高中英语语法虚拟语气讲解

高中英语语法讲解--虚拟语气语气的定义和种类（1）语气的定义语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。（2）语气的种类A.陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。Wearenotready.Diditrainalldayyesterday?Whatafinedaytoday！B.祈使语气表使说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。Becareful.Don'tforgettoclosethewindow.Openthedoor,please.C.虚拟语气表使动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。2.虚拟语气虚拟语气在条件句中的应用学习虚拟语气在条件句中的用法之前我们必须清楚条件句的种类：条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句（或称虚拟条件句）两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如：Ifitdoesn'traintomorrow,Iwillgoforapicnic.假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式（动词是be用were）should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相违背had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词与未来事实相违背1）should+动词原形2）were+动词不定式3）过去式（动词是Be也可以用were）should/would/could/might+动词原形1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were）,主句的谓语用should（would,might,could）+动词原形。如：Ifitwerenotraining,weshouldgoforapicnic.如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。（事实是：天在下雨，我们不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）Ifhecamehere,hemightbeabletohelpyou.如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。（事实是：他没来这，他不可能帮助你。表示对他的良好印象。）与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had+过去分词，主句的谓语用should（would,might，could）+have＋过去分词。如：Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninvited.要是当初她被邀请的话，她就会去参加这次聚会了。（事实是：当时没有人邀请她，因此，她没有来参加聚会。表示后悔。）Ifshehadn'tcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning.今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。（事实是：她今天早上叫我了，我没有睡过头。表示感激。）与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式（be的过去式用were）；should+动词原形；wereto+动词原形，主句用should（would,might,could）+动词原形。如：IfIweretobetwentyyearsoldnextyear,IwouldtakethecourseofFrench.明年我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。（事实是：我现在已经老了，明年我学不了法语了。）Ifitshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.要是失败了，我会再试一次。（事实是：有可能失败，可我会再试。表示未知。）虚拟过去式有时并不表示“不大可能实现的假设”，而是表示一种希望或不希望发生的动作。如：Ifwecaughttheearlytrain,we'dgettherebylunchtime.假如我们赶上早班火车，到午饭时间我们就会到达那里了。（表希望）Ifwemissedthetrain,weshouldhavetowaitanhouratthestation.假如我们赶不上这班火车，我们就得在车站等一小时。（表不希望）混合型的条件句当条件从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用一般时（指目前状态）。Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice.如果他听了我的劝告，他现在会通过考试。IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。如条件从句用ifIwere...，主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。如：IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.假如我不忙，我就会去了。（were表过去）IfIwereyou,Iwouldgo.假如我是你，我会去的。（were表现在）连词if的省略（倒装）如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。Hadyounothelpedme，Ishouldhavefailed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。Shouldtheyattackus,we'llwipethemoutcompletely.假如他们进攻我们，我们就把他们彻底消灭干净。例：1.hewouldhavesucceededintheexamination.HadheworkedhardIfheworkedhardIfheworkshardIfhehasworkedharditraintomorrow,wewouldstayathome.ShouldB.BeC.WereD.Will,hewouldteachushowtosolvetheproblem.WerehehereB.WashehereC.IfheisD.Ishehere,weshouldbeglad.A.WeretheytoarrivetomorrowTheyweretoarrivetomorrowTheywouldarrivetomorrowTheyarrivetomorrowtheclouds,youwouldfindtheairplaneintheskyeasily.A.WereitnotforB.IfithadnotbeenforC.IfitwerenotD.Haditnotbeenfor答案：1—5AAAAA含蓄条件句虚拟条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况。1）条件暗含在短语中。如：Butforyourhelpwecouldn'thavesucceededintheexperiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功的。（暗含在分词短词butforyourhelp）WhatwouldIhavedonewithoutyou?如没有你，我会怎么办呢？（条件暗含在介词短语withoutyou中）Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.这样做会比较容易。（条件暗含在不定式短语todoitthisway中）Thissamething,happeninginwartime,amounttodisaster.同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。（条件暗含在分词短语happeninginwartime中）Hemusthavethestrengthofahippopotamus,orhenevercouldhavevanquishedthatgreatbeast.他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。（暗含条件是连词or）Alone,hewouldhavebeenterrified.如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。（暗含条件是alone）2）条件暗含在上下文中。如：Youmightstayhereforever.你可以永远待在这儿。（可能暗含ifyouwantedto）Wewouldhavesucceeded.我们本来是会成功的。（可能暗含ifwehadkepttrying）Yourreputationwouldberuined.你的名誉会败坏的。（可能暗含ifyoushouldacceptit）3）在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：Youwouldn'tknow.你不会知道。Iwouldliketocome.我愿意来。不用if引导的条件从句虚拟条件句中的条件从句除用if引外，还可用when,unless,lest,suppose,asif,forfear,incase,oncondition等词语来引导。如：Thepeasantspreparedtofeedthecitywhenitshouldbefreed.农民已准备在这座城市解放后供给粮食。Lestyoushouldnothaveheardall,Ishallbeginatthebeginning.我怕你没有听全，所以我再从头开始讲一遍。UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn'tbeatschool.除非我好了，否则我不会上学。SupposeyouweregivenachancetostudyinAmerica,wouldyouaccept?假如给你一个到美国学习的机会，你会接受吗？（suppose或supposing=whatif）Supposingitwereso？（=Supposingitwereso，whatwouldhappen？）要是这样的话，会怎么样呢？Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow.如果明天能还回来，他就可以借用这辆自行车。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise如果我忘了，请提醒我的诺言。Susaniswalkingslowly,asifsheweretired.苏珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句亦可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。虚拟语气补充讲解（第二课时）虚拟语气除主要用于条件句（也就是状语从句）外，还可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句等。虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用“常用在Itis（was）+形容词/过去分词+that引导的主语从句”的句型中的主语从句要用虚拟语气。主语从句的谓语用should+动词原形（或should+have+过去分词）或只用动词原形（尤其是美国英语）。should在此是助动词，本身并无实义，这种主语从句中的should有时有感情色彩。It'simportantthatwe（should）workoutaplan.（带有“要求”的含义）It'sbetterthathegoatonce.（带有“建议”的意思）☆用于本句型的形容词并不多，常见形容词有：necessary,important，best,right,impossible，preferable，desirable,imperative,advisable，essential，reserved，urgent，等。Itisnecessarythathe（should）besentthereatonce．It'sstrangethatheshouldsayso.Iwasgladthatheshouldgo.Itisimportantthatweshouldspeakpolitely.Itisapitythatsheshouldfaresobadly.It'srightthatyoushouldthinkthatway.☆用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，settled,required，requested，demanded，urged，decided,proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。ItisrequestedthatProfessorLiu（should）giveusalecture．Itisdesiredthatwe（should）geteverythingreadybytonight．I'mashamedyoushouldhavedonesuchathing.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthemeeting（should）beputoff.有人建议推迟会议。Itissettledthatyouleaveus,then?注意：这种句型中的主语从句也可用陈述语气，如：Itwasimportantthathemadeanexplicitstatementonthisscorelastweek.他上个星期对于这一方面做了明确的说明，这是很重要的。句型总结：Itisnecessarythat...Itisimportantthat.Itisnaturalthat.Itisstrangethat.Itissurprisingthat.Itisimpossiblethat.Itisgreatpitythat...Itwillbebetterthat.Itissuggestedthat.Itisorderedthat..Itisdemandedthat.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1）.宾语从句在表示提议、要求、命令、意志等动词后，其谓语用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的虚拟语气，作为suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object,arrange,desire等动词的宾语。如：Thedoctorsuggestedthathenotgothere.医生建议他不要去那里。Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建议我们早点动身。Thejudgeorderedthattheprisonershouldberemanded.法官命令被告还押。例：1.Theteacherinsistedthateverystudenteveryotherline.writesB.writeC.wouldwriteD.wroteJack'sfatherinsistsinthishotel.A.notstayingBnottostayC.thathenotstayD.stayingnotTheyinsistedthatyouthemaquickanswer.A.shouldgiveB.gaveC.mustgiveD.wouldgiveTheguardatthegateinsistedthateverybodytherules.A.obeysB.obeyC.willobeyD.wouldobey答案：1—4BCAB注：1）、suggest为“建议去做.;命令.”从句用should+do为“说明；暗示”,从句用过去时或过去完成时。ThedoctorsuggestedthatIshouldtakethemedicinethreetimesaday.Thedoctorsuggestedthatmygrandmotherhadcaughtabadcold.Theexpressiononherfacesuggeststhatsheknewthesecret.Theysuggestedthatthesebooksatonce.shouldtakeawaywouldbetakenawaybetakenawaytakeawayIsuggestedameetingtodiscussthematter.A.willbeheldB.wouldbeheldC.shouldholdD.beheldHissilenceatthemeetingsuggestedtoyourplan.A.didn'tagreeB.hadn'tagreedC.wouldn'tagreeD.shouldn'tagree答案：4—6CDA2）、insist“坚持要去做.，坚持应该去做”，从句用should+do为“坚持表明，坚持说/解释”，从句用过去时或过去完成时。1.Sheinsistedthatsheillofhimbehindhim,buthedidn'tbelieve.A.hadn'tspokenB.shouldn'tspeakC.wouldn'tspeakD.notspeakHeinsistedthatwetheboytohospital.A.takeB.tookC.wouldtakeD.willtakeHeinsistedthatheourcar.A.shouldstealB.wouldstealC.hadn'tstolenD.stealTheteachercommandedthatallhisstudentstheirhomeworkafterclass.A.wouldhandinB.shouldhandinC.handedinD.mighthandinTheworkersrequestedthattheirworkingconditions.A.mustbeimprovedB.beimprovedC.wouldbeimprovedD.wereimprovedTheyrequiredthatthecropsharvestedatonce.A.shouldbeB.beC.areD.mustbeC.are答案：1—6BACBBA2）.wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。☆从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反），虽实现的可能性不大，但仍有实现的可能。Iwishitweretrue.我但愿这是真的。☆从句的谓语动词还可用“could（would，might）+动词原形”用来表示将来的愿望Iwishyouwouldstayalittlelonger.我希望你再待一会儿。☆表示无能为力的过去愿望（与过去事实相反），可用“had+过去分词”或“could(would，might)+have+过去分词"Iwishyouhadcalledyesterday.我希望你昨天来过电话。WewishyouhadcometoourNewYear'sparty.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。例：7.IwishIyouyesterday.A.sawB.didseeC.hadseenD.weretosee—HaveyouvisitedtheScienceMuseum?—No,butIreallywishI.A.willB.haveC.didD.hadIwishthattherainstop.A.willB.wouldCmayD.can答案：7—9CDB3）.wouldrather,wouldsooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。☆表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式☆用过去完成式（had+过去分词）表示过去事实相反的含义Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow我宁愿你明天来。I'dsoonershelefttheheavyendoftheworktosomeoneelse.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。4）.有些动词，如think,expect,believe,其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should+动词原形。如：Ineverthoughtheshouldrefuse.我万没有想到他会拒绝。Shedidnotexpectthatyoushouldcome她没有预料你会来。虚拟语气在表语从句中的应用名词suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主语，其后的表语从句中的谓语动词一般使用虚拟语气，用should+动词原形或省略should。Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)sendafewsoldierstohelpthem.我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。Myadviceisthatyou(should)treatherwell.我的忠告是你应该善待她。Hemakesthedemandthatshe(should)leavetheplaceatonce.他提出一个要求，要求她立刻离开这个地方。Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim.我的建议是我们应该告诉他。Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。注意：虚拟语气也可以用于同位语从句。如：TherewasasuggestionthatBrownshouldbedroppedfromtheteam有一项建议是布朗应该离队。虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用常用在Itistime(that)...句型中，定语从句常用虚拟过去式Itistimethechildrenwenttobed.孩子们早该上床睡觉了。(表示催促)It'shightimethathebegantothinkhowtodealwithmoney.他早该开始考虑如何与钱打交道。Itistimeweleft.我们该走了。Itistimewewenttobed.我们该去睡觉了。虚拟式动词原形亦常用在独立句中，表愿望LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina!中国共产党万岁！Godblessyou!上帝保佑你。Goddamnit!该死的！Thedeviltakeyou!见鬼去吧！Sobeitthen.就那样吧。虚拟时态与谓语动词时态的关系：从句中的虚拟时态往往不受全句谓语时态的影响。用于主语从句。试比较：Itisimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis他必须知道此事。Itwasimportantthatheshouldknowaboutthis.他必须知道此事。用于宾语从句。试比较：Isuggestthatweshouldgotomorrow.我建议我们明天走。Isuggestedthatweshouldgothenextday.我建议我们第二天走。Shesaid,“IfIwereaboyIwouldjointhearmy.，她说，“我如是男孩，就参军。”Shesaidthatifshewereaboy,shewouldjointhearmy她说她如是男孩就参军。但强调现在时刻的虚拟式在间接引语中需要遵守时态一致的原则。试比较：“IfIknewhowitworked,Icouldtellyouwhattodo,”hesaid.“假如我知道它是如何运行的话，我就会告诉你该怎么办，”他说道。Hesaidthatifhehadknownhowitworkedhecouldhavetoldmewhattodo.他说假如他知道它是如何运行的话，他就会告诉我该怎么办。“IfIknewtheanswertoallyourquestionsI'dbeagenius,”hesaid.“我如知道你所有问题的答案，我就是天才了。”他说道。Hesaidthatifheknewtheanswertoallmyquestions,he'dbeagenius.

他说他如知道我所有问题的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句谓语是虚拟语气，其后从句的时态则多受其影响，现在时态应随之而变为过去时态。如：Iwouldthinkhewaswrong.我看他是错了。（须用was,试比较：Ithinkheiswrong）Itwouldseemthatshewasright.她似乎是对的。（须用was，试比较：Itseemsthatsheisright）专项训练：enjoyedthemovieverymuch.IwishIthebookfromwhichitwasmade.A.havereadB.hadreadC.shouldhavereadD.arereadingYouarelate.Ifyouafewminutesearlier,youhim.A.come;wouldmeetB.hadcome;wouldhavemetC.come;willmeetD.hadcome;wouldmeetThetwostudentstalkedasiftheyfriendsforyears.A.shouldbeB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen4.ItisimportantthatIwithMr.Williamsimmediately.A.speakB.spokeC.willspeakD.tospeakHelookedasifheillforalongtime.A.wasB.WereC.hasbeenD.hadbeen6.Ifthedoctorhadcomeearlier,thepoorchildwouldnotB.havebeenliedtherefortwohoursD.havelaintherefortwohoursfeel?B.havebeenliedtherefortwohoursD.havelaintherefortwohoursfeel?C.haveliedtherefortwohourswishthatIwithyoulastnight.A.wentB.couldgoC.havegoneD.couldhavegone8.Let'ssayyoucouldgothereagain,howA.willyouB.shouldyouC.wouldyouD.doyoucan'tstandhim.Healwaystalksasthoughheeverything.A.knewknowsA.knewhasknownhadknownhasknownhadknownthefog,weshouldhavereachedourschool.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor11.Ifyouhadtoldmeinadvance,Ihimattheairport.A.wouldmeetB.wouldhadmetC.wouldhavemetD.wouldhavemeet12.Mikecantakehiscarapartandputitbacktogetheragain.Icertainlywishhemehow.A.teachesB.willteachC.hastaughtD.wouldteachwouldhavetoldhimtheanswer,haditbeenpossible,butIsobusythen.A.hadbeenB.wereC.wasD.wouldbeHe'sworkinghardforfearthathe.A.shouldfallbehindB.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.wouldfallenbehind15.Ifitanothertenminutes,thegamewouldhavebeencalledoff.A.hadrainedB.wouldhaverainedC.haveseenD.rained16.Hesuggestedthattheyuseatrickinsteadoffighting.A.shouldB.wouldC.doD.had17.MyfatherdidnotgotoNewYork;thedoctorsuggestedthathethere.A.notwentB.won'tgoC.notgoD.nottogowouldhavegonetothemeetingifItime.A.hadhadB.havehadC.hadD.wouldhavehadWouldyouratherIbuyinganewbike?A.decidedagainstB.willdecideagainstC.havedecidedD.shalldecideagainstYoulooksotiredtonight.Itistimeyou.A.gotosleepB.wenttosleepC.gotobedD.wenttobed—Whydidn'tyoubuyanewcar?—IwouldhaveboughtoneifIenoughmoney.A.hadB.havehadC.wouldhaveD.hadhad22.Ifshecouldsew,.A.shemakeadressB.shewouldhavemadeashirtC.shewillmakeashirtD.shewouldhadmadeacoattoday,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.IfheleavesHisdoctorsuggestedthatheashorttripabroad.A.willtakeB.wouldtakeC.takeD.tookTheBakersarrivedlastnight.Ifthey'donlyletusknowearlier,atthestation.A.we'dmeetthemB.we'llmeetthemC.we'dhavemetthemD.we'vemetthem26.IfIyou,ImoreattentiontoEnglishidiomsandphrases.A.was;shallpayB.am;willpayC.wouldbe;wouldpayD.were;wouldpay27.Wemighthavefailedifyouusahelpinghand.A.havenotgivenB.wouldnotgiveC.hadnotgivenD.didnotgive

28.Thelawrequiresthateveryonehiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.A.hasB.hadC.haveD.willhave29.Itisstrangethatheso.A.wouldsayB.wouldspeakC.shouldsayD.willspeak30.HadIknownhername,A.ordoessheknowmine?B.andwheredoesshelive?C.shewouldbebeautiful.D.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertolunch.31.Hehasjustarrived,buthetalksasifheallaboutthat.A.knowB.knowsC.knownD.knew32.IfIthemoney,Iwouldhaveboughtamuchbiggercar.A.possessedB.ownedC.hadD.hadhad33.Hewasverybusyyesterday;otherwise,hetothemeeting.A.wouldcomeB.cameC.wouldhavecomeD.willcome34.ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohnnomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehasborrowed.A.willtakeB.tookC.takeD.takesleftveryearlylastnight,butIwishIsoearly.A.didn'tleaveB.hadn'tleftC.haven'tleftD.couldn'tleavedonothaveajob.IwouldfindonebutInotime.A.hadB.didn'thaveC.hadhadD.h