英语专业写作王星主编UnitOutline

Questions

fordiscussionWhatisthemostimportantfactorofwritinganessay?Doyouhavethehabitofmakinganoutlinebeforewritinganessay?Andhowdoyoudothat?Whatdoyouknowaboutanoutline?第1页/共19页第一页，共20页。1.ThesignificanceofwritinganoutlineDefinition:Anoutlineisessentialforwritinganypaper.Itistheskeletonofanessay,providingshapeandsupport.Anoutlineisalogicalandgeneraldescription,aschematicsummary,anorganizationalpattern,andavisualandconceptualdesignofanessay.Itreflectstheauthor’slogicalthinkingandtheclassificationofhis/hersubject.Therefore,thepurposeofmakinganoutlineistoassistthewriterintheprocessofwriting.Thismeansthatanoutlinecanhelpthewritertoorganizehis/herideas,presentthematerialinalogicalform,showtherelationshipbetweenideasinwriting,andconstructanorderlyoverviewoftheessay.第2页/共19页第二页，共20页。2.ThreeessentialsformakinganoutlineA.Thepurposeoftheessay:whatproblemsshouldbesolvedandwhatmainideashouldbeansweredintheEssay;B.Thethesisstatement:whattopicandwhatmainideaShouldbepresentedinthisessay;C.Theaudience:forwhomisthisessaygoingtobeWritten.第3页/共19页第三页，共20页。3.Thegeneralstructureofanoutline

Thesis(controllingidea)

Ⅰ.MainideaA.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetaila.Fact1b.Fact2

第4页/共19页第四页，共20页。

Ⅱ.MainideaA.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetail3.SupportingdetailC.Sub-idea

Ⅲ.Conclusion第5页/共19页第五页，共20页。Example:Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.

Ⅰ.Introduction:thefoundationofforeigntrade

Ⅱ.ThenecessityofvisibletradeA.LackofcertaincommoditiesB.InsufficiencyofparticularitemsC.ComparativeadvantageincertainitemsD.Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommodities第6页/共19页第六页，共20页。Ⅲ.Thenecessityofinvisibletrade—exchangeofservicesbetweennations

A.TransportationB.InsuranceC.TourismD.TechnologyⅣ.Conclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeandtheimportanceofthebalanceofpayments第7页/共19页第七页，共20页。

4.Afewrulesforwritingoutlines:(1).Avoidsinglesubdivisions.Ifthereisamajorpointmarked“Ⅰ”,theremustbeatleastanothermarked“Ⅱ”;ifthereisan“A”,theremustbea“B”,andsoon.(2).Avoidmixingtypes.Atopicoutlineiswritteninnounphrases,andasentenceoutlineinsentences.Donotmixthesetwotypes.(3).Useparallelstructuresfortheheadingsofthesamerank.Makesuresubheadsoflikerankareofequalimportanceandarerelatedtotheheadingandarrangedinlogicalorder.(4).Makesurethethesisisacompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative;donotuseaquestion,aphraseoradependentClause.第8页/共19页第八页，共20页。5.Typesoftheoutlines5.1ThesentenceoutlineAsentenceoutlineusescompletesentencesforallentriesandusescorrectpunctuation.Itsadvantageslieinpresentingamoredetailedoverviewofthework,includingpossibletopicsentences,andinmakingiteasierandfastertowritethefinalessay.第9页/共19页第九页，共20页。5.1.1SampleanalyzingP14-16Comments:Sample1:Sample2:Conclusion:Tosumup,internethastheadvantagetocommunicateconvenientlyandeffectively.However,itisnothelpfulforustobuildaharmonioussociety,forthingsonlineandofflinearereallydifferent.Manytrapsandswindlesoftelecomandinternetoccureveryminuteandanywhere.Therefore,weshouldmakegooduseofinternettohelppeoplegetabetterlife.第10页/共19页第十页，共20页。5.1.2CriteriaofasentenceoutlineEachheadingisacomplete,singlesentence,nottwoorthree.Statementsarebetterthanquestions.Allthesentencesareinthesametense.第11页/共19页第十一页，共20页。5.2Thetopicoutline

Atopicoutlinestartswiththethesisstatementandcontinuesbylistingthesupportingarguments,details,andexamples.Ituseswordsorphrasesforallentries,andusesnopunctuationafterentries.Itsadvantageslieinpresentingabriefoverviewoftheworkandinbeingeasierandfastertowritethanasentenceoutline.

第12页/共19页第十二页，共20页。5.2.1sampleanalyzingP16-19第13页/共19页第十三页，共20页。5.2.2.PracticeWriteanoutline(eithersentenceortopic)accordingtothefollowingsample:Inrecentyears,universitiesinChinahavetriedtoadmitmorestudents.Whilemeetingpublicdemandforhighereducation,theseuniversitiesareusuallytroubleswithvariousproblematicbehaviorsonthestudents’part,suchasskippingclasses,eatingbreakfastintheclassroom,andtoointimatebehaviorsbetweenstudentlovers.Todealwiththeseproblems,manyuniversitiescarriedoutmorestrictdisciplines./Thoughmanystudentsareagainstthem,Ibelievethatthesedisciplinesarenecessaryandhelpful.第14页/共19页第十四页，共20页。

First,thesedisciplinesarenecessarytoestablishaproperenvironmentforteachingandlearning.Teachingandlearningaretoughmentalactivitiesthatrequiregreatconcentration.Ifstudentseatbreakfastintheclassroom,theycannotpay

attentiontostudyatthesametime.Ifstudentsmoveinandoutofclassroomastheywish,theteacherandotherstudentswilldefinitelybeinterrupted./Besides,learningisalsoalongtermprocess.Ifstudentsskipclassesfrequently,theywillnotgetacompleteunderstandingoftheknowledgesystemofthecourse,andthusbeunabletolearnthecoursewell.第15页/共19页第十五页，共20页。

Second,thesedisciplinesarenecessarytopreparestudentsfortheirfuturecareers.Manystudentsarenotawarethatthereareverystrictdisciplinesconcerningone’smentalitytowardsdisciplinesatuniversities,theywillnotbeusedtodisciplinesinthefuture,andthiswillbeapotentialthreattotheirsuccess./Ilearnedfromafriendthatagraduatefromakeyuniversitywasfiredbecausehehadnotfollowedthecompany’sdisciplineofnotcomingtoofficelate,andheadmittedthathehadbeenlateforclassfrequentlywhenhewasatuniversity.Itcanbeseenfromthisexamplethatifstudentsdonotcultivateasenseofdisciplineatschool,theywillhavevariousfailuresinstoreforthem.第16页/共19页第十六页，共20页。

Finally,strictcampusdisciplinesarealsonecessaryforthesounddevelopmentofthesociety.Thosewhoareagainstdisciplinesonthebasisofpersonalfreedomhaveaseriousmisconceptionaboutrightandfreedom.Beinganadultdoesnotmeanyoucandoanythingyoulikewithoutcaringaboutothers’interests.Ifuniversitiescannotd