新程转本视频-语法讲解

一、完全倒装herethereoutinupdownaway,off等标志词放在句首，句子用Herecomesthe Theregoesthe当主语是人称代词时，主谓语序不变。Hereit InshecomeliveliegoInsouthoftheriverliesasmallfactory.Fromthevalleycameacry.Onthetablearebooks.含有否定意义的副词或短语如：few,little,never,not,notuntil,nowhere,rarely,seldomhardly/scarcely…when…，nosooner…(than)…，notonly…(butalso),atnotime,bynomeans等放在句首时，需用部分倒装。LittledoesheknowabouttheBynomeanscanhecatchupinsuchashortNosoonerhadTomgothomethanthebellrangHardlyhadTomgothomewhenthebellrang.OnlywhentheyreturnedhomedidIknowwhathadhappened.Notonlydidherefusedthegifts,butalsoheseverelycriticizedtheneithernorsoassoasbe助动词或情态动词)（用于肯定句neithernor)be助动词或情态动词)（用于否定句—I'vegotanenormousamountofworktodo.—Sohaveyoucanswim,----socanI,.Youcantswim----neithercanI①“only(或状语从句)”②onlyOnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.Onlythatboycanworkouttheproblem.werehadshouldifwerehadshouldWereIyou,Iwouldn'tdo“so…that”such…that”“so＋adj和“such＋n提到句首时，独立主格结Weatherpermitting，theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow．Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome. ernorponderingthematter，morestrikersgatheredacrosshisTheworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved.Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarteroftheManytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmoreTheTrojansasleep,theGreeksoldierscreptoutofthehollowwoodenhorse．Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeetingroom.Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.三、with，withoutThegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom.ThekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttoTheboywaswalking,withhisfatherHestoodatthedoorwithacomputerinhishand.HestoodatthedoorcomputerinWithhissonsodisappointing,theoldmanfeltTheassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeep2.动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形Themanagerlooksworried，manythingsto经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理（tosettle，表示将来的时间）Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythings许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松（settled表示Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatching虚拟语从句主句与现在事实相反If+主语（be主语+should/would/与过去事实相反If+主语+had主语+should/would/could/might+havedone与将来事实相反If+主语If+主语+wereIf+主语主语+should/would/例句：1、对现在的虚拟：例：1IfIwereyouIwouldtakean2.IfIknewhisephonenumber,Iwouldlyou.3.Iftherewerenoairorwater,therewouldbenolivingthingsontheearth.4.IfIhadanymoneywithme,Icouldlendyousome.5.Ifhestudiedharder,hemightpasstheexam.2、对过去的虚拟例：1.IfIhadgottenthereearlier,Ishould/couldhavemether.（事实：去晚了）2.Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.3对将来的虚拟例：1.Ifheshouldcomeheretomorrow,Ishould/wouldtalktohim.）2.IftherewereaheavysnownextSunday,wewouldnotgoskating.）3.IfsheweretobetherenextMonday,Iwouldlheraboutthematter.2、主句和从句的动作若不是同时发生时，错综时间虚拟如：IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.果Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.。3、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,hadif以省略，这时条件从句wereshouldhad词置于句首，如：Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Hadhelearntaboutcomputers,wewouldhavehiredhimtoworkhere.如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。wish后的宾语从句a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式eg.IwishIhadyourbrains. 我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你)b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done IwishIhadknownthetruthofthematter. 我希望我原来知道这件事的（事实：原来不知道）c、表示将来难以实现的愿望，谓语动词：should/would+动词 IwishIshouldhaveachanceagain. asif(as如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,"had+过去分词";表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用"would(might,could)+动词"。例如:HelooksatmeasifIweremad.HespokeEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinforfearthat,incase,lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should+动词。并且should不能省略eg.Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出发了以防。、表示意愿的动词+that从句。如desirepreferorder,commandadvice.Suggest,proposedemand,require,request,desire,insist中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用“should+动词”或只用“动词。如：Hesuggestedthatwe(should)taketheteacher’sadvice.Heinsistedthatwe(should)taketheteachersadvice.Hedemandthatwe(should)taketheteacher’sadvice.Heorderedthatwe(should)taketheteachersadvice.insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气；翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。如：Heinsistheisastudent. 他坚持说他是个学生。 这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 如：Hisfacesuggeststhathelooksworried. 他的表情暗含着他很担心。 个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。、表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、apity等。句型：Itis.......that+主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用should+原型或只用动词原型。evenif,eventhough所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Evenifhewereherehimself,heshouldnotknowwhattodo.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）NobodycouldsavehimeventhoughHuaTuoshouldcomehere.即使华佗在世也救不了他（事实：华佗不在世）、一般wouldrather＋that从句：过去:had+过去分词;现在:过去时(bewere);将来:过去时(bewere)如：I’dratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场。I’dratheryouwereherenow.我倒想你现在在这儿。We’dratheryouwentheretomorrow.我们倒想你明天去那儿Itis(high/about)timethat+主语+动词的过去式/should+动词，即从句用虚拟过去式。如ItistimethatIwenttopickupmydaughteratschool.我该去学校接我的女儿了。Itishightimeyoushouldgotowork.你早该上班了。Ifonly+动词一般过去式（）Ifonly+had+done（对过去的虚拟情态动词+havedone”1.Itmusthaverainedlastnightforthegroundiswet.昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是Youmusthavebeenmadtospeaktotheservant.你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。二、“can't+have+done1.MrSmithcan‘thavegonetoBeijing,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.史密斯先生不可能去了，我刚才还在馆见过他。2.Marycan'thavestolenyourmoneyShehasgonehome.玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她1.ThereisnolightintheroomCantheyhavegoneout?屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了2.ThereisnowheretofindthemWherecantheyhavegone?四“could+have+done Hecouldhavepassedtheexambuthewastoocareless.本来他能够通过考试，但是—Whathashappenedto—Idon'tknow.Hemayhavegot六、“might+have+done表示对过去事情的推测，mightmay意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气1.Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasbusy.(MET90)他或许会多2.Shemighthaveachievedgreaterprogress,ifyouhadgivenhermorechances.如果你1.Iwouldhavetoldyouallabouttheboy'sstorybutyoudidn'taskme.我本来会告诉你2.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldn'thaveachievedsomuch.没有你的帮助，我是不会取得1.TomyouaretoolazyTheworkshouldhavebeenfinishedyesterday.汤姆，你太懒惰2.Look,Tomiscrying.Ishouldn'thavebeensoharshonhim.看，汤姆哭了，我本来不ought表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成理应做……”，往往表示遗憾。与IoughttohavegonehomelastSunday.Yououghtnottohavegivenhimmorehelp.你不应该帮助他那么多。十、“need+have+doneIneedn‘thaveboughtsomuchwine—onlyfivepeoplecame.我本来没有必要买这么Heneedhavehurriedtothestation.Inthatcase,bewouldn'thavemissedthetrain.他本反义疑问no。---Helikesplayingfootballdoesn’the?---YeshedoesNo,hedoesn’t.是的。/---Hissisterdidn’tattendthemeeting,didshe?---Yesshedid.No,shedidn’t.不，她参加了。/Iaren'tI'mastallasyoursister，aren't+Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayno,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词TheSwedemadenoanswer,didhe/she?Someplantsneverblown开花dotheyHeoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn'the?/shouldn'thavetovhadtov.)don't主语（didn't主语Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don'tusedtodidn'tusedn'tHeusedtotakepicturesthere,didn'the?/usedn'thadbetterv.hadn'tYou'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'twouldratherv.wouldn'tHewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'tYou'dliketov.wouldn'tYou'dliketogowithme,wouldn'tmustHemustbeadoctor,isn'tYoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven'tyou?/didn'tHemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn'tbeWhatcolours,aren'tthey?Whatasmell,isn'tit?neithernoreitheror连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而NeitheryounorIamengineer,areeverything,thatnothing,this,itEverythingisready,isn'tMr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn'tHeisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didn'the?thinkbelieveexpectsupposeimagineIdon'tthinkheisbright,isWebelieveshecandoitbetter,can'teverybodyanyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑问部分常用theyhe。Everyoneknowstheanswer,don'tthey?(doeshe?)Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?)dareneedneeddareWeneednotdoitagain,needwe?Hedarenotsayso,dareyou?dareneeddo+Shedoesn'tdaretogohomealone,doesDon'tdothatagain,willGowithme,willyou/won'tyouLet'sshallLetuswillyou?Let'sgoandlistentothemusicshallwe?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou陈述部分是"therebe"thereThereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?Itisimpossible,isn'tHeisnotunkindtohisclassmates,is非谓分词，不定式和动名词分词 现在分词和过去分1Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroomlaughingand paniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.ThereareafewboysswimmingintheHeisamanlovedandrespectedby例如seehearcatch,find,keephave动词的后面.IseehimpassingmyhouseeveryIcaughthimstealingthingsinthatshop.Ismeltsomethingburning.ShekepthimworkingallHewasveryamusing.Thatbookwasratherboring. Hewasconfused.thequestionisconfusing.exciting,interesting,encouraging,disappointing,confusing,touching,puzzling.fallingleaves正在下落的树叶fallenleaves已经落下的树叶boilingwater沸腾的水boiledwater烧开过的水develocountries发展中国家developedcountries发达国二1see,watch,observe,hear,noticehave，get后面的宾补有三种形式，即动词（不带to的不定式、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustIheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomIheardtheEnglishsongsungmany2It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachineTheguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched,becausetheydidn’ttasteHeleft,leavingmetodoalltherestWehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobeⅠ动名词充当句子成e.g.SeeingisReadingislikepermittingamantotalkalongtime,andrefusingyoutherighttoanswer.Havingasuccessfulmarriagetakeseffortsandpatience,andcommunicationisthekey.Orderingmealsfroman prehensibleChinese isadauntingexperienceforforeigners,butsometimesthemostexpedientmethodistoscannearbytablesandpointtodishesthattheywanttoorder.* bytransferringtheblametoothersisoftencalled A.TheeliminatedproblemsB.EliminatingproblemsC.EliminateD.Problemsare toinanimateobjects,suchasmachines,isaformofanimism.A.Whenattributingemotion B.AttributingemotionC.EmotionisattributedD.Ifemotionisattributed固定句英文中有几个动名词后置作主语的固定句型1）Itisnogood/nousengsth.Isitanygoodtryingtoexplain?It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’snotmuchusemybuyingsalmonifyoudon’tlikefish.It’ssimplyawasteoftimeandmoneyseeingthatmovie.Thereisnopoint/use/good(in)ngThereisnopointinmygoingouttodatesomeone,ImightreallylikeifIhimatthetime,butwho,rightnow,hasnochanceofbeinganythingtomebutatransitionalman.Thereis ng意思相当于It’simpossibletodosth.Wecan’tdosomething.Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…ThereisnogainsayingthefactThereisno lingwhatwillhappentomorrow.There’snoknowingthefuture.动名词作宾1）下列动词或只能用动名词作宾语admit,advise,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,contemplate,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,feellike,finish,forbid,forgive,giveup,can’thelp,imagine,involve,leaveoff,mention,mind,miss,overlook,permit,postpone,practice,prohibit,putoff,resent,resist,risk,can’tstand,suggest,tolerate,understand,ect.e.g.Iwilloverlookyourbeingsorudetomysisterthistimebutdon’tletithappenagain.Manyofthethingswedoinvolvetakingsomeriskinordertoachieveasatisfactoryresult.Beingabad-temperedman,hewouldnottoleratehavinghislectures*Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggestedatthenextA.to B.stopC. D.having＊Puttinginanewwindowwill cuttingawaypartawaypartoftheA. B. C. D.Theyareconsidering beforethepricesgoA.ofbuyingthehouse B.buyingthehouseC.withbuyingthehouseD.tobuythehouseShewassoangrythatshefeltlike somethingatA.to B. C.tohave D.having2)特别关注的动allow/advise/forbid/permit 这些动词后要接动名词作宾语，如: ng等但在有人作宾语时，则后接动词不定式（用作宾补 Wedon’tallowsmokinginthelectureWedon’tallowpeopletosmokeinthelectureIwouldn’tadvisetakingthe there’snowheretoIwouldn’tadviseyoutotakethecar. mendgoingbysubway.The mendedmetotakeafewdays’ 在英文中带有to的固定短语，其后须接动名词lookforwardtoobjecttobe/getusedto,preferngtong,inadditionto,amounttong(意味着…),taketong(开始喜欢做…),devote…tong,dedicate…tong,beopposedtong,getroundtong,theway/approach/solutiontong,etc.e.g.Iamlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.ThestudentsobjecttoincreasingtheirAfteralongdelayIfinallygotroundtomakinginquiriesintothis*Thechildrenareopposedto withouttheirA.haveaparty B.haveheldaparty C.takepartinapartyD.havinga＊Ihavenoobjection theeveningwithA.to B. C.of D.to其他动名词的结1）havedifficulty/trouble/problem/(alotof)fun/(lotsof)pleasure/ahardtime/agoodtime/adifficulttime +(in)ngsth.e.g.W:HowdoyoufindyournewM:Well,it’squitenicereally,althoughIhaveahardtimegettingusedtoinabigQ:Whatistheman’sA:HefindsthenewapartmenttoobigforIhavelearned,however,thatchangesalwaysseemmoredifficultattheoutset,andifIworkhardatremainingpositiveandviewchangesasopportunitiestogrow,Ihaveaneasiertimedealingwiththem.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetheA.to B. C. D.havingTheteachershavehadsomeproblems whentheyshouldreturnthefinalpaperstothestudents.A.to B. C. D.havingcan’thelp can’tresist ng, can’tkeepfrom can’tholdbackfrom can’tkeepbackfrom 不过注意：can’thelpbutdocan’tbutdo/can’tchoosebutdo,e.g.NoonecanhelplikingTom;heissuchacutebeworthng主动形式表示的意beworthofbeingdone/tobee.g.ThebookisworthThebookisworthyofbeingread.Thebookisworthytoberead.动名词的逻辑主语（动名词的复合结构的，所以动名词的主语称之为逻辑主语，以区别于句子主语。构成：myng/Tom’s物主代词（如hismyyour等）或所有格名词（如：Mary’sTom’s）与动名词连用，即构成动名词的复合结构（hisng,Mary’sng）,用来引出动名词的逻辑主语子的主语并不是动名词动作的执行者时就需要给名词的逻辑主语普通动名动名词复合结Cling坚持要看信。（Clint看了信ClintinsistedonmyreadingtheClint坚持要我看信。Wouldyoumindlingusthewholestory?你是否愿意把事情的经过告诉我们？（你告诉WouldyoumindTom’s lingusthewholestory?=Wouldyoumindiflsusthewholestory你是否愿意让Tom把事情经过告诉（Tom告诉Hedislikedworking他不喜欢工作到很晚Hedislikedhiswife’sworking他不喜欢他老婆工作到很晚Iobjecttomakingprivatecallsonthisphone.我不赞成用这部机打私人话Iobjecttohismakingprivatecallsonthisphone.我不赞成他用这部打私人1）用作主e.gTom’scominghomeatlastwasagreatconsolation.e.g.DoyoumindmymakingaWouldyoumindTom’slingusthewhole3)作介词e.g.Ourdiscussionofearthquakeswouldbe pleteifwedidn’traisethepossibilityoftheirbeingcausedbyexternalforces.ClintinsistedonmyreadingtheWhatarethechancesofasleepwalker’scommittingamurderorngsomethingelseextraordinaryinhissleep?WhenIwasachild,IwouldtakeaflashlighttobedwithmesothatIcouldreadcomicbookswithoutmyparents’knowingaboutit.普通格还是所有格面规定：1）若动名词复合结构在句中作主语，最好用所有格形式e.g.Tom’srefusingtoaccepttheinvitationupsetme.HisrefusingtoaccepttheinvitationupsetmeItwasagreatconsolationhiscominghomeatlast.(不宜用him动名词复合结构在句中作宾语时，用普通格或所有格均可e.g.DoyoumindmetakingasuggestionIamannoyedaboutJohnforgettingto*Iremember tohelpusifweevergotintoA.once B.himonceofferingC.himto D.tooffer若动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的“物”而不是“人”时，最好用普通格e.g.Thenoiseofthedesksbeingopenedandclosedcanbeheardoutinthestreet.Thereisanecessityforthistypeofhousesbeingbuilt.Intheeventoftheprojectnotbeingasuccess,theinvestorsstandtoloseupto$30million.若动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词时，最好用普通格e.g.Hewasawakenedbysomeoneknockingonthe若动名词的逻辑主语由较长的一组词构成时，最好用普通格a.ThereisnopointanyoneofusarguingwithI’vealwayshadinmymindadreamofmyfather,motherandIlivingDoyourememberJohnandhisfathercomingtoseeuslast动名词的时态与语动名词的1）构成：being2)意义与用法：当动名词所修饰的名词或代词在意义上是充当动名词动作的承e.g.HenarrowlyescapedbeingrunoverIhavenottheleastobjectiontothechildbeingpunished.Istillrememberbeingtakentothezooforthefirsttime.＊Markoftenattemptstoescape wheneverhebreakstrafficA.havingbeenfined B.tobefined C.tohavebeenfined Dbeingfined1）构成：having2)意义与用法：用动名词完成式表明动名词动作发生在谓语动作之前e.g.HedeniedhavingbeenIrepentedhavingshottheHeregrettednothavinggoneto＊Ihavealwaysregretted harderatA.tohavenot B.not C.nothaving D.notto alietothemanageroftheA.have B.be C.being D.having动名词的完成式构成：havingbeen2)意义与用法：兼具有完成式和式的双重特点e.g.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninchess.*Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofas inashortperiodofA.beingcreated B.tohavebeencreated C.havingbeencreatedD.tobeTherebe的动名词及不定式形Therebe的动名词形式therebeing(多用于介词后面e.g.DonotbetontherebeingmanymarriagesinChinathatbeganwithlovewithfirstsight.MostChinesemarryforpractical—notromantic—reasons.ThatisNoonewouldhavedreamedoftherebeingsuchagood*NoonehadtoldSmithabout alecturethefollowingA.therebeB.therewouldbeC.therewasD.thereTherebe的不定式形Therebe的不定式形式为：theretobe.用在接不定式作宾语的动词后面或用于介词for后面。e.g.Fortheretobelife,theremustbeairandwater.=Inorderthattheremaybelife,theremustbeairandwater.ItwastoolatefortheretobeanyIdon’tmeantheretobeanyIdon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingonthis英语语态讲语态的时be+done过去分词)IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejectthehashave/hadbeendoneBytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinam/is/are/was/werebeingdoneAnewcinemaisbeingbuilthere．AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwaswillwouldbedoneHundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactoryThenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasit/willhavebeendoneTheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeHetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadevery语态的特殊结构在使役have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为结构时，要加to。Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改为Astrangerwasseentowalkintothe谓语动词的主动形式表示意表达意义,主语通常是物。Thiskindofclothwashes试比较：Thedoorwon'tlock（指门本身有毛病Thedoorwon'tbelocked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因happen,about,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示意义。Howdothenewspaperscomeout?。意义。Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired．这房子需要修理。．例Thepicture-bookisworthreading（＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthyread5.在betodo结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,表。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被Whoistoblameforstartingthe

动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人（一）“to+动词”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没例如：TolearnEnglishwellisnot ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishitItisadj.+如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用forItis+adj.+forsb.todosth.Mywishis eaMostofusliketowatchfootballHetoldmetobehereonIhavenothingtosayaboutthatHestoppedtohavea动词不定式的否定形式notto+动词Heaskedmenottomakesuchawhowhat,whichwhen,where,howwhy等后面可以接例如：(1)Hedoesn’tknowhowtousethe（不定式作宾语Howtousethemachineisa（不定式作主语Thequestioniswhentogo（不定式作表语（二）动词不定式的时态和形动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词构成。不定式的一般式to例如：Iliketoread进行式tobe例如：Heseemedtobereadingsomethingatthat完成式tohave例如：Heseemedtohavecleanedthe式tobe例如：Theworkistobedone完成式tohavebeen例如：Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospital例如：Isawtheyoungmanenterthehouse.（同时发生）Ihopetogotherenexttime.（之后发生）例如：I’msorrytohavebrokenyourglasses.例如：Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobereadingatthe不定式的式有两种形式：tobedone表示将要被做，tohavebeendone表示已被做。例如：Thenewcinematobeputupnextyearwillbeverylarge.Thecinemaissaidtohavebeenbuiltlastyear.like,lovehateprefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一would/shouldlike/love/prefer后要用不例如：IhateeatingthesamefoodeveryWouldyouliketowatchTVinthe在动词need,want,require后用动名词表示含义，相当于动词不定式的例如：Thehouseneedscleaning.ThehouseneedstobeHeneedstocleanthehouse在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but,except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。例如：Ihavedonenothingbuthelphimwithhisluggage.Ihavenochoicebuttowaitforhimatthebusstop.例1、Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto A.thethiefhaving B.catchtheC.thethiefbeing D.thethieftobe答案为C【解析】leadto这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B被排除，thethief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有：(get)beusedto,lookforwardto，lookupto,stickto,objectto,bedevotedto,payattentionto等。例2、Though money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtoA. B.lacking C. D.lacked答案为C【解析】lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。hisparentslack是逻辑上例3、Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk goodopportunity.A.to B. C.tobe D.being【解析】risk后面只能带动名词做宾语，含义为“冒……之险”例4、 tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sA.Exposed B.Havingexposed C.Beingexposed D.Afterbeingexposed答案为C【解析】在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中，willdo是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose与one'sskin是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的式beingexposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。例5、 intouseinApril2000,thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.A. B. C.Having D.Being【解析】putsthintouse让……投入使用”。显然，put和句子主语thehotline构成关系，所以用表示的过去分词。例6、Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust alookatthesportsstars.A. B. C.to D.【解析】例7、Withalotofdifficultproblems ,thenewly-electedishavingahardtime.A. B. C.to D.being答案为【解析】动词不定式tosettle作为difficultproblems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题，现在分词的式beingsettled作定语表示正在解决的难题。8、MoreandmorepeoplearesigningupforYogaclasses advantageofthehealthandrelaxationA. B. C.havingtakenD.havingbeen【解析】takeadvantageof（利用）和句子主语Moreandmorepeople构成主动关系，且和句子谓语signupfor (报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A。例9、Sandycoulddonothingbut tohisteacherthathewasA. B. C. D.to答案为A【解析】该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do，does或did时，后接不带to的不定式；是其他动词时，后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是coulddonothing，要填动词admit。译文：山德不得不向老师承认例10、Hesentmeane-mail, togetfurtherA. B.hoC.to D.答案为B【解析】现在分词ho表示与sendmeane-mail同时发生的动作。一些是：Hesentmeane-mailtogetfurtherinformation.hope一词，如果要选择“hoped”时，句子的正确形式是：Hesentmeane-mailandhopedtogetfurtherinformation。“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语。单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：HisfatherisworkingonthefarmTostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy./Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadforyourwhat引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois（are）helpfulto由连接词andbothand连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：LucyandLilyaretwins./SheandIareclassmates./Theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoung（1）数形式。如：Thewriterandartisthascome.（2）and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no，each，everymorethana（an），manya（an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：EverystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroomNoboyandnogirllikes主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，togetherwith，except，but，likeaswellasratherthanmorethannolessthanbesides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr.Green，togetherwithhiswifeandchildren，hascometoChina./NobodybutJimandMikewasonplayground./She，likeyouandTom，isveryeitherneithereacheverynosomeanynoevery构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook.Everythingaroundusis（1）谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neitherofthetextsis（are）interesting.（2）noneof后面用单数或复数都可以。如：Noneofushas（have）beentothatwhowhich等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard./Heistheonlyoneofmyfriendswhoisworkingfamily，class，crowd，committee，population，audience等。如：ClassFourisonthethirdfloor./ClassFourareunabletoagreeupona注意：people，，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：Thearelookingthelost由“alotoflotsof，plentyof，therestofthemajorityof+名词”构成的短语以而定。如：TherearealotofpeopleintheclassroomTherestofthelectureiswonderful50%ofthestudentsinourclassare注意：anumberof“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；thenumberof“……的数量”number，谓语用单数。在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures./Suchistheresult./Sucharethefacts.whatwhowhichanymoreall等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：WhichisyourbagWhichareyourbagsAllisgoingwellAllhavegoneto式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.单数形式。如：“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.（也可用复数。如：Oneandahalfapplesis（are）leftontheTwelvepluseightistwenty./Fifty-sixdividedbyeightis–ics结尾，如：mathematicspoliticsphysicsnews，works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.Ithinkphysicsisn‘teasytostudy.trousersglassesclothesshoesa（the）pairof等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedis“the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。当两个主语由either……or，neither……nor，whether……or……，notonly……butalso连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.NeithertheynorheiswhollyrightIsneitherhenortheywhollytherebebeand连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.toto，取决于谓语动词的用法。to能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有：want,ask, l,hope,learn,try,decide,forget,remember,like,love,stop,go,come等。如：IwanttogotothemovieswithDon’tforgettoturnoffthelightbeforeyou注意notnottodosth.Davetoldmenottowakeupto（1）hadbetter之后。注意：hadbetterhadbetternotdosth.。如：Youhadbettergohomenow.（2）letmakeseefeelwatch,hear等感官或使役动词后，要to的动词不定式作宾语补足语（3）whynot之后。Whynot+to的不定式是Whydon’tyoudo的省略，可以用来提出建议或劝告。It’scoldoutside.You’dbetternotgoout.Imadethemgivemethemoneyback.Ididn’tseeyoucomeWhynotstudywithWhynottakeaholiday?=Whydon’tyoutakeabutexceptbesidesdo的各种形toto。如：Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.WhatdoyouliketodobesidesI’mreallypuzzledwhattothinkorIplantoattendtheIamsorrytohavekeptyouTheyaresaidtobeworkingHeissaidtohavebeenworkinginthatfactoryfortwelve作主语如：ToliveistoTosavetimeistolengthenlife.it作形式主语，而把不定式结构后置的形式。如：ItisimportantforstudentstostudyEnglish.IhavenothingtosayonthisGivemeapieceofpapertowriteOurteacherhadnotimetothinkabout作宾语Iwishtobeacollege有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是不定式短语，则必须将形式宾语t)IfndtuefulornEnglhwe.作动词ask,like,l等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to不可以省略。如HeaskedmetotalkaboutEnglishlethavemakefeelhearseewatch等的宾语补足语时，动词to要省略。如：Theteachermadehimsaythewordlike作动词helptoCouldyouhelpmetocarrytheheavybox？Hestoppedtohavearest.HewokeuptofindeverybodyI’msorrytohearyourgrandmais在带有enoughtooHeisoldenoughtogoto强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用inorderto或soasto+动词soastoThebusstoppedsoastopickup单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：HisfatherisworkingonthefarmTostudyEnglishwellisnoteasyWhathesaidisveryimportantforusallThechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复IboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois（are）helpfultoyou.由连接词and或bothand如：LucyandLilyaretwins.SheandIareclassmatesTheboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoungPioneers.（1）.eacheverymorethana（an）manya（an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom./Noboyandnogirllikesit.主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有withtogetherwithexceptbutlike，aswellas，ratherthan，morethan，nolessthan，besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr.Green，togetherwithhiswifeandchildren，hascometoChinaNobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She，likeyouandTom，isverytall.eitherneithereachevery或nosomeanynoevery构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Eachofushasanewbook.Everythingaroundusismatter.（1）eitherneither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neitherofthetextsis（are）inte