2023年雅思阅读题

第二部分雅思考试八大题型之标题相应题DAY1题型讲解标题相应属于雅思阅读中非常特殊的一种题型，它是典型的主旨考察题,不同于雅思阅读中的其他细节考察题型。一段话的标题(heading）往往就是这段话的主旨，或者说这段话的中心思想。而要拟定段落的中心思想,就不能从某个细节入手,而应考虑整个段落的结构和框架,这样才干得出对的的答案。这种题型对学生的词汇量、语感和整体把握的能力规定较高,所以规定我们在做这种题目的时候要注意整体把握，而不是只抠细节。解题技巧1.先将例子所在的选项从选项列表中划掉。注意：虽然Hｅading题的选项肯定比题目个数多，但是选项是一定不会反复使用的。因素很简朴，每段话都有一个不同的主旨,只相应一个标题;假如反复,那就意味着两个不同的段落主旨相同,这是不也许的,由于若主旨相同肯定会合成一段而非提成两段。所以,若题目中出现了这样的提醒：Ｙouｍayuseaｎｙheadingmｏrethanoｎce,主线不用管,这是个陷阱。2.对于Headinｇ题，我们要先读文章，再看选项，读一段话，做一道题。注意:这种题目不宜先看选项，由于这是一种主旨归纳题而不是细节考察题,最怕先入为主，选项中有很多干扰项，看了之后会影响大家客观地理解段落真正的主旨。３.读每段话时,要抓住该段的主题句或中心词。对的答案往往是主题句的改写或包含相应段落的中心词。4.某段话的答案拟定后,将它的选项从选项列表中划去。５.这种题目中的干扰项往往是段落中未展开说明的细节,有时候我们可以适当使用排除法,以缩小选择范围。备注：1）所有的标题只会用一次;2)问句一般不会是主题句（起过渡作用）;3）举例子的句子不会是主题句；4）若碰到某个段落的标题不能拟定期,务必先做其他段落,以免导致“连锁错误”,即错一个往往就意味着错两个。实战演练Ｙoｕareadviｓedtosｐeｎdaｂｏut２0minuteｓonQuestions１－6.Pleaｓeｃｈoosethemosｔｓｕitableｈeadiｎgsfoｒｐａｒagrａphslisｔｅｄbelow.NB：Therearemｏreheａdinｇstｈanparagｒaphs,ｓoyｏuwiｌｌｎotusetｈｅmall.Youmayｕseanyhｅadingｍｏｒｅthaｎonｃe.ＬistofＨｅadinｇsAnimportantforｍoftrａｎｓｐoｒtatioｎThegreａtiｎdusｔrｉalizationinthe20ｔｈcenturyThepercｅｉvｅdaｄｖａnｔaｇｅｓofmａsstransitsｙｓtemsComplicateｄandpｏliｔicaｌfａｃtorｓMoｒeｅfficｉentaｎdｃomfortablｅmassｔraｎsｉｔsｙsｔemｓWｈatisacａrcｕltuｒecountryFeweropｅratｏrsbutmorepａｓｓengersTheｄecｌinein1970aｎdｉtｓｒeasonsＦｒom1920stoearｌy１９70sThedｅfiｎitionｏfｍａssｔransitThegrｏwingenvｉronmentconcｅｒnsandｔｈenｅwsｙstemsＭassｔraｎsiｔsysｔemsinthｅUSA１．ＰａraｇraphA:2.ParagｒaｐhＢ:３.ParａgraｐhＣ：４.ParａgraphD:5.ParagrａphＥ:6.PaｒagraｐｈF:ＭassTｒansｉtAMaｓstraｎｓiｔｒeferｓtomｕniｃipalorregｉonａｌpｕbliｃsharｅdtranspoｒtation,suｃhａsbusｅs,streetcarsandｆerrｉes，ｏpｅnｔoallonanoｎresｅrveｄｂasis．Aniｍpoｒtantformofｍassｔranｓitisrapidtransｉt,sucｈassuｂwaｙｓanｄｓurfａcelightrailsｙsｔems,deｓignedfｏrcommutｉnｇbetｗeｅnurｂａnandsubｕrban(orｅxｕrban)ｃenters.Ｍassｔraｎsｉｔｃａｎbeｄivideｄｉｎtofixｅｄrｏuｔesyｓtemｓ（ｏfteｎiｎvolviｎgrails),suchａｓstｒeeｔcarsandｓubｗaytraiｎｓ，andｎoｎ-fixｅdroｕtetransit（ａlｏnｇsurfａｃｅｓtreetsorwaｔer）,suchaｓbuｓesandfｅｒries,butｄoeｓnｏtusuaｌlyiｎclｕdｅaｉrｐlａnｅs,taxis,orloｎｇ-distａｎｃｅrailwithmorefoｒmaｌticketｉngproｃeｄｕreｓ.ＢＭasstｒanｓitsｙｓtemsofｆerｃonsiderablesavingsinlaｂｏr,mateｒｉaｌsａnｄeｎergyoverpｒivateｔrａｎsｉtsysteｍs.Sincefａｒfeweroｐeratorsareｒeｑuiredｆorpｅrpａssengeｒtraｎｓpoｒteｄ,theycanbｅbetｔertrａinedandmorｅstｒictｌylicｅnsｅｄaｎdsuｐeｒvised.Wｈenutｉliｚedtoａnyｒeaｓｏnabｌｅfrａcｔionoｆthｅircapacitｙ，masｓtranｓitvｅhiｃlesｃaｒrｙafａrhigheｒpassengｅrｌｏａdperunitofweighｔａndｖolumetｈandoprivａteveｈｉｃleｓ.Ｔheyalsooｆferfuelｓavｉnｇs,notonｌybecaｕseoftheｒelatｉveｒeductiｏｎinweighｔtrａnspｏrｔed，ｂutalsobecaｕseｔheｙａｒelaｒgeenoughtocａｒｒymoｒeeffｉcｉentengines．Fuｒtheｒ,iｆeｍphasisisｇiventｏmasstranｓiｔinｔｈeplanningoffuturegroundtranspｏｒｔatiｏｎsystｅms，smallerrighｔsofwayｗｉllｂeｐossible,lesｓｅｎingｔｈeamountoflａｎdscapethａtmustbｅｐavedoverforｈｉghwaysanｄroａdｓ.Aｌthｏughｍaｓstｒａｎsitｏｆfersmaｎｙsavinｇs,ｉｔdｏesrequｉresomeｓaｃrｉficｅsinpｅｒｓｏnalconvｅnieｎce.Therｅｉstheneceｓsｉtytotravelonafｉxedｒatherthananindividualｌyｓelectedscｈedulｅandtｏｅnteranddisembａrkｆｒomｔhesystemonｌｙａtcertaｉnｄｅｓignａｔedlｏｃａtiｏｎs.Ｔhｅobviｏusgoalｆoramasｓtranｓitsｙstemistohaveasfewunuseｄpassenｇｅraccｏｍmodatｉonaspoｓsｉblｅ.CＴｈehiｓｔoryofｍaｓstranspｏrtａtｉonｉsiｎtiｍateｌyｃｏnnecteｄtoiｎｄuｓtｒialｉzａtiｏn,urbanizａｔion,ａndｔhesepaｒatioｎofresｉdｅｎcｅｆroｍworkplａce．Bｙｔhebeｇｉnｎingofthe20thcentury，Loｎdon,NewＹork,Boston,Pariｓ,Budapｅst,andotheｒmajoｒcｉtｉeshａdｆixedｒailsubｗayｓystemｓ(sｏmetimeseleｖaｔｅｄ);ｂytｈｅ1920sbusesｗｅrecommon.IntｈeＵnｉtedSｔateｓ，patrｏnａgeofmａsstranｓiｔgｒｅｗstｅadｉlｙｆrｏm1990(sixbiｌlionpasｓengersｐerｙｅaｒ)to１９27(ｏvｅr１7bｉｌlioｎ),buｔｐlummeｔedｄuringtheGrｅａtDepｒessｉoｎ.PａtrｏnａｇｅgｒewａgaｉnｄｕrｉnｇWorldWarII,pｅａkinｇin194６ａt２３ｂillｉonriders，butthenｄrｏｐpｅdｓteadilyｅｖeｒyyearunｔiｌｔheｍｉldrenａissaｎceofpｕblicｔransｉtintｈeeａrly１97０ｓ.DTｈeｔotalｎumbｅｒofrideｒsin1９70waslessｔhanｔhaｔof19１0.Ｔhereaｓｏnsfｏｒtｈesｅdecｌｉneｓareｃｏmplexanｄｏfteｎpoliticａl．LoｓＡngeｌｅs，forｅxamｐle,ｈaｄover1，000mｉlesｏftrｏｌleyanｄｉnｔｅruｒｂaｎｌｉｎesbefore1９3０；ｔｈiｓｓｙsｔemwastａkeｎoｖerｂｙaprｉvatecｏmpaｎy,dｉsmaｎtled,aｎdreｐlａcedｗithｎoisy，pｏllutingandｃｏmparatiｖeｌyslowｂｕses.Sinceｆewpeoplechoｓｅtorｉｄｅtｈem，ｃosｔsrose，ｔheｒebycuttingthenumｂｅｒoｆpasseｎgeｒsfurther.Toreｄuceｃosts，privａtecompaniesｅｌiminatedoｕtｌyｉngｂranchｅｓandsｍaｌlerstaｔiｏns.Thｅsｅtreｎds,ａlｏnｇwｉthiｎeｘpｅnsivegasoliｎｅ,subuｒbanａndhｉgｈwayｄevelopｍeｎt,thedｅteｒioratiｏnofoｌｄersｕbｗaｙlinｅｓ,ａｎｄthｅgreatｅｒｆreeｄomcarsoｆferｅｄ，hｅlpedtｕrntheＵｎitedSｔatｅsｉntoacａrculturｅ.EＨoｗeveｒ，astheｐuｂlichasgrｏwniｎcｒｅaｓinglycｏncerｎｅｄovｅrtheimpacｔoｆｃarsoｎtｈeｅnｖironmeｎtaｎdthｅqualityoflifeinurbanarｅas,thｅｒeiｓgrowinｇsuppoｒtforthedevｅｌopｍentｏｆmoreｅfｆicｉeｎtanｄcoｍfoｒtaｂlemassｔranｓｉtsyｓｔems.ＭｏdelsforsｕcｈsystemｓwerｅdevelｏpediｎEuropeandJapan.ＴｒａiｎsｉntheParisＭetｒo,forexａmple,ｏperatｅｏnrubberｔiresａndcanreａｃｈｓpｅedsof48mph(7７km/h）.SmａｌlercｉtiesarewatchiｎgdｅveｌopmentsｉnEdｍoｎton,Ｃａｎada,ｗhichbuｉltａ７.2kmrapidtｒanｓiｔｓysｔeｍoｆlｉghｔwｅighｔtraiｎsａtaｃoｓｔoｆ$65milliｏninsteaｄoｆaｄｄiｎgfivenewfreｅｗａysattentimｅstheｃosｔ.ＦInthｅＵｎｉtedStates,ｅｆforｔｓｔoｕpgｒadｅｍａsstrａnｓiｔsystemshavｅexpｅriencedｍixedresultｓ.Tｈｅｔreｎdhasbeenａwayfｒomprivaｔeownershｉｐ；by199９over90%ofNoｒthAmericaｎmasstｒaｎｓｉtwasｐｕbliclyｏwnｅdandmanａged.TheBART(BayAreaRapｉdＴｒansｉt)systｅmｓerviｎgＳanFraｎciｓcｏandnｅiｇhboringcｉtｉesmaintainedｓervｉcedｕriｎgthｅ1989earthｑuake，ｂutitｈasｎｅverａtｔractedthenｕｍｂeｒｏｆrideｒsoriginalｌyanｔicipated.WaｓhinｇtonD.C.’ｓMｅtｒｏsystｅm（144millionridｅrsin1988）includｅdａwiderａreaｏｆseｒviceandmoreeｆｆiｃienｔschｅduｌes.Ｃｕｒrentｌybｕsesaｃcｏuntfor6０％ofｍasstransitridersｉｎtｈeＵnｔiedＳtａtｅs;inｎoｖａtionssucｈａsaｒticuｌatedbusesａｎdｒeｓervｅdlanesｏｎｈｉgｈwayｓarebalanｃedbytheprｏｂｌｅmsoｆnoise,aｉｒｐolluｔｉoｎａndtrａffic.Theissuｅoｆｍasstranｓithaｓcomefullcirclｅ;ｉtisoncｅａｇａinacenｔｒalsoｃｉalandｐolｉticaｌissｕe．答案与解析答案为x。该段首句为下定义，是主题句。答案为iii。该段的首句是主题句，此后各句中的fewｅｒopｅratoｒｓ,betterｔraｉnedaｎｄmｏrestricｔｌyｌiｃensｅdａndsuperｖised,ｃarryafａrhigｈerｐasｓｅngerlｏaｄ,ｏfferfuelsavingｓ,ｃａrｒymoreｅｆfｉｃienｔｅngines等词所有都是正向的，说明该段在讨论masstｒａｎsitsystems的好处。答案为iｘ。第一句说到了maｓsｔransportａtioｎ的histoｒy与工业化、城市化等密切相关。后来提到了from1920ｓtoearly19７０s全球各个城市中maｓstrａnｓportatioｎ的情况。答案为ｖiii。该段的第一句起导入性作用,第二句是主题句，下边各句都是对具体因素的描述。答案为xｉ。该段的第一句为主题句。答案为ｘiｉ。DＡY２技巧进阶根据英语文章常见的段落展开形式，现为大家提供三大解题思绪:首尾句思绪，中心词思绪,方向性思绪。1.首尾句思绪对与大部分的议论文来说，段落中通常会有三要素：论点、论据和论证,所以找到了论点就找到了该段的主题句,而对的答案通常为主题句的改写。主题句其实就是这段的中心句,它在段落中起着提纲挈领的作用，它的意思就是该段想表达的中心思想。这里要注意一个非常重要的原则——首句原则,即段落的主题句通常位于句首。据记录，主题句落在段首的也许性超过５0％,落在第二句的也许性超过20%,落在最后一句的也许性超过2０%。需要明白的是，有时候第一句是个过渡性或描述性的句子，主题句有也许放在了该段的第二句。所以，我们要重点把握一段话的第一句、第二句和最后一句，这就是所谓的首尾句思绪。２．中心词思绪对于说明文和部分议论文来说，有时候段落中并不一定有主题句,但通常会有一个核心的说明对象,而这个说明对象在文中通常会反复多次。所以，扫读全段后假如找不到明显的一句话可以概括本段主旨（多数在段首）,即没有主题句,但发现该段的很多话中出现了意义相同或相近的词，那么这个词即为中心词。中心词往往和该段的中心思想有很大的关系，所以对的选项中很也许会包含该词或其同义变化。3．方向性思绪除了上面两种情况之外，尚有一种也许性,即段落主题句出现在段落中间。为应对此种情况,现提供第三种解题思绪:方向性思绪。这一思绪规定大家先读懂段落的第一句,并假设这一句就是本段的主题句（由于这种情况的也许性最大),然后快速浏览后边的句子，假如后边的句子和第一句方向相同（比第一句具体或围绕第一句进行说明),则该句必然是主题句的扩展句，此时第一句仍然是主题句;但是，假如后边的句子明显和第一句话方向相反，则第一句不再是主题句，而转折后的句子才是这段话的主题句。接下来，再带着新的主题句往下按同样的方法浏览，直到最终拟定该段的主旨。那么，句子间的方向到底是同向还是反向该如何去判断呢?其实很简朴，运用段落中出现的“逻辑关系信号词”来拟定就行了。具体说来,这种“信号词”可分为以下两大类:1）表达前后方向相反的“信号词”转折/让步关系：while,ｂut,howｅveｒ,yeｔ,onｔheothｅrｈａnd,desｐｉte,though，oｔherwｉse，iｎｓpiｔeoｆ,ontheｃｏnｔraｒy,insteaｄ,ｒather，alｔhough,evｅnｔｈoｕgh，ｉnｓｔeaｄof,wｈeｒeaｓ,noneｔheleｓｓ…对比关系：ｍｏｒｅ,less…than,unlike，ａｓ…as,tｈan,compａｒeｄwith，ｉnｃontｒaｓt,wｈilｅ2)表达前后方向相同的“信号词”并列关系:AanｄＢ,ｎｏt…nor…，fiｒst/second/ｔｈiｒｄ,similarｌy,ａsｗellａs，aｌteｒnatively,oｎtheotｈerhanｄ，toｏ,also,lｉkewisｅ,ｏne…theｏtｈer…递进关系：mｏｒｅoｖeｒ,inａdditiｏn,aｄditｉonａllｙ,ｂesｉdes,nｏtonｌy…butalｓo,andtｈｅn,whａｔisｍorｅ,eveｎ,ｆuｒtheｒ…因果关系:asareｓuｌｔ,ｔhus,so，inｔhatｃase,thereｆｏre，cｏnｓequeｎｔly,iｔfollｏｗsthａｔ，admｉttedｌy,ｔhereby,eveｎｔuaｌｌy,the…顺序关系:firsｔlｙ/secondｌy／thirdly,then，nｅｘt,ｆinally,ａtlａst,intheeｎd,forｏｎething，fｏｒanothｅｒthing…举例关系:forｅｘaｍｐle，ｆoriｎstａncｅ，sｕcｈａs，liｋe,say,tｏillustrａｔe实战演练Youarｅａdvisedｔospeｎdａboｕｔ20ｍinｕｔｅsonQuestｉons1-6．Plｅａｓｅchoosｅthｅmｏstsuitabｌehｅadingsfｏｒparａgrａｐhslisｔedbelow．ＮＢ:Thｅrearｅmｏｒｅｈｅaｄingstｈanparaｇrapｈｓ,soｙｏuwｉllnｏｔｕsｅthemaｌl.Yoｕmaｙuseanｙｈeadｉngmoｒetｈanonｃe．LｉstofHｅａｄｉngｓiTｈeroleofｖiｄｅｏｖioleｎcｅｉiThefａiｌureofgovernmeｎtpｏlicyiiiReaｓonsfoｒｔｈeinｃｒｅasedｒａteofbｕllyingivResearchｉnｔｏｈowｃommｏnbullｙiｎｇｉsｉnＢｒｉtiｓｈsｃhoｏｌsvTheｒeａｃtionfroｍschoolstoｅｎquiriesａboutbulｌyｉngviTheｅfｆｅctofbｕｌlyinｇonthｅｃhilｄrｅniｎvoｌｖedvｉｉDeveｌopmenｔsthaｔhａvｅledtoaｎewapprｏaｃhbyschｏｏlsＳeｃtionAＳｅctionBSectｉonＣSectｉoｎDYouｓhouldsｐendaboｕt20ｍiｎuｔesｏnQuｅｓtioｎs２7-40，ｗｈicｈarebａsedonReａdｉnｇPassage3ｏｎthｅｆｏlｌowｉngpａgｅｓ.Persistenｔｂulｌｙingisoneofthewｏrsteｘperieｎceｓachｉlｄｃanfaｃe.Hｏwｃaniｔｂｅpreveｎｔeｄ?PetｅｒSmiｔh,PｒofｅｓｓoｒoｆPsychologyattheUnivｅrｓiｔｙｏｆSheffiｅld,diｒectedtｈeShefｆieｌdAnｔi－BｕllyingIｎterｖentiｏnPｒojｅct,ｆundedbyｔheDeｐartmentforＥduｃation.Herｅherｅporｔsoｎhiｓfindingｓ.ＡBｕllyingｃａｎtakｅavaｒietｙｏｆｆｏｒms，fromthevｅrbal-beｉｎgtauntｅdorcａllｅｄhuｒtfｕlnames－tothephysicａｌ-beingkickedoｒｓhoved-aswｅllasindiｒeｃtｆorｍｓ,ｓuchasbeingｅxｃludｅｄｆromsｏcｉalgrouｐｓ.AsuｒveｙIcondｕcteｄwithIrｅneWhiｔｎｅｙfoｕndtｈatiｎBrｉtishprｉmａrysｃhoｏlsupｔｏaquartｅroｆpuｐiｌsreporｔｅdeｘpｅrienceofbullyiｎｇ，whicｈｉｎaboutonｅinteｎcａseswａｓpｅrsｉｓteｎｔ.Thereｗaｓleｓsｂuｌlyinｇiｎseｃondarｙｓcｈools,withａboutoｎeinｔｗｅnｔy-fｉveｓufferinｇpersｉsｔenｔbullying,ｂuttｈesｅcasesmａybeparticularlyrecalcitrａnt.ＢＢullyingisｃleａrｌyunpleasａnt，ａndcaｎmakｅtheｃhｉｌdeｘｐerｉeｎciｎgiｔfｅeｌunworｔhyanddｅpresｓｅｄ．Ｉｎextｒeｍecasesitcanevenleadtosuｉcide,ｔｈoughthisｉsｔhankｆullyrarｅ．Victiｍisedpupilsareｍｏrｅlikelytｏｅxpｅｒieｎcedｉｆficuｌtiesｗiｔhinｔerｐersoｎalrelationsｈiｐsasadults，whiｌｅchilｄｒｅnwhopeｒsｉsｔentlybullｙaｒemorｅlikeｌyｔｏgroｗuptobeｐhysｉcａlｌｙvｉolｅnｔ,anｄconvictedofantｉ-socialoffences．ＣＵｎｔiｌrecentlｙ,noｔｍｕｃhwaskｎoｗnabｏuttheｔｏpic,andｌittleｈｅｌpｗａsavailablｅtoteaｃｈersｔodealwithbuｌlying.Ｐｅrhapｓasａｃｏnsｅｑuenｃｅ,ｓｃhoolsｗouldoｆｔendenｙｔｈeproblem.‘Thereiｓnobuｌｌｙｉｎgatthisscｈoｏl'ｈasbeｅnacommonｒｅfrａin，ａｌmostcerｔainｌyｕｎtrｕe.Ｆorｔｕｎatelｙmｏrｅschoolsaｒｅnowsayinｇ:‘Ｔheｒｅisnotmuchbuｌlyingｈｅrｅ,butｗheｎitｏccurswehavｅaclearpolｉcyfoｒdealingwithiｔ.'DＴｈreefaｃtｏrsareinｖolｖｅｄｉnthisｃhanｇｅ.Fｉｒstｉsaｎawaｒeneｓｓoftｈeｓeveritｙoftheproblem.Ｓｅcｏnd,anumberofresoｕｒceｓtohelptacklebuｌlyinghaveｂeｃomeavailaｂｌeｉnBritａin.Ｆｏｒexample,ｔheＳcottishＣｏunｃilfoｒReｓｅaｒchiｎＥｄuｃationprｏdｕceｄapacｋａgeｏfmａｔｅrials,AｃtionＡｇaiｎstBuｌlying,ciｒｃulatedｔｏallｓchoolｓinＥnglanｄanｄWaleｓａswellａsinＳcotｌanｄinｓｕmmｅr１９92,wiｔhaｓeconｄpack,SuppｏｒｔｉngＳchooｌsＡgainsｔBｕllｙｉng,ｐroduｃｅdthefｏｌloｗingｙeaｒ．InＩrelanｄ，GuidelinesonＣｏunterｉnｇBullyiｎgBeｈａｖｉｏuｒinPoｓｔ-PｒimaｒySｃhoolsｗaspublishedｉn1993．Thｉrd,thｅreisｅｖｉdenｃethaｔthesｅｍateriａlswork,aｎdthａtscｈｏolsｃａnacｈieveｓｏmethｉng.Ｔhiｓcomeｓfromcarefuｌlｙｃonductｅd‘befｏｒｅandａfter'evaｌuaｔiｏnsofinteｒvｅｎtionsｉnschｏｏls,ｍｏｎitoｒedbｙareｓｅarｃhteam．ＩnNorwaｙ,aftｅranｉnｔervｅntｉｏnｃaｍpaignｗasintｒoduｃednatiｏnaｌlｙ,aｎevaluationoffｏｒｔy－tｗoｓｃhｏoｌsｓｕｇgestｅｄthat,ｏvｅｒａtwｏ-ｙearpｅriod,ｂullｙｉnｇwaｓhaｌｖed.TｈeShｅfｆieldiｎvｅstigatｉｏｎ,ｗhicｈiｎvolveｄsixteenprimarysｃhｏｏlsaｎdｓｅvｅnsecondａryschools,ｆｏｕndｔhatmoｓtschoｏlssucｃeededinredｕcingｂuｌlying．EEviｄencｅsugｇeststｈatakeystｅpisｔodevelｏpapｏliｃｙｏnbullyｉng,saｙinｇclｅarlｙｗｈatismeanｔbyｂuｌlyｉng，andgiｖｉｎgeｘplicｉｔgｕｉdeｌｉｎesonwhatｗillbedoｎｅiｆiｔoccurs，whatreｃoｒdswillbｅｋept,whｏwiｌlbｅinｆormed,whatsａｎｃｔionswillbeemployｅd.Thepoｌicyshouldｂedevｅｌｏpedthｒoｕgｈconsuｌtation,ｏveraperiodｏftime-nｏtjustiｍposedｆromtheheaｄｔeaｃher'ｓoffice!Ｐｕｐilｓ,pａｒentsａndｓｔaｆfshouldfeeｌtｈｅyhavebｅｅninvｏlvedinthｅpoｌiｃy,wｈｉcｈneedstobeｄiｓsｅｍinａteｄaｎdiｍplｅｍeｎtedeｆfｅctiveｌy.Othｅractionsｃanbeｔakentobaｃkupｔheｐolicy.Ｔherｅareｗayｓofdealinｇｗitｈtｈｅtopicthroughtｈｅcurｒiculｕｍ,usingvideo,dramaａｎdliｔerａture.Ｔheｓearｅusefulｆｏrｒaiｓinｇaｗａrｅness,andcanbestbeｔiediｎtoeａrｌyphasesoｆdevelopment,whiletheｓchoolｉsstarｔｉngtoｄiｓｃussｔhｅisｓｕeofbｕｌlｙｉng.Theyaｒeaｌsoｕsefｕlｉnreｎewｉｎgtｈeｐｏlicyfoｒneｗｐupils,ｏrrevisｉngitｉntｈelighｔofｅxperiｅｎce．Ｂutcｕrriｃuｌuｍworkalonemayonlyhaｖeshｏrt-tｅｒｍeｆfeｃts;ｉtshoｕldbeaｎadｄitｉｏntopolicyｗorｋ,notａｓｕbstiｔｕte．Thereａreaｌｓｏｗaｙｓoｆworkiｎgｗiｔhindiviｄualpｕpｉls,orinsmalｌgroups.Asseｒｔiｖeneｓstrainingforpupｉlswｈｏaｒeliabｌｅtｏbevictimsisｗoｒtｈｗhｉｌe,anｄｃertainaｐproacｈeｓtogrｏupbullyingsucｈas‘noblame＇,ｃanｂeusｅfuｌｉnchａngingthebehavｉourｏfbｕllyingpupilswithoutcoｎｆｒoｎtingthemdiｒectｌｙ,althｏughoｔhｅrｓａnｃｔionsmaybeneededforthosｅwhocｏｎｔiｎｕewithｐersistentbuｌlｙing.Ｗoｒkiｎthepｌaｙgｒoundisimportant,toｏ.Onｅhelｐｆｕlｓtｅpistｏtｒａinlunchtiｍesupeｒｖiｓorstodistinｇｕisｈbｕllyinｇｆromplａyfulｆｉｇhting,anｄhelpｔhembreaｋupconflｉcｔs.Anothｅrpｏssibｉlｉtyistoimprovetｈepｌayｇrounｄｅnviｒonｍｅnt,sotｈatｐupilｓａrｅlｅsｓｌikelyｔobeleｄintobｕｌlyｉnｇfrｏｍboｒｅdoｍorｆrｕstratioｎ.FWiｔhtheｓedevelopｍeｎts,schoolsｃanexpectthａｔａtleastthｅmｏｓtsｅriouｓｋｉｎdsｏfbuｌlyingcａnｌａｒgｅｌybepreventｅd.Ｔhemoreeffoｒtpｕtinａnｄｔhewideｒｔhewｈolesｃhｏolinvｏlvemenｔ,tｈeｍoreｓubstａｎtiａltｈeresｕltｓarｅｌikelytobe.Tｈereｄuctiｏnｉnｂullying-andthｅconsequentimpｒoveｍeｎｔinpupiｌhaｐpinｅｓs-isｓuｒelyａwoｒtｈwｈileｏbｊective.答案与解析答案为iv。原文:“在我和IｒeneWhitｎey开展的一项调查中,我们发现在英国小学中，有四分之一的小学生有过受欺凌的经历,其中十例中有一例为连续受到欺凌。中学的欺凌现象要好一些,大约二十五例中有一例是连续受到欺凌,但是在这些情况中，受欺凌者也许反抗极其强烈。”相应选项ｉv“对英国学校欺凌现象的研究”。２．答案为vi。原文:“欺凌显然是很不快乐的,并且会使经历过的孩子产生自贬和沮丧情绪。……”因此答案应为选项ｖi“欺凌行为对孩子的影响”。３.答案为v．原文：“也许由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题。……”相应选项v“学校对于欺凌现象的反映”。4．答案为vii。原文:“导致这一变化有三个因素。第一是对欺凌问题严重性的结识;第二，在英国有一些帮助解决欺凌的资源。……第三,有证据表白，这些材料发挥了作用，学校也因此在反欺凌方面取得一些成绩。……”因此答案应为选项ｖiｉ“学校对付欺凌新办法的发展”。ＤＡY3实战演练TheNatｕｒeofDisputesQuｅsｔionｓ14－１8RｅａdinｇPａssage1,”TheNａtureofDisputｅs”ｈaｓ6sｅctiｏns.Choｏseｔhｅmｏｓtsuitableheａｄingforeａｃhｓeｃｔｉonfｒomthelistofheadings(ixｉi）ｂeｌow.Ｗrｉteｔｈeaｐproｐriatenumbeｒs(ｉxiｉ）inｂoxｅｓ1418onyouranswersheｅt.LｉstofHｅadｉngsiThecoｓtofadjuｄicaｔioniｉHanｄlｉｎgrｉｇｈtsｂasedｄispｕtｅsiｉｉPｕｎishｉngactｓofagｇｒｅsｓioｎivTheroｌeｏfdepeｎdencｅiｎｄisputeｓｖＴｈｅrolｅｏfａrｂitｒatorsviMethodｓofsetｔlｉｎｇcｏnｆlicｔinｇinteｒestsvｉiEｎsuringchoicｅfoｒconsuｍersvｉｉiFulfillingｅmplｏyｅe'sneedsｉxTheｕsｅoｆｎegoｔｉａtｉonfoｒdifferｅnｔdisｐuｔetypeｓxAｄvaｎtaｇesofnegotiａtioｎoｖermedｉationxiTｈeroleofｐoｗerinｓｅｔtlinｇdisagｒeementsxｉiDisagrｅemeｎtｏｆｉnｔereｓtｓ１4．ＳectionA１5．SectionBﻩ AnsweｒＥxamｐleSｅｃtioｎCix１6.ＳectionD1７.SecｔionE18．SｅctioｎFToresｏｌvｅadisputemｅaｎsｔoturnopposinｇpositｉonｓｉnｔoasingleoｕtcｏme.Tｈｅtwopａrtｉｅsmａyｃhoosetofocuｓtheiratｔentiｏnononeorｍｏreoｆｔｈreeｂａｓicfaｃtoｒｓ．Ｔｈeymayｓeekto(1)reｃｏnciletheirinterestｓ,(2)determineｗhoisｒiｇht，and/oｒ(3)deteｒｍinewhoｉsmoｒepowerfｕl.SeｃtionAInterｅsｔsａｒeneｅds,desiｒes,coｎcerns,fｅaｒs-ｔhethingｓonｅcaｒeｓaｂouｔorwants.Theypｒoviｄethefoundaｔionfｏraｐerson'ｓorａｎorganiｓation'spｏsｉtｉoninaｄiｓpｕte．Ｉnadisｐuｔe,notoｎlｙdotheinｔeｒestsofoneparｔｙnｏｔcoincidｅwithtｈosｅoftｈeotherparｔｙ,bｕtｔhｅyareiｎcoｎflict．Fｏrｅxample,tｈedｉreｃｔorofsalesfｏranelecｔronicｓcoｍｐanyｇetsｉnｔoadiｓpｕｔｅwｉththedirectｏrofmaｎuｆacturiｎgｏveｒtｈｅnuｍbeｒofＴVmoｄeｌｓｔｏproduce.ThedｉｒectorofｓalesｗantstｏpｒoduｃeｍｏremodelsbeｃauseｈｅriｎteｒｅstiｓｉnsellingTVｓｅts；mｏreｍodelsｍeaｎｍorecｈｏicefｏrcｏnsｕmeｒsaｎｄｈｅncｅinｃreａsedsaleｓ.Thedirｅｃtｏrｏfmａnuｆaｃtuｒiｎg,ｈowevｅr,wａｎtsｔoｐrｏducｅfewｅｒmodelｓ．Hisinｔerestisindeｃrｅａsｉngmaｎufacturiｎgcostsanｄｍoreｍodelｓmeａnhigherｃosts.SectiｏｎBＲeｃoｎciｌingｓuchｉntｅrestｓｉsnotｅａｓy.Itinvolvｅｓprobｉngfordeeplyrootedcoｎcerns,dｅvisingcreaｔivesｏlｕtions,andmakiｎｇtｒaｄeｏffsａndcｏmprｏｍｉseswｈerｅinteｒｅstsaｒｅopposed．Thｅｍｏstｃｏmmoｎｐrｏceｄuｒefｏrdoiｎgｔhisiｓneｇotiatiｏn,theacｔoｆcoｍmunｉcａtiｏnintendedｔoreaｃhａgreeｍent.Anothｅriｎteresｔｓｂasedprocedureismediation，ｉｎwhｉcｈaｔhirdparｔyassｉststheｄispuｔaｎts，tｈetwosiｄeｓinｔhedｉspute,inreachｉｎgagreeｍｅnt．ＳｅctiｏnＣBynomeansｄoａllnｅgoｔｉationｓ（ormediaｔions)foｃｕsonrecｏncｉlinginterests.Somenegotiatiｏnsｆocusondeterｍiniｎgwhｏisｒighｔ,ｓuｃhaswhentwolawｙersaｒgueａbｏutｗhosecaｓｅhasｔhegreaｔｅｒｍerit.Othernegoｔiaｔｉoｎｓｆocuｓondeteｒminｉnｇwhｏｉsmorepoｗerｆul,ｓuchaswhｅｎｑuａrrellingneighｂoursornationｓｅｘcｈａｎgｅthreatsaｎdcｏｕnterthreatｓ.Ofｔennｅgotiatioｎsiｎvｏlｖeamｉxｏfａllthreesomeatｔemｐtstosａtｉsfyinteｒｅsts,somedｉscussionofｒights，andｓomeｒeferenceｓtoｒｅlativepower.SectioｎDIｔｉsoftencompｌｉcaｔedｔoａttempttodeｔeｒminewｈoisrigｈtｉnadｉspｕte.Althｏuｇhｉtisｕsｕaｌlyｓtraightｆorwardｗheｒerightsaｒeforｍalisｅdinlaｗ，otｈｅrrightsｔakethefoｒmofｕｎwｒitteｎｂutsoｃiallyaccｅpteｄｓｔanｄardsofbｅhavｉour，ｓucｈasｒｅｃiprocity,pｒecｅｄent，equaｌity,andｓeｎiｏrity．Ｔherｅａｒｅoftｅndifｆeｒenｔ-ａnｄsｏmｅtimｅｓconｔradictｏrｙstａｎｄaｒdsthａtａppｌytorigｈtｓ.Reachiｎｇａgreementonｒｉghｔs,wheｒetheoutcomewilldｅtｅrｍｉｎewhogeｔswhａt，canｏftenbｅsodｉｆficultthaｔｔｈepartiesfrequentlytｕrnｔoathirdparｔｙtodｅterminewｈｏisrｉgｈt.Themｏstｔｙpicalｒiｇｈtspｒocedｕreｉsadｊudicatｉon,ｉnwhiｃhｄispｕtａntｓprｅｓentevｉdeｎceandａrgｕmentsｔoaneutｒaｌthirdpartｙwhohaｓthepoｗerｔomaｋeadｅciｓiｏnｔhａｔｍustbｅfoｌloweｄbyｂoｔhdisｐutaｎts.（Inｍediaｔｉｏn,bycｏｎtｒast，thethirｄpartyｄｏesnothaｖethｅpｏwｅrtodｅcideｔｈedispute.）Pｕblicaｄjｕdicationiｓｐroｖiｄｅdｂycoｕｒｔｓandadｍｉnｉstraｔiveagencies．Ｐｒivaｔｅadjudicationｉspｒovｉdedbyarbitｒａtors.SectｉonEＡthirｄwaｙtoresｏｌveadisputeiｓontheｂasiｓｏｆｐoｗｅr.Weｄefinｅｐoｗer,somewｈａｔnarｒowly，ａsｔheabilitytopressurｅsｏmeｏｎetｏdｏsomｅthinghewoｕｌdｎotothｅｒｗisedo.Exercisingpoｗertｙpicａllymeansiｍｐosinｇcoｓtsontheotheｒsiｄeｏｒthreatenｉｎgtodoｓo．Tｈeexercisｅｏfpｏweｒｔakｅｓｔwocoｍmoｎfｏｒms:acｔｓｏfaggｒession，sucｈａsphysicaｌattack,andwithholｄiｎgtｈｅbeｎｅfｉtsthａｔｄeriveｆromarelaｔiｏｎship,aｓwhｅｎemplｏyeesｓtopｗorkｉｎgｉnastｒike.SｅctｉoｎＦInrelatｉonｓhｉｐsofmutuａlｄepenｄeｎce,suchａsbetｗeenlaｂourandmanagementorwiｔhiｎanｏrｇanｉsatioｎorａfaｍily，ｔhｅqｕestｉｏnoｆwhｏismｏrepoweｒｆｕｌturｎsonwｈoislessdependentｏnｔheoｔher．Iｆacoｍpaｎynｅeｄstheeｍｐloyees'woｒkmorethａnemployｅesneedthｅcoｍpanｙ＇spaｙ,thｅｃomｐａnyiｓmoredｅpendｅntandhencelesspowerｆul.Howdｅpenｄeｎtoneisturnsonhowsaｔiｓfaｃtｏｒyｔhealterｎativeｓareｆorｓatｉsfｙinｇｏｎｅ＇ｓintereｓts.Ｔheｂeｔtertｈeａｌteｒnative,tｈelesｓｄepｅndenｔoneｉs.Ｉfiｔisｅasiｅrfortｈecomｐanyｔｏreｐlacｅstｒikingemployｅesthaｎitｉｓfｏrstrｉkingemｐｌｏyｅestofiｎdｎeｗｊｏｂs,ｔｈecoｍpanyiｓlessdepｅndenｔandthｅreｂyｍoreｐowerful.Deteｒminingｗｈoistｈeｍoｒepowerfuｌｐartywｉthｏｕtaｄecisiveandpotentiａllyｄeｓtrucｔivepowercontestｉｓdｉffｉcultbｅcａuseｐoｗeriｓultimａｔelｙａｍatｔerofperceptｉons.★ 答案与解析14-１8题型:段落主旨题14.ＳectionＡ，通读全段,段落中有一句是forexaｍｐｌe句型,它前面的句子是主题句,也就是本段的第三句：Ｉｎａdisｐuｔe,noｔｏnlyｄｏtｈeinterestsofonｅparｔｙnotｃoiｎｃideｗithtｈoseoftheotheｒparty,butthｅyａreinｃonflicｔ.中文译文:在一个冲突中,不仅一方的利益与另一方不一致，并且它们是冲突的。对照选项列表，本段话的Headinｇ是xii。15.SecｔiｏnＢ，通读全段，本段话的第一句:Reconcilingsuchiｎteｒestsisnoteasy.中文译文:使利益一致是不容易的。根据前面讲的规律,这句话是该段话的主题句。本段的Hｅaｄing是vｉMethodsｏfsettlingconｆlｉctｉnginteｒestｓ(解决冲突利益的方法）16．ＳectiｏｎＤ，通读全段，没有明显的主题句。假如理解全段有困难,把本段话的第一句当作是该段话的主题句（事实上，它的确也是本段话的主题句):Ｉtisｏｆtenｃomplicatedtoaｔｔempｔtodetｅrｍinewhoisｒigｈtｉnａｄispute．中文译文:试图决定谁在冲突中是对的的通常是复杂的。与选项一一相应，对的答案为iiHaｎdliｎgrｉghtｓbaseddisputes(解决基于对错的冲突）。１７.SectiｏnE，通读全段，没有明显的主题句。假如理解全段有困难，把本段话的第一句当作是该段话的主题句（事实上，它的确也是本段话的主题句）：Ａthｉｒdwａytoｒesoｌvｅａdｉsｐuteiｓoｎｔｈebasisoｆpｏwｅr．中文译文：解决冲突的第三种方法是基于力量。关键词是ｐoｗer。与选项一一相应,对的答案为xiTheｒｏlｅofpowerinｓettｌingdｉsagrｅeｍents(力量在解决冲突中的作用)。18.SecｔionＦ，通读全段,没有明显的主题句。假如理解全段有困难,把本段话的第一句当作是该段话的主题句（事实上，它的确也是本段话的主题句):Inrelatiｏnshipｓofmｕtuaｌdependence,suｃｈａsbetweenｌaboｕraｎｄmａｎagemeｎtorwithinanorganisａｔionorafamｉly,theｑuesｔionofwhoismorepowｅｒｆuｌｔuｒnsonｗhoiｓlｅsｓｄｅpenｄeｎtoｎｔhｅoｔheｒ.中文译文:在互相依赖的关系中，例如,劳资关系或在一个家庭或一个组织中，谁更有力量的问题就转换成谁更少依赖于另一方。本句比较复杂,中间有一个较长的插入语,可先略去不读。关键词是dependence和ｄepeｎdent。与选项一一相应,对的答案为ivＴｈｅｒｏｌeofｄependｅnceｉndisｐuｔes（依赖性在冲突中的作用)。DAY4实战演练Quｅｓtions14-18ＲeadingPaｓsage2hasseｖenparagｒaphｓA-G.CｈoｏsｅtｈｅmoｓｔsuｉｔaｂleheａdingｓfoｒparagrapｈsB-EandGfroｍthelistofheadｉngsbeｌow.Writeｔheapproｐrｉａtenｕｍｂｅｒs(i-x)ｉnboxeｓ14-18onyｏurａnswersheｅｔ.NBThｅｒeａｒemｏrehｅaｄｉｎｇsｔｈanpａrａgｒａｐｈssｏｙouwｉllnotuseaｌloｆtheｍ.Ｙｏumａyusｅａｎyoftｈｅheadiｎｇｓmoｒｅｔhanonce.ＬiｓtoｆHeadings(ｉ）Theｅffeｃtofchangiｎgｄeｍoｇraphicsonｏｒganｉｓatioｎs（ii）FuturechaｎgｅsiｎtheＥｕrｏpeａnwoｒkforce（iiｉ)Theunｓtrｕcｔuredinterviｅwaｎdｉｔsvａｌidiｔy.(iv)Ｔｈeｐｅrsoｎ-ｓkilｌｓmaｔchapproａchtoｓeleｃｔioｎ(v)Theimplｉｃａｔionsｏfaｐoorperson-eｎｖironmeｎtｆit(vi)Sｏmｅpoorｓｅlｅｃtiｏｎdeｃiｓionｓ（vii)Tｈｅvalｉdｉtyoｆseｌectionproｃｅdureｓ(vｉii)Ｔｈepｅｒｓon-eｎviroｎmeｎｔfｉｔ（ix)PastａndfuturedemｏgraｐhiccｈaｎgeｓiｎＥurope(x)Ａdequateandinａｄequateexpｌａｎatiｏnsoforgａｎisaｔiｏnalfailure ExamplｅＰaｒａgraphAAnswer（x)1４.ＰａraｇraphB１５.PaｒagｒaphＣ1６.PａｒagｒapｈD１７．ParagｒaｐhＥExampleＰaｒaｇrapｈFAｎswer(ｉx)18.PａｒagraphGPＥOPLEAＮDＯRGANISATＩＯNS:THEＳELECTIONISSUEＡIn1991，aｃcｏrｄiｎｇｔｏtｈeＤｅｐａｒtmｅntofＴraｄeaｎｄＩnｄuｓtｒｙ,aｒeｃoｒd４８,000Britishｃｏｍpaniesｗentouｔｏfｂusｉneｓs.Wｈｅｎbusinｅsｓesfａil，thepoｓｔ-mortemaｎalyｓisisｔｒａditionａｌｌyuｎdertaｋｅnbyaccountanｔsａnｄｍａｒketsｔrａtegisｔｓ.Ｕnaｒguabｌyorｇａnisaｔｉｏｎsdｏfaｉlbecauｓｅoｆuｎdercaｐiｔaｌｉsatｉon，pooｒfinanｃialmanagement,aｄversｅｍａｒkｅtcondiｔionsetc.Ｙet,cｏｎｖersely，orｇanｉｓatｉonswitｈｓounｄfinanciaｌｂａcｋing,ｇooｄprｏｄuctiｄｅaｓａndmarketacumenoftｅnunｄerpeｒｆorｍaｎdｆａiｌtｏmｅｅtshaｒｅholderｓ'eｘpectationｓ.Ｔｈeｃomplexity,ｄegreeａndsｕｓtainｍｅntoforｇａnisatioｎａlｐeｒｆorｍanｃｅｒｅqｕiｒesanexplanａtｉonwhiｃhgoesbeyoｎdthebalancｅsheetａndthｅ“paperconｖerｓiｏn”offinanciａｌinｐutsinｔopｒofiｔmaｋingoutputs.Aｍorecomｐleｔeexplanatｉｏｎof“wｈatweｎtｗronｇ”ｎecesｓarilｙmustconｓｉｄerｔheessencｅofwhatanｏrｇａnisatioｎactｕａｌlyisanｄｔhatoneofthｅｆｉnancｉａlinputs，themｏstimｐorｔantanｄofｔenthemｏstexpensive,ispｅｏple.BＡnｏｒganisatｉｏnisonlyａsgｏoｄａsｔhepeopleiteｍｐｌｏyｓ.Seｌecｔｉngｔheｒigｈtｐersoｎｆoｒtheｊoｂｉnvoｌveｓmorｅtｈaniｄentifyingthｅesseｎｔiaｌoｒｄesｉraｂlｅranｇeｏｆskillｓ，ｅducatｉoｎａlandprｏfeｓsionａlqualiｆicationsnｅｃesｓarｙtoperｆorｍtｈejｏbandｔheｎreｃｒuitｉｎgthecandidaｔewhoiｓｍｏstｌikｅlytopossesstｈｅseskｉllsｏratｌｅaｓｔｉｓpeｒｃｅivedtoｈavetheaｂilｉｔyanｄｐredispｏsｉtiｏntoacquirethem.Thｉｓisapurelｙｐersｏn/ｓkｉｌlｓmatｃｈapprｏaｃhtｏselecｔiｏｎ.CWorkinvａｒiaｂlytａｋesplaｃeiｎtheｐrｅsencｅaｎd／orunｄｅrｔhｅdireｃtioｎofｏthers,inapａｒtｉcuｌarorgaｎｉsatioｎalｓｅtting．Theindｉviduａlhasｔo“fit”inwiththeｗorkenｖironment,wｉthｏtｈeremployeｅs,wiｔｈｔhｅoｒganisaｔｉonａlcｌimate,styｌeofｗork,organisationaｎdcuｌtureｏftheｏrgａnisatiｏn．Diｆｆｅreｎtoｒganiｓationｓhaｖｅdiｆfｅrｅntcultures(Ｃaｒtwright&Cooｐer,19９1;1９92).WorｋiｎgａsanengineeｒatBritishＡｅrospaｃeｗilｌnotneceｓsariｌybeaｓimiｌaｒexpｅriencetoworkｉngintｈｅｓamecapａcitｙａtＧEＣｏrPlesｓey.DＰoｏｒseｌｅctiondecisiｏｎsareeｘｐｅnsｉve．Forｅｘample,thecｏｓtsoftrａｉniｎgapｏｌiｃｅｍanａreabout£2０,000(ａpprｏx.US$3０,００0).Tｈeｃoｓtsofemｐｌoyinganuｎsｕitaｂletechniｃianｏｎanoilrigoｒinａnucleａrplａｎtcouｌd，iｎａnｅmerｇｅnｃy，resｕltｉｎｍiｌliｏnsofｐoundsｏfdamａgｅorｌossｏflｉfe.Thｅｄｉsharｍoｎyｏｆaｐoorperｓｏｎ-ｅnviｒonmentｆit（PE-fiｔ)iｓlikｅｌytｏreｓultｉnloｗｊｏbsatiｓfactioｎ,lａckofoｒganisatｉｏnalcｏmmitmｅnｔａｎｄempｌoｙeestｒess,whichafｆectorgaｎizatｉｏnaloutcomesｉ．e．pｒoｄuｃtｉviｔy,ｈｉghｌａbｏｕｒｔuｒｎｏｖｅrandaｂｓｅnteeiｓｍ,ａｎｄｉndｉvidualoｕtcoｍesｉ.e．physiｃaｌ，psycｈologicａｌandmentalweｌl-being.EHoweｖeｒ,despitetheimporｔanｃｅｏfｔｈeｒeｃｒuitmentdecisionandｔｈerangeofsｏphisticatｅdａnｄmoreobjectｉveselectiontechniｑｕesaｖａiｌable,ｉncｌudiｎｇthｅｕseofｐｓｙｃｈomｅｔricteｓts，assesｓｍentcentreseｔc.，manyｏｒganisatｉｏｎsarｅstillpｒeｐａredｔｏmａkethisdｅcｉsiｏｎonｔhebａsiｓｏｆasｉnglｅ３0to4５minuteunｓtruｃtuｒedinteｒvieｗ.Inｄｅｅd,rｅsearcｈhasdeｍoｎstraｔｅdthａtasｅleｃｔｉoｎｄｅcｉsｉoｎisoftenmadeｗithintｈefiｒstｆｏurｍｉｎuｔesoftheｉnterviｅｗ.Iｎtheｒemainiｎgtｉme,ｔheｉｎtervieweｒthenatteｎdsexclusivelyｔoinfｏｒmationthａtrｅinfｏrcesthｅｉｎｉｔｉａl“acｃepｔ”or“rejｅct”deciｓｉｏn.Rｅｓearchiｎｔotheｖalidityofｓeleｃtionmｅthｏdshasconsistｅnｔｌｙdｅmｏnstratedthattheuｎｓｔｒucturedｉnｔerview,ｗheretheinterviewｅrasksaｎｙqｕestionｓhｅorshelikes,isapoorprediｃtoｒoffｕｔｕｒｅjobperfｏrmancｅandfareｓｌｉｔtlｅｂｅtterthａnmｏｒecｏntroｖｅrｓｉａlmｅtｈｏdslikegｒaphoｌogyanｄasｔrology.Intiｍｅsofhighunemploｙmeｎt,recｒuitｍｅntbeｃomeｓa“ｂuyer'smarｋet”andｔhｉｓwａｓthｅcａseinBritainduringｔｈe19８0s.FThefｕture，wearｅtoｌｄ,isｌikelｙtobeｄｉffeｒeｎt．DｅtaileｄsuｒｖeysofｓｏｃialａndeｃonomiｃtrｅｎdｓｉｎtｈeEuｒopeanCｏmmuｎityshｏｗｔhatＥurｏpe'spopulationiｓfaｌlingandgｅｔtｉｎgoldｅｒ.ThebｉrthrateｉｎtheCommunityｉｓnowoｎlyｔhree－qｕａｒtersoｆtｈelｅvｅlneedｅdtoensｕrerｅplａｃeｍeｎtoｆtheexistinｇpｏpulation.Bｙtheｙear2０23,itisｐredicteｄthatmoｒethanｏneiｎfoｕrEuｒopeaｎswillbeageｄ60oｒmoｒeaｎdｂaｒｅｌｙｏneiｎfivewillbｅuｎdｅr20．Ｉnafive-yｅarpeｒiodｂｅtｗｅｅn198３aｎd1988tｈｅCｏmmunｉty’sfeｍalewoｒkfoｒceｇreｗｂyalｍoｓtsｉxmiｌlioｎ.Asａresｕlt,51%ｏfallwomenaged14to64arenowｅcoｎｏmicallyacｔiｖeiｎthｅlabourmarkｅtcomｐaredｗｉtｈ78%ofmeｎ.GThｅchaｎｇiｎgdemographiｃswｉllnｏtoｎlｙaffectｓelectioｎraｔios.Ｔheｙwillalｓomａｋeitincreasinglｙiｍpoｒtantfｏrｏｒgａnisatｉｏｎswｉshingｔoｍａｉntａｉnｔhｅiｒcompeｔiｔiveeｄgetobemｏrerespoｎsiveandacｃommｏdaｔｉｎｇtothechａnｇingneedsoftheirworkｆorceiftｈeｙarｅｔoretaｉnandｄｅvｅlｏptｈｅｉrｈumaｎｒesｏurceｓ.More