelanguagedivertedattentionfromwhatthetranslationsactuallysignified,thatis,anewcosmologicalsystem.为了避免出现欧洲学问比中国学问优先的情况，徐光启向皇帝强调，西方的方法将会产生一个协调欧洲和中国测量法的全面体系：“熔化西学知识的材料和本质，铸入大统历体系的模子。”如此调和的语言，转移了人们对译著实际表达的意义，即一种新的宇宙学体系的关注。Wyliefailedtoclarifythehistoricalcontextbehindthehistorictranslation,however.Cambridgereformersinthe1820shadcontendedthatbecausetheyusedNewtonianfluxions,whichobscurethecoherenceofthecalculus,theBritishhadbeenlosinggroundinmathematicssincethe1740s.Indeed,ittookanothercenturyforthemtocatchuptotheFrench,who,using’snotationalforms,hadsuccessfullydevelopedaseriesofrule-likedifferentialandintegralequationsthatengineersdidnotneedtoreconceptualizeeachtime.然而，伟烈亚力并没有把隐藏在这一具有历史意义的翻译之后的历史背景交代清楚。剑桥的改革者们在19世纪20年代称，由于采用的牛顿流数法隐匿了微分和积分的一致性，英国数学家自18世纪40年代以来在数学领域不断败退，以致他们用了近一个世纪的时间才赶上法国数学家——法国人运用莱布尼茨创立的符号形式，成功地发展出一套关于微积分方程的准法则，大大方便了工程师们应用。ZhongTianweitiedhisaccountofspeciesvariationtothenaturalprincipleoftheheavenly”whichcontrastedwiththemoreclassicallydomesticatednotionof“heavenly”thatYanFupresentedadecadelaterinhistranslation.钟天纬将他关于物种变化的解释同“天道自然之理”联系在了一起，这与严复在十年之后的翻译更加拟古地移用了”天择“的概念这一做法形成了强烈的对比。JustastheChineseeventuallylearnedaboutCopernicusdespitetheJesuits’effortstoconcealhistheoryofasun-centeredcosmos,sotootheylearnedaboutDarwininspiteofmissionaryattemptstoreplacethetheoryofnaturalselectionwithaChristiannaturaltheology.TheChinesePrizeEssayContestrevealsthattheProtestantenterprise,onceitsreligiousagendawasexposed,wasnomoreconvincingtomanyChineseinthelatenineteenthcenturythantheJesuittranslationagendahadbeenintheseventeenthandeighteenth.Hence,aftertheSino-JapaneseWar,ChineseliteratiquicklyturnedtoMeijiJapanforthelatestcurrentsinmodernscience.正如尽管耶稣会士极力隐瞒哥白尼的日心说，但中国人最终还是知道了这种宇宙观一样，虽然传教士试图用基督教的自他对9世纪的很多中国人来说就不再是令人信服的了，这就像17-18世纪的耶稣会士翻译一样。因此，中日甲午战争之后，中国文人迅速转向明治日本学习最先进的现代科学知识。Moreover,FryerdiscardedthenotionthatEnglishwouldbecomeauniversallanguageorthatChinawouldeverberuledbyforeignpowers.Hethendescribedthemethodoftranslatingthatheandhiscoworkersemployedandnotedthetranslators’effortstoestablishasystematicnomenclaturebasedonthreelinguisticchoices:(1)usingexistingnomenclaturefromnativeworksontheartsandsciences,(2)coiningnewtermsbycreatinganewcharacter,inventingadescriptiveterm,orphoneticizingaWesterntermaccordingtotheMandarindialect,or(3)constructingageneralvocabularylistoftermsandpropernames.此外，傅兰雅还摒弃了英语将成为世界通用语言或中国将被外国列强统治的看法。他接着描述了他和他的合作者采用的翻译方法，指出了翻译者努力建立一套基于三种语言学情形的术语系统：（1）使用本国艺术和科学著作中已有的名称，（2）通过造新字、发明描述性术语或根据官话音译西方术语来创造新词，（3）建立一份术语和专有名称的词汇总表。ChinesepressesalsopublishedtranslationsofJapanesetextsingreaternumbers,andtheywereeasiertoreadbecauseonlyChinesecompiledthem.Moreover,thequalityoftranslationsfromworksbyJapanesescientistswasbetterthanthoseoftheearlierscienceprimers,becauseChinesetranslatorsthemselvescouldunderstandtheJapaneseoriginals.中国的出版机构也大量出版翻译成中文的日本课本，由于全部是由中国人编译的，这些译著比先前那些由西人和中国人合作翻译的书籍更容易阅读和理解。更为重要的是，这些根据日本科学家的著述翻译的译本的质量，要比先前那些初级科学读物的译本好得多，因为中国翻译者自己就能理解日文原著。alternativeenergy替代能源pollutioncontrolandmitigation环境控制和缓解theatmosphere(大气圈),thehydrosphere(水圈),thegeosphere()andthebiosphere(生物圈)Dustpollution粉尘污染Ozonedepletion臭氧层损耗Eutrophicationandalgaebloom富营养化及藻华Heavymetalspollution重金属污染Soilerosion土壤侵蚀Municipalsolidwaste城市固体垃圾Landdesertification土地沙漠化Biomassenergy生物质能Solarcells太阳能电池Organicfoods有机食品power：（数学）幂或者乘方Xn：XtothepowernththenthpowerofX；（物理）功率horsepower马力COD——ChemicalOxygenDemand化学需氧量BOD——BiochemicalOxygenDemand生化需氧量——DissolvedOxygen溶解氧——TotalOrganicCarbon总有机碳——TotalOxygenDemand总需氧量TSP——TotalSuspendedParticulate总悬浮微粒，又称总悬浮颗粒物TP——TotalPhosphorus总磷，即含磷的无机物，有机物的总的含磷浓度PM10Particulatematterwithparticlesizebelow10microns（空气动力学直径小于或等于10微米的颗粒物，也称可吸入颗粒物或飘尘）POPsPersistentOrganicPollutants持久性有机污染物屠宰废水：slaughteringwastewater有机质：organicmatters可生化性：biodegradability水解酸化：hydrolysisacidification厌氧生物：anaerobicorganism氧化工艺：oxidationtechnologyEg.LRCshavealowersulphurcontent.低阶煤的硫含量较低。Steamturbinesprovidearelativelysmalllossofenergy.汽轮机的能量损耗较小。Hot-setsystemproduceshigherstrengththancoldset-system.热固系统比冷固系统的强度高。Eg.Therearemanynewtechnologiesanddeviceswhichareusedtoremovethenitrogenandphosphorousinwastewater.很多新技术和新设备被用于去除废水中的氮和磷。其他定从Eg.Thechemicalpropertiesofacertainelementwhichdependonthearrangementoftheseelectrons,particulartheouter,orvalenceelectrons,arethesame.分译：各元素的化学性质是一样的，这一性质取决于电子（尤其是外层电子）的排列方式。合译：元素的化学性质取决于电子（尤其是外层电子）的排列方式，在这一点上各元素是一样的。译成表示原因的分句Thisgreenhouseeffectisdueprimarilytowatervaporandcarbondioxide,whichhavest