高中英语语法讲义-情态动词和虚拟语气

高中英语语法讲义——情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词：有词义无人称和数的变化，必须和动词一起构成谓语（+do表现在/将来，+havedone表过去），可进行句式转换。1，表能力can一般能力，只用于现在时和过去时。Hecanswimacrosstheriver.beableto特殊能力（有条件），用于所有时态。He'sabletoswimacrosstheriverin5minutes.表推测肯定句（强到弱）:must/haveto，should/oughtto,may,might/couldThatmaybeourbusnow.（有可能）.Thatmight/couldbeourbusnow.（有怀疑）否定句（强到弱）：can't（不可能），couldn't,shouldn't,maynot（可能不），mightnot.Theboyontheplaygroundcan'tbeLiLei,forheisstudyingatschoolatpresent.Takeiteasy.youmaynothavefailedinthetest.疑问句:can,could.Thereissomeoneknockingonthedoor.Whocanitbe?题组训练：1）AlthoughyoufindbargainsinLondon,it'snotgenerallyacheapplacetoshop.2）Lifeisunpredictable;eventhepoorestbecometherichest.（3）Harryisfeelinguncomfortable.He（drink）toomuchatthepartylastnight.表必要，义务/责任必要性：must/havetodo,needn't/don'thaveto,needn'thavedone（过去没必要做而做了）MustIfinishwritingmycompositionnow?Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't/don'thaveto.Youneedn'thavecomesoearlythismorning.Theclassbeginsat8:00everyday.义务/责任：shoulddo,shouldhavedone.Youshouldworkhardatallyoursubjects.Youshouldhavecomehereontimeyesterday.Whynot?题组训练（4）I'vepreparedallkindsoffoodforthepicnic.Doyoumeanwebringanythingwithus?（5）Sorry,ProfessorSmith.Ididn'tfinishassignmentyesterday.Oh,youhavedoneitasyesterdaywasthedeadline.表请求、建议、命令、允许、禁止请求、建议:Shall/May+1/3人称…?Will/would+2人称…?Can/Could…?May/CanIcomein?Yes,youmay/can.No,youcan't/mustn't.Shalltheworkergetarisethismonth?Will/Wouldyoudomeafavor?注意:could提问一般用can回答CouldIuseyourdictionary?Yes,youcan.No,I'mafraidnot.命令must，should/oughtto,shouldn't/oughtn'tto.禁止mustn't.允许may/might,canYoumustgotobedby10:00pm.Youshouldn'tstayuptoolate.Youmustn'tbelateforclass.Youmay/might/canleavethewindowopen.题组训练（6）Ihaveawordwithyou?Itwon'ttakelong.（7）Theroomistoodirty.wecleanit?表意愿、决心、许诺、宣布法规命令、许诺、宣布法规:2/3人称+shall…Firstofall,everyadultshallobeythelaws.Thepossessionsshallbedividedinto4parts.意愿、决心：所有人称+will/would…WelcometoXuedaanytimeifyouwill宁愿做：wouldratherdo,wouldratherdo…thando…,woulddo..ratherthando…,wouldrathersbhaddone（过去）.../did（现在/将来）prefertodo,prefertodo...ratherthando...,preferdoing...todoing题组训练：（8）Whydidn'tyoucometoSimon'spartylastnight?Iwantedto.Butmymomsimplynotletmeoutsolateatnight.（9）Theschoolrulesstatethatnochildbeallowedoutoftheschoolduringthedayunlessaccompaniedbyanadult.表习惯、倾向叙述真理、目前习惯：will/won'tCarswon'trunwithoutgas.ShewillwatchVoiceofChinaonFridays.过去习惯：would/wouldn't但usedtodo强调现在不做了。Hewouldswimintheriverbehindhisvillageasachild.Heusedtosmoke,buthequitsnow.7,need和dare的用法即可做情态动词也可做实义动词。Dared为过去式。Idaresay.我想。Heneedn'tdoit.（情态）Hedoesn'tneedtodoit.（实义）Hedarednotdoit.（情态）Hedidn'tdare（to）doit.（实义，否定/疑问中to可省略）另外：needdoing=needtobedoneTheroomneedscleaning/tobecleaned.8,情态动词+havedone用法小结推测:musthavedone,may/maynothavedone,mightnothavedone,can/can'thavedone推测虚拟：could/couldn'thavedone,mighthavedone.虚拟：should/oughttohavedone,shouldn't/oughtn'ttohavedone,needn'thavedone,wouldrather(not)havedone,wouldlike/lovetohavedone.hadbetterhavedone.9,情态动词的其它用法(1)can'tbutdo…只好做…Ican'tbutadmitI'vemadeamistakeagain.同can'tchoosebutdo,candonothingbutdo,havenochoicebuttodo(2)can'thelpdoing=can'thelpbutdo忍不住做Ican'thelpwondering/butwonderwhatyou'rethinking.(3)maywelldo=beverylikelytodo很可能做,mayaswelldo=hadbetterdo.最好做Youmaywellfailifyoudon'tworkhard.YoumayaswelltellmeyourproblemrightawaysothatIcanhelpyou.(4)can't/cannever+tooadj/adv或+adj/advenough再…也不为过Asastudent,youcanneverbecarefulenough.Ican'tthankyoutoomuch.(5)may表祝愿Mayyoureturninsafety.should表惊讶--竟然SheshouldthinkI'llmarryher.Therichmanshouldhavediedoutside.must表偏要Mustyouinterruptthemeetingnow?won't+do表功能无被动Thewindowwon't(打不开)/can't(不能开)/doesn't(开不了坏了)open.题组训练答案：(1)can(2)may/might(3)musthavedrunk(4)needn't(5)should(6)Can/Might(7)Shall(8)would(9)shall.虚拟语气:三类两句式表难以实现的愿望或不可能的假设，主要用于名词性从句和条件状语从句等。1,if的虚拟(evenif/though)从句主句过去If+S+haddone...,S+would/should/could/mighthavedone现在If+S+did/were...,S+would/should/could/mightdo将来If+S+did/were/+weretodo/+shoulddo.,S+would/should/could/mightdoIfyouhadcometoXuedalastterm,youwouldhaveworkedoutthesepuzzles.IfIwereyou,ImightlearnEnglishwell.Evenifyoufailedintheexamtomorrow,youshouldn'tstopadvancing.•错综条件：主从句所表时间不一致用各自的谓语结构。IwouldcomeintoofficenowifIhadstudiedharderthen.If的省略：把had/were/should提前可省略if(not不提前)。Hadyounotcomeherelasttime,youcouldn'thavepassedthetest.含蓄条件:with/without,but/butfor,otherwise/or(with相当于if其余相当于if...not)2,wish的虚拟(asif/ifonly)+从句过去：S+haddone,现在：S+did/were,将来：S+would/coulddo.但wouldrather过去:S+haddone,现在/将来:S+did/were.HowIwishwehadknowneachothermanyyearsago!Itreatmystudentasifheweremychild.IfonlyIcouldflytothemoonsoon.Iwouldratheryouhadn'tmetherbefore.Iwouldratheryoustayedheretonight.suggest的虚拟一坚持(insist)、二命令(order,command)、三要求(require,request,demand)、四建议(advise,suggest,recommend,propose)的词及其同根词引导名词性从句时谓语结构用(should)do表虚拟。主从:Itissuggestedthatyou(should)readmoreEnglishnovels.另夕卜It's+形容词important/vital/strange/natural/necessary/essential及名词apity引导主从也常用(should)do表虚拟表从:Mysuggestionisthatyou(should)readmoreEnglishnovels.宾从：Isuggestyou(should)readmoreEnglishnovels.*insist译为坚持认为suggest译为暗示时不虚拟。同从:Mysuggestionthatyou(should)readmoreEnglishnovelsishelpful.两句式：It'shightimethatS+did/shoulddo...It'shightimethatyouwent/shouldgohome.2,...incase/forfearthat/lest/sothat/inorderthat+Swould/could/should/mightdo..Iofferedyouamapincaseyoumightbelostinthecity.题组训练：we(be)backinthehotelnowifyoudidn'tlosethemap.Ifhe(catch)themorningtrain,hewouldn'thavebeenlateforthemeeting.Ifwe(book)atableearlier,wewouldn'tbestandinghereinaqueue.Wherearethechildren?Thedinner'sgoingtobecompletelyruined.Iwishthey(be)notalwayslate.Wewouldratherourdaughter(stay)athomewithus.6,ItwasJohnwhobrokethewindow.WhyareyoutalkingtomeasifI(do)it?HespeaksChinesesofrequentlyasifhe(be)aChinese.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughhe(be)awayforages.参考答案：1，should/could/wouldbe.2,hadcaught.3,hadbooked.4,were.5,stayed.6,haddone.7,were.8,hadbeen.练习1：Itwassonoisythatwehearourselvesspeak.ItmighthavesavedmesometroubleIknowntheschedule.IwishI(be)atmysister'sweddinglastTuesday,butIwasonabusinesstripinNewYorkthen.Itisluckywebookedaroom,orwe(have)nowheretostaynow.Ellenisafantasticdancer.IwishI(dance)aswellasher.Withouthiswartimeexperiences,Hemingway(write)hisfamousnovelAFarewelltoAr.msCan'tyoustayalittlelonger?It'sgettinglate.Ireallygonow.mydaughterishomealone.8.IhaveworriedbeforeIcametothenewschool,formyclassmateshereareveryfriendlytome.Sorry,Mum!Ifailedthejobinterviewagain.Oh,it'stoobad.Youhavemadefullpreparations.Youfeelallthetrainingawasteoftime,butI'mahundredpercentsurelateryou'llbegratefulyoudidit.Youbecarefulwiththecamera.Itcosts!IfI(see)itwithmyowneyes,Iwouldn'thavebelievedit.Theywereabroadduringthemonthswhenwewerecarryingouttheinvestigation,orthey(come)toourhelp.(be)therenomoderntelecommunications,wewouldhavetowaitforweekstogetnewsfromaroundtheworld.Peoplearerecyclingmanythingswhichthey(throw)awayinthepast.IfMr.Dewey(be)present,hewouldhaveofferedanypossibleassistancetothepeoplethere.Eyedoctorsrecommendthatachild'sfirsteyeexam(be)attheageofsixmonthsold.IfhehadspentmoretimepracticingspeakingEnglishbefore,hebeabletospeakitmuchbetternow.I(go)tomycousin'sbirthdaypartylastnight,butIwasnotavailable.Mymomsuggeststhatweeatoutforachangethisweekend.——Itrainedcatsanddogsthismorning.I'mgladwetookanumbrella.——Yeah,wewouldhavegotwetalloverifwe(have).——DoyouthinkGeorgehaspassedthedrivingtest?——No.Ifso,he(drive)hiscartoourcollegeyesterday.IshouldnothavelaughedifI(think)youwereserious.Jackisagreattalker.It'shightimethathe(do)somethinginsteadofjusttalking.Don'thandlethevaseasifit(be)madeofsteel.WewouldhavecalledataxiyesterdayifHarold(offer)usaridehome.Ifwe(make)adequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn'thavebeensosuccessful.Ifmycar(be)morereliable,IwouldhavedriventoLhasainsteadofflyinglastsummer.Gracedoesn'twanttomovetoNewYorkbecauseshethinksifshe(live)there,shewouldn'tbeabletoseeherparentsveryoften.30.Sorry,Iamtoobusynow.IfI(have)time,Iwouldcertainlygoforanoutingwithyou.练习2：1.Couldyoupleasehavemycarreadytoday?Sure.Thedamageisnotthatserious,soitbereadyby5:00pm.It'srainingcatsanddogs.I'msosurprisedthatyoustandoutside!Theoldladyinsistedthattheyoungmanhadstolenherwalletandthathe(send)tothepolicestation.Doyouthinkhewouldhavegivenyouahandinyourtimeoffinancialdifficulty?Heshouldhave,heknownaboutit.Afterall,wearegoodfriends.TheprogramwillencourageoutstandingChinesestudentstoapplytoYaleandassurethem,theybeadmitted,thatwewillofferthemfinancialsupport.Ifshehadn'tbeensentonabusinesstripbyherboss,shebeherewithusnow,enjoyingthesnow.——Howdoyoufindtheclub?——Iwouldrathernot(join)it.Everyoneissayingitsmanagementisgoingfrombadtoworse.Youuseyourcellphonehereinourhospitalbecauseofthedisturbancetotheelectronicequipments!It'sforbidden.——Mary,howdidyourmathtestgo?——IhadthoughtImight(fail),butinfactIcameinthetop10inmyclass.Itisrequiredbylawthatadrivingtest(take)beforeamangetsalicense.I(go)throughthehardtimesbutformyteacher'sgenerousandtimelyhelp.MostcitizensinHongKongstronglyinsistedthatthosewhoattackthepolicewithviolence(put)intoprison.——CanIsmokeinthishall?No,youcan't.Ifyou,pleasegotothesmokingroom.IthankyoutoomuchbecausewithoutyourhelpIwouldn'thavewonthefirstprize.——It'sashamethatyoumissedthelectureontheBritishculturegivenbyThompson.——I(attend)it,butIwasbusypreparingforthecomingexam.——Didyoumakeitatlast?Yes.Butforyourhelp,it(cause)aseriousloss.Maxlooksnervous.Soyouifyouhadsofierceacompetition.Thedeadlineisdrawing,butIfailedtochallengethetaskathirdtime.mybrotherhaveatry?Lizawellnotwanttogoonthetripshehatestraveling.练习3：TomandPeteraretwins.Theylookasifthey__1__(be)thesameperson.Boththetwoboysaresmart,butTomishard-workingwhilePeterislazy.TomalwayswinsthefirstplaceintheexamswhilePeterdoesn't.However,peoplebelieveifPeter__2__(work)ashardasTom,hewoulddoaswellashisbrotherinhisstudy.Athome,theirparentssuggestthatthey__3__(finish)theirhomeworkbeforeplayingcomputergames.ButPeterinsiststhatit__4__(be)OKtoplaygamesfirstaslongashecanhandinhishomeworkintime.Theirmothergivesinintheend.Oneday,whendoinghishomework,Tomfoundhemadeaseriousmistake.Soheputhisexercisebookasideandusedanotherone.WhenPeterfoundthepreviousexercisebook,hestruckoutTom'snameandsignedhisnameonitscoverhappily,andhandeditinashisownhomeworkthenextday.Whentheteachertoldthetruthtothetwins'mother,shewasveryangryandshoutedatPeter,“HowIwishyou__5__9be)asdiligentasyourbrother!Nowit'stimethatI__6__(give)youagoodlesson.Andyou__7__playanycomputergamesforamonth!”“Oh,no!Mom.__8__acomputerforsuchalongtime,Iwoulddie.Iwouldratheryou__9__(ask)metodothedishesforamonthalone."Peterwasupset.“Ifyou__10__(finish)yourhomeworkontimeyesterday,youwouldn'tbepunishednow,"saidthemother..5.7.&9.10.练习4：Tom:Hi,Mr.Smith.__1__yougivemeahand?Mr.Smith:Ofcourse.You__2__hesitatetoaskmeforhelp.What'sthematterwithyou?Tom:Mymumisalwayscomplainingaboutmygoingbackhomelateafterschool.Mr.Smith:Whatdoyouusuallydoafterschool?Tom:Iusuallygototheplaygroundtoplaybasketball.ButIknowthatI__3__gohomefirst.Mr.Smith:Whydon'tyougohomedirectly?Tom:Mymotherusuallysays:“Everystudent__4__dotheirhomeworkfirstafterschool,andthatisaruleforallofyoustudents".Yousee,ifI__5__(do)myhomeworkfirstnow,Icouldn'thavearestorrelax.Iamsotired.Mr.Smith:Bothyouandyourmumarereasonable.Asamother,shebelievesthatyou__6__neverworktoohard,whileyouthinkyouneedsometimetohavearest.Doesyourmotherknowwhatyouthink?Tom:No.EvenifI__7__(tell)herbefore,shewouldn'thaveunderstandit.Mr.Smith:Idon'tthinkyouareright.Ithinkyoushouldtellyourmotherwhatyouthinkandshewouldunderstandyou.Besides,youhadbetternothideyourfeelingsfromyourmotherandyou__8__aswelllearntocommunicatewithher.Tom:Thankyouforyouradvice.ItishightimeI__9__(talk)withher.Mr.Smith:I__10__agreemore...10.参考答案：练习1：couldn't句意：这里如此嘈杂以至于我们无法听到自己说话。根据语境可知此处表达过去的能力，故用couldn't。2.had句意：要是我知道安排的话，我可能会省一些事儿。此处为省略if的虚拟条件从句，hadIknowntheschedule=ifIhadknowntheschedule。hadbeen句意：要是上周二我参加了我姐姐的婚礼就好了，可是那时我正在纽约出差。wish后的宾语从句用过去完成时表示对过去情况的虚拟。wouldhave句意：很幸运，我们预定了一个房间，否则，我们现在就没有地方可以住了。由句意可知or前面是真实的情况，or后面是与现在事实相反的假设，故设空处用woulddo形式。danced句意：Ellen是一个非常优秀的舞蹈演员，我希望我能跳得像她一样好。wish后面的宾语从句用一般过去时表示对现在情况的虚拟。wouldn'thavewritten句意：如果没有战时经历的话，海明威就不会写出他著名的小说《永别了，武器》without构成的介词短语相当于与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句；根据语境可知此处表示对过去情况的虚拟，故要用wouldhavedone结构，又因为此处表示否定意义，故填wouldn'thavewritten。must句意：——难道你不能再多逗留一会儿吗？一一时间不早了。我现在确实得走了。我的女儿独自一人在家。根据对话内容可知空格处表示“必要性”，故用must。needn't句意：在进入这所新学校之前我本没必要担心，因为这里的同学对我很友好。根据语境可知此处表达“过去对某事担心过，但现在看来这种担心没有必要”，应该用needn'thavedone。should句意：——对不起，妈妈！这次工作面试我又失败了。一一噢，太糟了。你本应该做好充分准备的。shouldhavedonesth.表示：应该做某事但实际事实上没有做。may/might句意：你可能觉得所有的训练都是浪费时间，但是我百分之百地确定你以后会庆幸你这么做了。根据题干中的butI'mahundredpercentsurelater可知设空处表示“不确定，没把握"，故用may/might。must句意：你必须小心使用这个相机，它很贵的！根据对话内容可知空格处表示“必要性”，意为：必须，故用must。hadn'tseen句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我是不会相信的。由主句谓语“wouldn'thavebelieved”可知此处为与过去事实相反的假设，故if从句谓语动词应为hadn'tseen。wouldhavecome句意：我们在做调查的那几个月，他们在国外，否则他们会来给我们帮忙的。考查虚拟语气。由句意可知设空处表示对过去的虚拟。Were句意：要是么有现代化的电讯工具，我们要等上几周才能获取世界各地的新闻。本题考查虚拟语气。根据主句谓语结构wouldhavet可知设空处表示与现在事实相反的假设，if条件从句谓语应为动词的过去式”即Iftherewere•在虚拟条件从句中可以省略if把were提到句首。wouldhavethrown句意：人么现在回收的许多东西要是在以前就会被扔掉了。考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知此处表示对过去的虚拟，故用wouldhavedon形式。hadbeen句意：如果Dewey先生当时在场的话，他会为那里的人们提供任何可能的帮助。本题考查虚拟语气。根据题干中的wouldhaveoffere及上下文逻辑可知设空处与过去事实相反，故答案为hadbeen在虚拟语气中，如果条件从句和主句均与过去事实相反，条件从句谓语动词为：had+过去分词，主句谓语动词为：would/should/could/might+havet去分词。（should）be句意：眼科医生建议，孩子的第一次眼睛检查应该是在6个月大时进行。recommend建议，其后的宾语从句中用should+动词原形，且should可以省略。would句意：如果他以前花更多的时间练习说英语，他现在就能说得更好些。本题为错综时间条件句，即if从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。与现在事实相反的主句谓语部分为“would/should/could/mi动t+词原形”。would/shouldhavegon句意：我昨天晚上本来想要/本应该去我表兄的生日聚会，但是没有空。句中的时间状语lastnig明确表示应该是对过去事实的虚拟，故答案是would/shouldhavegoneshould句意：妈妈建议我们这个周末出去吃饭来换换□味。suggest作建议”讲时，后面的从句要用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用“（should动词原形”形式。hadn'句意：一一今天早上下了滂沱大雨。很高兴我们带了伞。一一是的。要是我们没带的话就全身湿透了。与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句使用过去完成时。本题中if从句采用省略形式，补充完整后为“ifwehadn'ttakeanumbrella”wouldhavedriven句意：你认为乔治通过驾驶考试了吗？没有。如果通过了，昨天他就会开车去我们大学了。由yesterda可知本句是与过去事实相反的假设，故空格处句子的谓语动词应填wouldhavedrivenhadthought句意:如果我（当时）认为你是认真的，我就不会笑了。主句中谓语动词使用shouldnothavelaughed表明与过去的事实相反，从句谓语动词应该使用haddone形式。did/shouldd句意:杰克是一个大空谈家，到他该做事情而不是空谈的时候了。根据虚拟语气句型Itishightimethatsb.shoulddo（到J某人该做某事的时候了）可得出答案。were句意：不要把那个花瓶当作是钢做的那样搬运。asif导的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，谓语动词应用一般过去时，be动词用were。hadn'offered句意：昨天如果Harold不让我们搭车回家的话，我们就会叫出租车了。根据wouldhavecalled及yesterda可知此句为与过去事实相反的假设，所以设空处为过去完成时，又根据句意得知此处应为否定，所以填hadn'toffered27.hadn'tmade句意：如果我们没有做好充分准备的话，会议就不会如此成功。分析句子结构可知本句是一个虚拟语气句式，根据主句中的wouldn'thavebeen可知是对过去事情的虚拟，因此if条件从句要用haddone形式来表示对过去发生事情的虚拟。hadbeen句意：如果我的车(性能)更可靠些的话，去年夏天我就开车去拉萨而不是坐飞机去了。根据语境可知题干为与过去事实相反的假设，if引导的条件从句应该使用过去完成时。weretolive/lived/shouldlive句意：格雷斯不想搬到纽约去，因为她认为如果她住在那里，她就不能经常见到父母了。此处是对将来事实的假设，故用weretolive/lived/shouldlive。had句意：对不起，我现在太忙了。如果我有时间，一定会跟你去远足。根据前一句可知设空处是对现在的假设，故if从句谓语动词用过去式。练习2：should句意：——您今天能将我的车子修好吗？——没问题。损害不是很厉害，所以下午5点之前应该可以修好。根据句意，此处应该是比较肯定的推测，所以用shouldoshould句意：雨下得这么大，你竟然站在外面，我非常惊讶。设空处表示“竟然”，故答案为should。(should)besent句意：那位老太太坚持说那个年轻人偷了她的钱包并且坚持要把他送到警察局。本题考查虚拟语气和被动语态。insist作“坚决要求”讲时，其宾语从句的谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略；又he与send之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，故答案为(should)besent。had句意：——你认为在你经济拮据时他会帮你吗？——如果他知道的话，他应该会。毕竟我们是好朋友。根据Heshouldhave可判断“heknownaboutit”为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。此处虚拟条件从句中的if省略了，hadheknownaboutit=ifhehadknownaboutit。should句意：该项计划将鼓励那些优秀的中国学生申请耶鲁大学并保证，他们一旦被录取，我们就给他们提供经济帮助。“theybeadmitted”为省略了if的虚拟条件从句。根据句意可知，它为与将来事实相反的虚拟条件从句，故答案为shouldoshouldtheybeadmitted=iftheyshouldbeadmitted。would句意：如果她的老板没派她去出差，她现在就回和我们在一起赏雪了。根据句中的now可知设空处表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为wouldohavejoined句意：——你觉得这个俱乐部怎么样？——我宁愿没有加入它。大家都在说它的管理正变得越来越糟糕。wouldrathernothavedonesth.表示：宁愿过去没做某事。mustn't句意：在我们医院你不可以用手机，因为手机会对电子设备产生干扰！手机是被禁止使用的。mustn't与It'sforbidden呼应，符合语境。havefailed句意：玛丽，你数学考得怎么样？我原以为我可能会不及格，但事实上我在班里考了前十名。mighthavedone表示对过去情况的推测。(should)betaken句意：法律规定，一个人在获得驾照之前要先参加驾照考试。Itisrequiredthat...中，that从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略；又因为test与take之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，即(should)betakenocouldn'thavegone句意：要不是老师慷慨而及时的帮助，我不可能熬过那段艰难的岁月。根据句意可知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为couldn'thavegone。本句中的butfor相当于ifithadn'tbeenfor...。(should)beput句意：大多数香港市民强烈要求那些暴力袭击警察的人被关入监狱。in