文学第4次课教学内容

Thesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyhasbeencalledthepositivist（实证主义）age.Itwasanageoffaithinallknowledgewhichwouldderivefromscienceandscientificobjectivemethodswhichcouldsolveallhumanproblems.InthevisualartsthisspiritismostobviousinthewidespreadrejectionofRomanticsubjectivismandimaginationinfavorofRealism-theaccurateandapparentlyobjectivedescriptionoftheordinary,observableworld,achangeespeciallyevidentinpainting.Positivistthinkingisevidentinthefullrangeofartisticdevelopmentsafter1850-fromtheintroductionofrealisticelementsintoacademicart,fromtheemphasisonthephenomenonoflight,tothedevelopmentofphotographyandtheapplicationofnewtechnologiesinarchitectureandconstructions.(AHandbooktoLiteratureAreactionagainstromanticism,aninterestinscientificmethod,thesystematizingofthestudyofaryhistory,andtheinfluenceofrationalphilosophyallaffectedtheriseofrealism.AccordingtoWilliamHarmonandHughHolman,“Whereromanticiststranscendtheimmediatetofindtheideal,andnaturalistsplumbtheactualorsuperficialtofindthescientificlawsthatcontrolitsactions,realistscentertheirattentiontoaremarkabledegreeontheimmediate,thehereandthespecificaction,andtheverifiable（可证实的fromRichardChase,TheAmericanNovelandItsRenderrealitycloselyandincomprehensivedetail.Selectivepresentationofrealitywithanemphasisonverisimilitude(真),evenattheexpenseofawell-madeplot.Characterismoreimportantthanactionandplot;complexethicalchoicesareoftentheCharactersappearintheirrealcomplexityoftemperamentandmotive;theyareinexplicable（可解释的、可说明的）relationtonature,toeachothertotheirsocialclass,totheirownpast.Classisimportant;thenovelhastraditionallyservedtheinterestsandaspirationsofaninsurgentmiddleclass.Eventswillusuallybeplausible.Realisticnovelsavoidthesensational（轰动的、耸人听闻的）,dramaticelementsofnaturalisticnovelsandromances.becomic,satiric,ormatter-of-fact.Objectivityinpresentation esincreasinglyimportant:overtauthorialcommentsorintrusionsdiminishasthecenturyprogresses.InteriororpsychologicalrealismavariantTherealismofJamesandTwainwascriticallyacclaimedintwentiethcentury;Howellsianrealismfellintodisfavor（失去众望）aspartofearlytwentiethcenturyrebellionagainstthe"genteeltradition."MajorAsaliterarymovement,realismisareactionagainstRealistsareinterestedincommoncharactersandtheeverydayeventswhichshowtheaveragelife.Principles:faithfulness,truthfulness,objectivityandfidelity（忠实、真Characterization:centerofthestory. Atendencytoexplorethepsychologyofcharacters.Detaileddescriptionandopenending.TheRiseofRealisminAmericanTheU.S.CivilWar(1861-1865)betweentheindustrialNorthandtheagricultural,slave-owningSouthwasawatershedinAmericanhistory.From1860to1914,theUnitedStateswastransformedfromasmall,young,agriculturalex-colonytoahuge,modern,industrialnation.Industrialization,mechanization,andcommercializationproducedatimeofaffluenceandprosperity,butbeneaththeglitteringsurfacetherelaysufferingandunhappiness.Whathadbeenexpectedtobea“GoldenAge”turnedouttobea“Gilded”one.Thiswastheeraofthemillionairemanufacturerandthespeculator（投机商）,whenDarwinianevolutionandthe“survivalofthefittest”seemedtosanction（认可）thesometimesunethicalmethodsofthesuccessfulbusinesstycoon（大亨）.MoreandmorepeoplesensedthefailureofAmericanromanticidealsandthegradualcorruptionofAmericanDream.WilliamDeanThefatherofAmericanStressingfourmainpoints:thecommonplaceratherthantheunusualoffersthebestmaterialforfiction;characterismoreimportantthanplot;thewritershouldrevealthegoodinlifeasmorerealthantheevil;andrealismistheexpressionofdemocracy.Focusingontherisingmiddle-class.Encouragingtheregionalawareness.BothaprolificwriterandaneminentTheRiseofSilasLapham(1885)：Howells’sAfineexampleoftheAmericanrealistnovel.Lapham’sbusinessfallishismoralrise.Inthisnoveltheauthorwasdevotedtothesmall,trivial,andthecommonplaceandhisstresswasalwaysontheethics,onhumansympathyandmoralintegrity（诚实）.Howellsstressedtheneedfordifferentsocialclassestoharmoniouslyadapttotheirenvironmentandtooneanother.HewascriticaloftheriseofmaterialisminAmericanHowells’sLimitationandLackingprofundity,seldomachievingpsychologicalFocusingonlyonsmilingaspectsofTooprudish（过分拘谨的）inhandlingof(GenteelTradition:Atermcoined（创造）bycriticGeorgeSantayanatodescribetheliterarypracticeofcertainlate19thcenturyAmericanwriters.FollowersoftheGenteelTraditionemphasizedconventionalityinsocial,religious,moralandliterarystandards.)O.Henry(1862-OneofthemostprolificmodernAmericanshortstoryHisshortstoriesaretypicalAmerican,portrayingvarioustypesofpeopleintheStyle:originalconception,exaggeration,si andmetaphor,humor,andsurpriseendingBest-knownshortstories:TheCopandtheAnthem,TheFourMillion,TheGiftsofMaggie,CabbagesandKings,HenryJames(1843-BorninNewYorkCityin1843andwasraisedinManhattan.James'sfather,aprominentinlectualandsocialtheorist,traveledagreatdealtoGeneva,Paris,andLondon,soHenryandhisbrother,William, paniedhimandvirtuallygrewupinthoselocationsaswell.Jamesdevotedhimselftoliteratureandtravel,graduallyassumingtheroleofdetachedspectatorandystoflife.ThreeStagesofJames’sLiteraryDaisyMiller(1879),andThePortraitofaLady(1881),aswellassomeofhislaterwork,Jameswiththeinnocent,eager,thoughoftenbrash（轻率的）Americans.Experimentalstage:varioussubjectsandInthenovelsofhismiddleperiod,TheBostonians(1886),ThePrincessCasamassima(1886),andTheTragicMuse(1890),heturnedhisattentionfromtheinternationalthemetoreformers,revolutionaries,andpoliticalaspirants.Jamesalsowroteaseriesofshort,powerfulnovels,includingTheAspernPapers(1888),WhatMaisieKnew(1897),TheSpoilsofPoynton(1897),TheTurnoftheScrew(1898),andTheSacredFount(1901).“MajorPhase”:returnofinternationalInhislastandperhapshisgreatestnovels,TheWingsoftheDove(1902),TheAmbassadors(1903),andTheGoldenBowl(1904),allmarkedbyareturntotheinternationaltheme,Jamesreachedhishighestdevelopmentintheportrayaloftheintricatesubtletiesofcharacterandintheuseofacomplex,convolutedstyletoexpressdelicatenuancesofthought.ThePortraitofaLadyGilbertOsmond-Acruel,narcissisticgentlemanofnoparticularsocialstandingorwealth,whoseducesIsabelandmarriesherforhermoney.Anartcollector,Osmondposes（假装）asadisinterestedaesthete,butinrealityheisdesperatefortherecognitionandadmirationofthosearoundhim.MadameMerle-An plished,graceful,andmanipulativewoman.MotivatedbyherloveforGilbertOsmond,MerlemanipulatesIsabelintomarryingOsmond,deliveringIsabel'sfortuneintohishandsandruiningIsabel'slifeintheprocess.RalphTouchett-Isabel'swise,funnycousin,whoisillwithlungdiseasethroughouttheentirenovel,whichendsshortlyafterhisdeath.Ralphloveslife,butheiskeptfromparticipatinginitvigorouslybyhisailment;asaresult,heactsasadedicatedspectator,resolvingtolivevicariouslythroughhisbelovedcousinIsabel.ThePortraitofaLadyexploresthebetweentheindividualandsocietybyexaminingthelifeofIsabelArcher,ayoungAmericanwomanwhomustchoosebetweenherindependentspiritandthedemandsofsocialconvention.Afterprofessingandlongingtobeanindependentautonomousandanswerableonlytoherself,IsabelfallsinlovewithandmarriesthesinisterGilbertOsmond,whowantsheronlyforhermoneyandwhotreatsherasanobject,almostaspartofhisartcollection.Isabelmustthendecidewhethertohonorhermarriagevowsandpreservesocialproprietyortoleavehermiserablemarriageandescapetoahappier,moreindependentlife,possiblywithherAmericansuitorCasparGoodwood.Intheend,afterthedeathofhercousinRalph,thestaunchestadvocateofherindependence,IsabelchoosestoreturntoOsmondandmaintainhermarriage.Sheismotivatedpartlybyasenseofsocialduty,partlybyasenseofpride,andpartlybytheloveofherstepdaughter,Pansy,thedaughterofOsmondandhismanipulativeloverMadameJamesskillfullyintertwinesthenovel’spsychologicalandthematicelements.Isabel’sdownfallwithOsmond,forinstance,enablesthebook’smosttrenchant（犀利的、的）explorationof betweenherdesiretoconformtosocialconventionandherfiercelyindependentmind.ItisalsoperfectlyexplainedbytheelementsofIsabel'scharacter:herhaphazardupbringinghasledhertolongforstabilityandsafety,eveniftheymeanalossofindependence,andheractiveimaginationenableshertocreateanillusorypictureofOsmond,whichshebelievesinmorethantherealthing,atleastuntilsheismarriedtohim.OnceshemarriesOsmond,Isabel'sprideinhermoralstrengthmakesitimpossibleforhertoconsiderleavinghim:sheoncelongedforhardship,andnowthatshehasfoundit,itwouldbehypocriticalforhertosurrendertoitbyviolatingsocialcustomandabandoningherhusband.InthesamewaythatJamesuniteshispsychologicalandthematicsubjects,healsointertwinesthenovel’ssettingswithitsthemes.SetalmostentirelyamongagroupofAmericanexpatriates（移居国外者）livinginEuropeinthe1860sand70s,thebookreliesonakindofmoralgeography,inwhichAmericarepresentsinnocence,individualism,andcapability;Europerepresents（）,sophistication,andsocialconvention;andEnglandrepresentsthebestmixofthetwo.IsabelmovesfromAmericatoEnglandtocontinentalEurope,andateachstageshecomestomirrorhersurroundings,graduallylosingabitofindependencewitheachmove.EventuallyshelivesinRome,thehistoricheartofcontinentalEurope,anditisherethatsheendureshergreatesthardshipwithGilbertOsmond.TheoryofTheaimofthenovelistorepresentWritersshouldenjoygreaterfreedominchoosingmaterialsDramatizationandself-containmentoftheworkofart Theauthormustremainoutside.CentralconsciousnessthroughwhomeventsareobservedPsychologicalrealism:inwardmovementsratherthanexternalevents 于)thestream-of-consciousnesstechnique)Ambiguity:neverlettinganythingreactasLocalOxfordCompaniontoAmericanLiterature“Inlocal-colorliteratureonefindsthedualinfluenceofromanticismandrealism,sincetheauthorfrequentlylooksawayfromordinarylifetodistantlands,strangecustoms,orexoticscenes,butretainsthroughminutedetailasenseoffidelityandaccuracyofdescription”.BriefLocalcolorismasatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthelate1860sandearly1870s.Localcolorism avarianttrendofrealismandaformofBeingasubordinateorderofrealism,regionalismindicatesthatanauthorwritesaboutwhatisuniqueinhisorherlivingsection.Thefrontierhumoristswhohadbeenpopularwiththeir“talltales”（荒诞不经的故事）beforetheCivilWarpavedthewayforlocalcolorfiction.MajorSetting:Theemphasisisfrequentlyonnatureandthelimitationsitimposes.Thesettingisintegraltothestoryandmaysometimes eacharacterinitself.Characters:Localcolorstoriestendtobeconcernedwiththecharacterofthedistrictorregionratherthanwiththeindividual:charactersmay echaractertypes,sometimesquaint（少见的、古怪的）orstereotypical（已成定型的）.Thecharactersaremarkedbytheiradherencetotheoldways,bydialect,andbyparticular alitytraitscentraltotheregion.Plots.Ithasbeensaidthat"nothinghappens"inlocalcolorstoriesbywomenauthors,andoftenverylittledoeshappen.Storiesmayincludelotsofstorylingandrevolvearoundthecommunityanditsrituals.Themes:Manylocalcolorstoriesshareanantipathytochangeandacertaindegreeofnostalgiaforanalways-pastgoldenage.Thematictensionor betweenurbanwaysandold-fashionedruralvaluesisoftensymbolizedbytheintrusionofanoutsiderorinterloperwhoseekssomethingfromthecommunity.MarkTwain(1835-MarktwainwasbornSamuelLanghorneClemensinthetownofFlorida,Missouri,in1835.Whenhewasfouryearsold,hisfamilymovedtoHannibal,atownontheMississippiRivermuchlikethetownsdepictedinhistwomostfamousnovels,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)andTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884).TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnHemingwayoncewrote:“AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromonebookbyMarkTwaincalledHuckleberryFinn”AlthoughTwainwroteHuckleberryFinntwodecadesaftertheEmancipationProclamationandtheendoftheCivilWar,America—andespeciallytheSouth—wasstillstrugglingwithracismandtheaftereffectsofslavery.Thenovelisastoryofdeath,rebirth,andinitiation.Theescapedslave,Jim, esafatherfigureforHuck;indecidingtosaveJim,Huckgrowsmorallytheboundsofhisslave-owningsociety.ItisJim'sadventuresthatinitiateHuckintothecomplexitiesofhumannatureandgivehimmoralcourage.SocialSatireandcruelty,injusticeofsouthernersaswell.HuckisthevehicleofTwain’ssocialcriticisminthebook.TwaindescribesintolerableignoranceandcrueltythroughHuck’sinnocenteyesandhasthesometimeshalf-understandingHuckcommentonthestupidorunjustpracticesintheadultworld.Twainlookedatthepoorwhitesandshowedthereaderhowtheseno-countwhitesthoughttheywerebetterthanblackslaves.Thegenteelupper-classsouthernerslivedaveryaristocraticlifebutdidnotthemselves,senselesslyperverting（）acodeof onwhichsouthernculturerestsisitselfapretenceorillusiontodisguisethebasiccowardlinessofthepeopleandtheirrefusaltoactasindividuals.InitiationFiction（成长小说HuckleberryFinnisanoveldepictinganindividual’smaturationanddevelopment.Asapoor,uneducatedboy,Huckdistruststhemoralsandprecepts(戒律)ofthesocietythattreatshimasanoutcastandfailstoprotecthimfromabuse.Thisapprehensionaboutsociety,andhisgrowingrelationshipwithJimleadHucktoquestionmanyoftheteachingsthathehasreceived,especiallyregardingraceandslaveryMorethanonce,weseeHuckchooseto“goto”ratherthangoalongwiththerulesandfollowwhathehasbeentaught.Huckbasesthesedecisionsonhisexperiences,hisownsenseoflogic,andwhathisdeveloconsciencelshi