法律英语课件1教学文案

法律英语课件1

Questionone:HowwillwestudythecourseofLegalEnglish?Waysofteachingandstudying:a.ThiscoursewillbetaughtbilinguallyinChineseandEnglish.b.thecultureofcommonlaw,thelegaltraditionofAmericanlawandtheinstitutionofit,orthespiritandessenceofAmericanlaw.c.casestudy(casemethod)/lecturemethodd.legalmovie/TVplayappreciation:Twelveangrymen,LegallyBlonde,LawandOrder,Harry’slaw2/7/20232法律英语

Questiontwo:Whatwillwelearnfromthiscourse?Thecontentisasfollow:(altogether14chapters)a.Legalterms+Textb.Exercises:Translationbygroup.c.SupplementaryReading(notcompulsory)2/7/20233法律英语

QuestionThree:WhatarethedifficultiesinstudyinglegalEnglish?A.(1)法律英语专业术语众多，有自身独特的含义/且用语正式。action:诉讼consideration:对价、约因minor：未成年major：成年party：当事人offer:要约instrument：法律文件Approachthebench.——Comeoverhere.Heisabench.——Hehasbecomeajudge.civildeath——deprivationofpoliticalrights(剥夺政治权利终身）2/7/20234法律英语

A.(2)外来语较多，尤其是拉丁语alibi不在犯罪现场bonafide善意staredecisis遵循先例2/7/20235法律英语

B.LegalSystem:不了解英美法制度和背景,需要系统学习英美法律制度。e.g.lawyersolicitor(英国初级律师/非出庭律师）barrister（英国高级律师/出庭律师）2/7/20236法律英语Lesson

one

Legal

system

2/7/20237法律英语

Lmonlaw:普通法commonlawlegalsystem2.Civillaw:民法civillawlegalsystem3.刑法？行政法？民事诉讼法？国际法？国际私法？4.Caselaw:判例法5.Statutorylaw:成文法

6.relief:救济

2/7/20238法律英语

7.EquityandEquityLaw：衡平及衡平法SomeMaximsofEquityLaw:a.Equitylookstotheintentratherthantotheform.衡平法注重含义，而不注重形式。b.Equitylooksonthatasdonewhichoughttobedone.衡平法将要做的事看作应做的事。c.Equitydelegatesequality.衡平法代表公平。d.Equitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutaremedy.衡平法不允许对违法行为没有补救方法。8.

Jury\juror陪审团、陪审员9.specificperformance:特定履行/实际履行10.compensatorydamages:金钱赔偿2/7/20239法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵从前例2/7/202310法律英语Representativesofthe4legalsystemsCivil/continentallegalsystem:France,Germany,Austria,Belgium,Switzerland,Italy,Spain,Portugal,Thailand,Turkey,IndonesiaHolland(theNetherlands)2.Common-law/Anglo-Americanlegalsystem:England,Ireland,USA,NewZealand,Pakistan,Singapore,Malaysia,Australia,Canada(excludingQuebec),Burma,IndiaSocialistlegalsystem:China,Russia,Cuba,NorthKorea,Vietnam4.Islamiclegalsystem:MiddleEastcountries2/7/202311法律英语Civillawlegalsystem大陆法系/罗马法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法国和德国为代表，还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英国，包括加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新加坡，香港地区也采用英美法2/7/202312法律英语ThedistinctionoftwolegalsystemsThebasicdistinctionbetweenthetwosystemsliesinthesourcesoflawuponwhichtheyrely.Thecommon-lawsystemusespriordecidedcasesasaveryhighsourcesofauthority.Thedoctrineofstaredecisis(letthedecisionstand)inoneofitsformistheessenceofthecommon-lawsystem.Thedoctrinestatesthatthecourtsshouldadheretothelawthatsetforthinpriorcasesdecidedbythehighestcourtofthegovernjurisdictionaslongastheprinciplederivedfromthosecasesislogicallyessentialtotheirdecision,isreasonable,andisappropriatetocontemporarycircumstances.2/7/202313法律英语大陆法与普通法的根本区别在于其所依靠的法的渊源.普通法系以先前的判例为其很高的权力渊源,以其诸形式之一出现的STAREDECISIS即让判决继续有效学说,是普通法系的精粹,该说主张,法院应遵守在本法域最高一级法院判决的先例中所定下来的法律---但取自先例原则以在逻辑上为判决各案件所必须且其合理合情并适宜于当代情况者为限。2/7/202314法律英语Thecivillaw,ontheotherhand,isorientedtowardacodeoflaws,whenacontroversaryispresentedtoacourtoralawyer,theimmediateproblemistofindtheappropriatecodeprovisioncoveringthesituationandthentoapplyittotheproblemathand.Thecourtslooktothewritingsofscholarstoaidthemininterpretingcodeprovisions.Casesarenotignored,buttheydonothaveanyapproachingbindingauthorityonjudges.2/7/202315法律英语在另一方面大陆法系则以法典为中心。法院或律师遇到一项争端，其迫在眉捷的问题，是去查出与案情相关的适当法典条文，然后把条文适用于手头的问题。法院请教学者的著作，以便在解释法典条文时从那些著作中得到帮助。案例不是完全被忽视，但对法官却没有任何接近于拘束力的权威性。2/7/202316法律英语普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。2/7/202317法律英语The

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。2/7/202318法律英语enforcement强制执行；

claim请求；action诉讼行为；writ法院令状；

classicalRomanlaw古罗马法2/7/202319法律英语Theenforcementofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘action’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。2/7/202320法律英语

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,the

claim

did

notexist.

没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。2/7/202321法律英语The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

deve-lopment

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。2/7/202322法律英语衡平法

由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题，而集中考虑案情的理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是衡平法。2/7/202323法律英语“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行为公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono决定公平且善良（拉丁语）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。2/7/202324法律英语In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。2/7/202325法律英语Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

inany

legal

system.

衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定，与任何法律制度一样，具有一定程度的固定性。equity

law2/7/202326法律英语relief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特殊履行的救济方式the

injunction禁令（临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令）the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所谓的衡平法座右铭

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：theperformanceofalegalcontractasspecifiedbyitsterms2/7/202327法律英语However,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

不过，只有当普通法救济不充分时，才适用衡平救济。2/7/202328法律英语For

instance,

specific

performance

for

the

purchase

of

real

propertywill

be

granted

because

common

law

damages

are

deemed

to

be

inadequate

since

they

cannot

compensate

the

buyerin

view

of

the

uniqueness

attributed

toreal

property.

例如，对购买不动产提供特殊履行的救济，因为普通法的赔偿被认为不充分，由于不动产具有特殊性，普通法的赔偿无法补偿买方。2/7/202329法律英语“ordinary”

common

law

relief

of

damages

普通法规定的赔偿金救济“extraordinary”

equity

remedy

of

specific

performance

衡平法规定的特定履行救济2/7/202330法律英语

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式2/7/202331法律英语Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.

独立大法官法庭2/7/202332法律英语Atfirsttheconceptofequitablerelifwasflexible,anddependtoalargeextentonthechancellor’sapplicationofprinciplesofconsciencetoeachindividualcasebeforethem.Intime,equitableprinciplesthemselvesbecamehardenedandlostitsflexibility.BytheJudicatureActof1873,parliamentfusedthetwostreamsofenglishjustice,makingthecommonlawandequityequallyapplicableinallenglishcourts.2/7/202333法律英语Theadvantageofthecaselawisthepowerofflexibilityandgrowth.Newdecisionsareconstantlybeingaddedasnewcasescomebeforethecourts.Inthiswaythelawtendstokeeppacewiththetimesandcanadaptitselftochangingcircumstances.Thedrawbacksofcaselawinsomecasesmerelytheconverseaspectsoftheadvantages.Forexample,Jeremybenthamcriticisedtheprincipleofthelawfollowingtheeventdog’slawsystem,‘itis,’hesays,’thejudgesthatmakethecommonlaw,doyouknowhowtheymakeit?justasamanmakeslawsforhisdog,whenyourdogdoessomethingyouwanttobreakhimof,youwaittillhedoesitandthenbeathim,thisisthewayyoumakelawsforyourdog,thisisthewaythejudgemakeslawsforyou.2/7/202334法律英语案例法的优点，灵活性和成长的能力，随着一件件新的案件告到法院，一个个新的判决也就补充起来。这样法律就能跟上时代的步伐并适应不断变化的客观情况。案例法的害处，就是上述优点的反面。例如边沁曾对事后立法原则加以指责并称判例制度为狗法，他说：“是法官们在制度共同法，你知道他们是怎么样制定的吗？就同一个人替他的那条狗立法一样，狗做了人不让做的事情，人们事先袖手旁观，然后在事发后揍他。这是人替狗立法的方法，也是法官替你我立法的方式。2/7/202335法律英语Afurthercriticismisthatthebindingforceofprecedentlimitsjudicialdiscretion.Ithasbeensaidthatjudgesareengagedinforgingfettersfortheirownfeet.Thiscanbeillustratedbythedoctrineofcommonemployment.WhichwaslaiddownbythehouseoflordsinPriestleyv.Fowler(1837).Thisdoctrinesaidthatifaemployeewasinjuredbyafellowemployeewhilstbothwereactingwithinthescopeoftheiremployment,theiremployerwasnotliablevicariouslyforthenegligence.Theruleoperatedinamostunjustfashionduringtheperiodofgreatindustrialdevelopment,butitcontinuedtobindjudgesforoveracenturyuntilitwasfinallyabolishedbytheLawReform(PersonalInjuries)Act,1948.Allthejudgescoulddointhemeantimewastolimititsscope.2/7/202336法律英语案例法受的另一个指责，则是先例的的拘束力限制了审判上的裁量，有人还说，法官们是在替自己铸造脚镣。这一点可以用共同受雇说来加以说明，此说是由上议院在普里斯特告福尔一案中所规定的（1837），它说，如果两人在受雇范围内行事时，其中一人被同事伤害了，那么他俩的雇主对这一疏忽不代为负责。在工业大发展时期运用这一规则，是极不公道的。但是这条规则在（1948年人身伤害法律改良法）予以废除前，却拘束了法官百多年之久。这其间，法官能做的，只是限制这一规则的运用。2/7/202337法律英语重点词汇United

States

Supreme

CourtCommonlawlegalsystemCivillawlegalsystemCaselawStatutorylawclassical

Roman

law2/7/202338法律英语equity

lawequitycase

lawspecific

performance

injunctionequitable

reliefcommon

law

reliefcommon

law

damagesStaredecisis2/7/202339法律英语civil

suitJurisdictiontrial

by

juryjudge-made

law

2/7/202340法律英语Doctrineofstaredecisis

Whereprecedentmerelyrequiresthatcourtslooktopreviousdecisionsforguidance,staredecisisrequiresthatacourtfollowtheirowndecisionsandthedecisionsofhighercourtswithinthesamejurisdiction.

2/7/202341法律英语2/7/202342法律英语Jury1.Whyweneedajury?2.Inwhatcircumstances,weneedatrialbyjury?3.Whocanbeajuror?4.Howjuryworks?5.Blessitorcurseit?2/7/202343法律英语Ajuryisaswornbodyofpeopleconvenedtorenderanimpartial

verdict(afindingoffactonaquestion)officiallysubmittedtothembyacourt,ortosetapenaltyorjudgment.Modernjuriestendtobefoundincourtstojudgewhetheranaccusedpersonisnotguiltyorguiltyofacrime.(Thereisnosuchverdictas"innocent").Apersonwhoisservingonajuryiscalledajuror.2/7/202344法律英语Typesofjury

The"petitjury"

(or"trialjury")hearstheevidenceinatrialaspresentedbyboththeplaintiff(petitioner)andthedefendant(respondent).Afterhearingtheevidenceandoftenjuryinstructionsfromthejudge,thegroupretiresfordeliberation,toconsideraverdict.Themajorityrequiredforaverdictvaries.Insomecasesitmustbeunanimous,whileinotherjurisdictionsitmaybeamajorityorsupermajority.Ajurythatisuna