国际贸易实务英汉双语课件-第4章transport

Internationaltradepractice主讲：刘伟良TelQ：1047205122Chapter4Transport1.OceanTransport2.AirTransport3.RailTransport4.RoadTransport1/705.Containerization6.Palletization7.Pipelines8.InternationalMultimodalTransport9.GeneralConsiderationsinCargoTransportP57-OceanTransportOthermodesoftransport2/70TransportP57-AdvantagesTheeasypassageLargecapacityLowunitdistributioncostGoodadaptabilitytocargoesDisadvantagesSlowpassageVulnerable易受伤tobadweatherLesspunctual3/701.OceanTransport1)AdvantagesanddisadvantagesP57-4/702)MajortypesofcargovesselsAgeneralorpackedcargovesselAnOBO(ore/bulk/oil)carrierArefrigeratedshipAtimbershipAnoiltankerAcontainervesselRoleon/Roleoff(RO-RO)vesselLASH(LighterAboardShip)普通货轮矿石/散货/油轮冷藏船木材船油轮集装箱轮滚装船载驳货船P57-5/70AnOreCarrier矿沙船P57-6/70ARefrigeratedShipP57-7/70ATimberShip木材P57-8/70AnOilTankerP57-9/70ARO-ROShipP57-10/70ALighterAboardShipP58-11/703)CLASSIFICATIONOFMERCHANTVESSELSMerchantvessels

LINERSTRAMPS流浪VOYAGECHARTER程租船TIMECHARTER定期租船Singlevoyage航行charterRoundvoyagecharterConsecutivevoyagecharterVoyagecharterontimebasisContractofaffreightment包运合同P58-12/70Aliner——apassengerorcargovesselthatoperatesoveraregularrouteaccordingtoanadvertisedtime-table.CharacteristicsFixedroute,ports,scheduleandrelativelyfixedfreight;Loadingandunloadingchargesincludedinfreight;Goodservice;Simpleprocedures;Idealforcargoofsmallquantity.【A】Liners(定期班轮)P59-Atramp——acargoshipnotoperatingonregularroutesandschedules,andpickingupcargofromalmostanyportonlywhenitischartered(hired).TrampscanbedividedintoVoyageCharterandTimeCharter.CharacteristicsNofixedroute,portsorschedulebutdirecttrip;Freightdeterminedbymarkettobecompetitive;Idealforcargoofacompleteshipload,suchascargooflowvalueandhugequantity.【B】Tramps(不定期货轮)P59-14/70Alsoknownascharterparty,isawrittencontractbetweentheship-operatorandthecharterer(shipper发货人),normallyincludingtheports,thefreightrateandthetimeinvolvedinthevoyages.Underacharterparty,theshipoperatorissuesacharterpartybilloflading,whichisnormallyrejectedbythebanksinL/Cnegotiation.CharterPartyContract-(租船合同)P59-15/70Avoyagecharteristhehireofashipforaparticulartripthatcanbefurtherdividedinto:SinglevoyagecharterRoundvoyagecharterConsecutivevoyagecharterVoyagecharterontimebasisContractofaffreightment单程航次租船来回航次租船连续航次租船航次期租船包运合同租船VoyageCharter(定程租船)P59-16/70Laytime(装卸时间)——thetotaltime(numberofhoursordays)allowedthroughanagreementbetweentheship-ownerandthechartererforloadingand/orunloadingthecargo.Demurrage(滞港费)——thechargethechartererspaytotheship-ownerascompensationforthedelayofashipbeyonditsscheduledlaytime.DispatchMoney(速遣费)——therewardtheship-ownerpaystothecharterersforthetimesavedintheloadingordischargingoperations(shorterthanthecontractuallyagreedlaytime).Laytime,Demurrage&DispatchTimeP59-17/70Runningorconsecutivedays—

Eachandevery24hoursarecountedasoneday.Workingdays—Non-workingdayssuchasSundaysandholidaysareexcluded.Weatherworkingdays—Adayofgoodweatherandworkingdayistakenaspartofthelaytime.HowtocalculatethelaytimeP60-18/70Atimecharteristhehireofashipforadefiniteperiodoftimefromafewmonthsupto20years.Atimecharterpartyshouldincludethefollowingmainclauses:DescriptionofshipTradelimit(cargo,area)CharterperiodDeliveryofvesselTimeCharter(定期租船)CharterhireSuspension暂停ofhireRedeliveryofvesselSubletP61-19/704)KeytradetermsusedspecificallyinchartershippingLINERTERMS:Theship-operatorisresponsibleforcargoloadingandunloading;FREEIN(FI):Theship-operatorisnotresponsibleforcargoloading;FREEOUT(FO):Theship-operatorisnotresponsibleforcargounloading;FREEIN&OUT(FIO):Theship-operatorisnotresponsibleforcargoloadingandunloading.FREEIN&OUT,STOWED&TRIMMED(FIOST):Theship-operatorisnotresponsibleforcargoloading,unloading,stowingandtrimming.P61-20/705)GeneralproceduresofoceantransportbylinersFindoutfreightrates.Selectashippinglineandaparticularvesselforreliableserviceandreasonablecost.Bookshippingspace.Registercargoonashippingnote(S/N),whichdescribesthedetailsofcargo,andsendtheshippingnotetotheshippingline.RegisterdetailsontheCustoms海关forms.Arrangeadequatepacking,includingshippingmarks.Receivecallingforwardnotice(whentosendinthecargo)fromshippingline.Sendcargototheportshipmentwithconsignment托运

note,whichhasthedetailsoftheshipment.Payfreightbill.Receivefromtheshippinglineabilloflading(B/L)SendB/Lviashippinglineordirectlytoconsignee

收货人

ortoabankactingasintermediary.P62-21/70JobsBookingshippingspace.Arrangingshippingdocumentation.Collectingcargo.Dealingwithcustomsentriesandotherformalities.(Possibly)

Arrangingpaymentandinsurance.(Possibly)Groupinganumberofconsignments货物.Givingadviceonmarkets,import/exportregulations&exportpacking.6)ShippingandforwardingagentsP62-22/707)Freightrates(运费率)W(weight)M(measurements)W/MAdValoremW/MorAdValoremW/MplusAdValoremOpenrateFreightchargedby(计费方法)重量法体积法重量或尺码从高计从价法（贵重物品）重量或尺码或价值从高计重量或尺码从高再加从价临时议定法（大宗产品）P64-23/70PortcongestionsurchargeAlterationofdestinationsurchargeDeviationsurchargeHeavyliftadditionalOver-lengthadditionalHoldandtankcleaningchargeLinersSurcharges(班轮附加费)港口拥挤附加费变更港口附加费绕航附加费超重附加费超长附加费洗舱附加费7)Freightrates(运费率)24/70HowtocalculatethelinersfreightF:TotalFreightFb:BasicFreightS:AllSurchargeTotalFreight=BasicFreight+AllSurcharges25/70Stepstocalculatethelinersfreight据货物英文名称查询货物等级表和计费标准；查出航线的费率表；查附加费率（额）表计算运费Howtocalculatethelinersfreight26/70Example广州运往伦敦港“闹钟”一批共计100箱，每箱体积为20cm×30cm×40cm，毛重为25公斤。假设当时燃油附加费率为30％，伦敦港口拥挤附加费率为l0％。请计算应付运费多少?Howtocalculatethelinersfreight27/70NameofCargoChargedbyGradeAgriculturalMachineW10BeansW5ClocksW/M8KitchenwareW/M8…….Step1CheckoutthegradeofthecargoHowtocalculatethelinersfreight28/70Step2Checkoutthebasicfreightrate（Guangzhou—London）货物等级基本费率（美元/运费吨）150510010200850.50…………Howtocalculatethelinersfreight29/70Step3Checkoutthesurchargerate/amount（略）据货物名称，查货物等级表得知：该商品计价标准：W/M该商品货物等级为：8级据题目给定的航线和查到的货物等级，查航线费率表得知：该商品基本运费率：50.50美元/吨Howtocalculatethelinersfreight26/70Example广州运往伦敦港“闹钟”一批共计100箱，每箱体积为20cm×30cm×40cm，毛重为25公斤。假设当时燃油附加费率为30％，伦敦港口拥挤附加费率为l0％。请计算应付运费多少?Howtocalculatethelinersfreight30/70按重量吨：W=0.025（公吨）按尺码吨：M=0.2*0.3*0.4=0.024（M3）W>M，所以W/M取WFb=100*0.025*50.50=126.25（美元）ΣS=126.25*（10%+30%）=50.5（美元）F=Fb+ΣS=126.25+50.5=176.75（美元）HowtocalculatethelinersfreightP64-31/70“Billoflading”(海运提单)meansadocumentwhichevidencesacontractofcarriagebyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbywhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderofthedocument.(HambergRules)“海运提单”是指一份用以证明海上运输合同和货物由承运人接管或装船，以及承运人据以保证交付货物的文件。8)OCEANBILLOFLADING(B/L)P64-32/70FUNCTIONSOFB/LEvidenceofReceiptofCargo——itisareceiptsignedbythecarrierconfirmingthegoodshavebeenreceivedfromtheshipperingoodorderandconditionapparently.DocumentofTitletoCargo——itisadocumentoftitle,creatingownershipofthegoodsshipped.EvidenceofaContractofCarriage——itisevidencethatavalidcontractofcarriageexistsbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,anditmayincorporatethefulltermsofthecontractbetweenthem.33/701、它是承运人签发给托运人的货物收据表明承运人已按提单所列内容收到货物。除提单上订有有效的“不知条款”外(如：STC)，提单是承运人按所载内容收到货物的绝对证据。2、它是代表货物所有权的凭证承运人的责任是把提单项下货物交给提单持有人。若承运人把货物交给非提单持有人，则要自负风险。承运人凭正本提单一份交货，其他几份则失效，不能再转让。3、它是承运人与托运人订立的运输合同的证明对提单受让人来说，现实中，除了提单，少有运输协议存在。作为提单受让人的货物买方与承运人之间的权利和义务以提单为准。因此，提单起着运输合同的作用。海运提单的作用34/70ContentsofB/LHagueRules-海牙规则（多数提单采用）VisbyRules-维斯比规则HambergRules-

汉堡规则FrontBackCarrier;B/LNo.;Shipper;Consignee;NotifyParty;Vessel;VoyageNo.;PortofLoading/Discharge;Commodity;Marks&Number;GrossWeight;Measurement;Freight&Charges;Place&DateofIssue;

NumberofOriginalB/L;SignatureofCarrieroritsagents;andetc.P65-Samples:B/L1B/L235/704类共17种情况因不可抗力免责；因非船方本身过失免责；因特殊情况免责；因无过失免责。《海牙规则》免责事项P65-36/70TypesOFB/LShipped/OnBoardB/LReceivedforShipmentB/LCleanB/LDirtyB/LStraightB/LOrderB/LBearerB/LDirectB/LTransshipmentB/LCombinedTransportDocumentShortFormB/LLongFormB/LOnDeckB/LStaleB/LGroupageB/L&HouseB/LAnte-datedB/LAdvancedB/LFreightPrepaidB/LFreightCollectB/LMinimumB/LSeparateB/LSwitchB/LP65-37/70ShippedB/LorOnBoardB/L(已装船提单)——承运人在货物已经装上指定船舶后所签发的提单。ReceivedforShipmentB/L(备运/收讫待运提单)——承运人已收到托运货物等待装运期间所签发的提单(承运人收到货，还没装船）。实际业务中，买方一般都要求卖方提交已装船提单。TypesOFB/LP66-38/70CleanB/L(清洁提单)——货物在装运时表面状况良好，承运人不加不良批注的提单。Dirty、foulorUncleanB/L(不清洁提单）——货物在装运时表面有瑕疵，承运人在上面加带不良批注的提单。实际业务中，买方一般都要求卖方提交清洁提单。TypesOFB/LP67-39/70StraightB/L(记名提单)——收货人栏填明特定收货人的提单。实际业务中，使用最多的是指示提单。BearerB/L(不记名提单)——收货人栏填明“ToBearer”（持有人）的提单。OrderB/L(指示提单)——收货人栏填写“Toorder”（需背书）或“ToorderofXXX”（由XXX背书）字样的提单。TypesOFB/L3.根据收货人抬头（1）记名提单

straightB/L收货人栏内填写特定收货人名称不能流通转让（2）不记名提单

bearerB/L收货人栏内不填写收货人名称无需背书即可转让3.根据收货人抬头（3）指示提单

orderB/L收货人栏内填写：“TOORDER”(即不记名指示，空白抬头)“TOTHEORDEROF**”（即记名指示）这种提单经指示人背书后可以转让给其他人。theShipper/theConsignee/theBank一般视为Shipper指示，只有当Shipper作出背书后才可转让给其他人关于背书endorsement背书有空白背书和记名背书两种空白背书是背书人在提单背面签名或盖章；记名背书是除在提单背面签名外，还列明被背书人名称。提单经过背书可以转让，实际业务中使用最多的是“空白抬头(即Toorder)，空白背书”提单，因为可以实现多次转让。P68-40/70TransshipmentB/L（转船提单）——提单项下货物在运输途中，转卸入另一船，再驶往目的港卸货。ThroughB/L(联运提单)——提单项下货物以海运和其他运输方式联合运输。DirectB/L（直运提单）——提单项下货物在装运港装上货轮后，直接（不转船）驶往目的港卸货。TypesOFB/LP69-41/70LongformB/L(全式提单/繁式提单)——既在正面列明内容，也在背面列明承运人何托运人权利和义务的提单。（班轮提单通常属此）ShortFormB/L(略式提单／简式提单)——只提单正面列明必须记载的事项，背面空白的提单。（租船提单往往属此）CombinedTransportDocument–CTD(多式联运单据)——指能证明多式联运合同和多式联运人接收货物并负责按照合同交付货物的单据。TypesOFB/LP70-42/70StaleB/L(过期提单)——签发后超过信用证期限才交到银行的提单。OnDeckB/L

(甲板提单／舱面提单)——表明货物装于船舶甲板的提单，银行一般不接受。GroupageB/L(并装提单)：货代将不同货主的货物组成一批交船公司运输，由此船方签发给货代的提单。HouseB/L(货代提单)

：货代公司签发的提单。TypesOFB/LP71-43/70Ante-datedB/L(倒签提单)——提单显示的签发日非签发当天，而是已过去的某天（据托运人要求）的提单。AdvancedB/L

(预借提单)——货物尚未装船或尚未装船完毕的情况下，船方提前签发的已装船清洁提单（即托运人为了能及时结汇而从承运人那里借用的已装船清洁提单）。船方印发以上2种提单均属“欺诈”违法行为。TypesOFB/LP72-44/70FreighttobecollectedB/L(运费到付提单)——注明运费向收货人收取（Freighttobecollected）支付的提单。FOB条件下，卖方提交运费到付提单。CFR、CIF条件下，卖方提交运费已付提单。FreightPrepaidB/L

(运费已付提单)——注明运费已预先支付（FreightPrepaid）的提单。TypesOFB/LP72-SeparateB/L(分提单)——一批货物，即同一装货单的货物，据托运人要求分列2套或2套以上的提单。（一批货，两套单）MinimumB/L(最低运费提单

)——运费未到运价本规定的最低额，而按规定的最低运费计收的提单。SwitchB/L(交换提单)——直达运输中，凭在启运港签发的提单另换发一套以中途港为启运港的提单。TypesOFB/LDocumentsnotpresentedinfullsetasrequired.Alterationnotauthenticatedbyshippingcompanyoritsagent.UnacceptabletypeofB/L,e.g.,ondeck,dirty,charterparty,andetc.Notendorsed“OnBoard”whensorequired,“OnBoard”notsignedanddatedordatedafterthelatestshipmentdateoncredit.B/Lnotblankendorsed.Commondiscrepancies不符点foundinB/LFailuretoindicateiffreightprepaidorfreightcollected.InconsistencybetweenB/Landotherdocuments(e.g.L/C,invoice,etc)inportofshipment,portofdestination,descriptionofgoods,weight,measurement,shippingmark,andetc.DocumentsdatedlaterthantheshippingdateinL/C.LatepresentationforL/Cnegotiation–beyondtheearlierdateoftheL/CdateofexpiryandtheL/Cdateofpresentation(maximum21daysafterB/Lissuance).Commondiscrepancies不符点foundinB/LP73-47/70TimeofshipmentPortofshipmentPortofdestinationAdviceofshipmentPartialshipmentTransshipment9)Clauseofshipment装运期装运港目的港装船通知分批装运转运AbouttimeofshipmentP73-①规定在某一时期内装运，例如：ShipmentduringMay2009②规定在某一时间点前装运，例如：Shipmentonorbefore(notlaterthan)theendofJuly2009③规定在收到信用证后若干日内装运，例如：Shipmentwithin45daysafterreceipt/issueoftheL/C避免采用如下装运期规定：Promptshipment/Immediateshipment/ShipmentASAP(模糊日期）Shipmenton8August2009（具体日期）保证货物到达目的港（地）时间。48/70Aboutportofshipment①规定在某一具体港口装运，例如：PortofShipment:Shanghai②规定在某几个港口任选一个装运(较灵活)，例如：PortofShipment:Shanghai/Qingdao/Dalian③规定在我国任何一个港口装运，例如：PortofShipment:Chinaport;ChineseMainPort(CMP)装运港原则上应靠近货源地、交通便捷、费用低廉、储存条件等完备；若由买方租船运输，应规定卖方在装运前一段时间内告知具体港口。AboutportofdestinationP74-①规定某一具体目的港，例如：PortofDestination:London②规定某几个目的港口，例如：PortofDestination:London/Liverpool/Manchester③规定某几个目的港口任选一个，例如：PortofDestination:London/Liverpool/Manchester,optional配合我国外交政策的实施。港口国家政局的稳定性。对客户的选港要求，原则上港口越少越好（一般不超过3个），并由客户支付选港费，同时考虑以下问题：港口的基础设施情况。港口的航班情况。AboutpartialshipmentsP75-允许分批装运，但不规定分批的具体时间、批次和数量。允许分批装运，并具体订明每批装运的时间和数量。按UCP600，若L/C不禁止分批装运，即，卖方可以分批装运。按UCP600，几张提单中若每张提单显示同一运输工具、同一航次、同一目的地，即不视作分批装运。（即使装货港和装运日期不同）若一分批装运合同订明每批装运时间和数量，卖方只要任何一批不按期、按量装运，即可视作合同违约。51/70AbouttransshipmentP75-按UCP600，转运是指从发运接受监管或装运地至最后目的地的运输过程中从一运输工具卸下，再装上另一运输工具（不论是否为不同运输方式）的行为。按UCP600，即使信用证禁止转运，只要采用多式联运提单（含多种方式运输）——注明将发生或可能发生转运，即不视作转运。若进口商想禁止任何方式的转运，即在信用证上明确表示禁止转运，并规定不接受多式联运提单。52/7010)Moreorlessclause-溢短装条款P76-53/70如，5000MT,with5%moreorlessatsellers’option;又如，AboutorApproximately5000MT（“约”数条款）若货物数量非以包装单位或货物自身件数计算的，即，按L/C规则，货物数量允许有5%的增减幅度（只要总支取金额不超过L/C金额）。若货物的数量是以包装单位件数或货物自身件数计算的，即，按L/C规则，货物数量不允许有增减幅度。若在L/C中使用了“约”或“大约”，即解释为允许有关金额或数量或单价有不超过10%的增减幅度。（UCP600极力反对L/C使用“约”或“大约”等不明确的字眼。）P76-54/702.AirTransportScheduledAirline(班机运输)CharterCarriers(包机运输)ConsolidatedConsignments(集中托运)P76-55/702.AirTransportAdvantagesFasterdelivery.Bettersecurity.Lesspackaging.Lowerinsurance.Fastersettlement.Betterservice.Reducedstock.Expandedtrade&newmarkets.DisadvantagesLimitedcapacity,dimension&weightrestrictions.Veryhighoperatingexpenses&hightransportcost.Vulnerabletodisruptionwhenweatherisbad.Expensivehandlingcostbecauseofconsignmentstendnottobeconsolidated.Sparsely稀缺locatedfacilities.Advantages&DisadvantagesP76-56/702.AirTransportAirWaybill(航空货运单)航空货运单（AirWaybill，AWB）是订立契约、接受货物和承运条件的证明，实际上是双方当事人所订立的国际货物航空运输合同。航空货运单的特点/作用航空货运单是承运人接受货物的证明及运输合同，可作为货物结算、报关、保险索赔等凭据。航空货运单不是物权凭证，发货人可行使“处置权”（rightofdisposal）,指示承运人中途停止运输，或转运给其他人，甚至要求回运货物。航空货运单也不是提货凭证，收货人只需凭身份证明文件提货。所以卖方必须注意买方的信用，确保安全收款。实际业务中，航空货运单一般不可转让。P79-57/703.RailTransportAdvantagesHighcapacityformoftransport.Relativelyhighspeed.Lesspronetointerruptionbypoorweather.RatherEconomical.TypeoffreightcarsShedcar–棚车Opencar–敞篷车Flatcar–平板车Tankcar–油罐车Ventilationcar–换气车P80-58/703.RailTransportRailWaybill/RailConsignmentNote(国际铁路联运运单)发货人提交货物和付清运费后，发站在运单正本和副本上盖发站日期戳记（证明货物已承运），则成为运输合同的凭证。运单随同货物从发站至到站接运送全程附送，最后送收货人。运单既是铁路承运货物的凭证，也是铁路在终点站向收货人核收运杂费和点交货物的依据。运单不是物权凭证，不能转让；运单副本不具有运单的效力，由发站加盖戳记后退给发货人，可贸易结算的文件。（以上根据《国际货协》规定）

P81-59/704.RoadTransportAdvantagesDistributiveabilityofroadvehicles.Flexibleinoperation.Competitiveinshortdistancetransport.DisadvantagesLimitedcapacity.HighoperatingcostRiskofpilferageanddamage.Legallimitations5.Containerization集装箱种类(常用２种)20英尺：1C型8’*8’*20’）40英尺：1A型8’*8’*40’;1AA型8’*8.6’*40’5.Containerization运输货物交接整箱货(Fullcontainerload-FCL)

装箱后运交集装箱堆场(Containeryard-CY)；拼箱货(Lessthancontainerload-LCL)

由承运人在集装箱货运站(Containerfreightstation-CFS)拼箱后发运。集装箱运输费用内陆运输费（Inlandtransportcharge）拼箱服务费（LCLservicecharge）堆场服务费（Terminalhandlingcharge-THC）集装箱及其他设备使用费用（Feeforusingcontainer&otherequipment）P69FAK（freightforallkinds）包箱费率——不分货物种类，也不计货量，只规定统一的每个集装箱收取的费率。FCS（freightforclass）包箱费率——按不同货物等级的包箱费率。FCB（freightforclass&basis）包箱费率——按不同货物等级货货物类别以及计算标准制