汪榕培：21世纪英语词汇学课件

2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学12023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学221世纪的英语词汇学·汪榕培·2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学3英语词汇学研究的历史和现状1.两本词汇学巨著的启示意义2.三本词汇学概论的参照价值3.新编的英语词汇学系列教材4.2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学4I.英语词汇学研究的历史和现状在中国和西方的语文学研究中，“词”一直是不可或缺的内容；英语的lexicology（词汇学）这个名称是NoahWebster于1828年创造的。作为对词汇的历时研究，历史比较词汇学早在19世纪已经在西方产生。中华字典博物馆2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学5但是，在20世纪初索绪尔开创的西方现代语言学(linguistics)中，语言的语音系统和语法系统是主要的研究对象，词汇系统却没有受到足够的重视，他们振振有词地把表示“所指”意义的“词语”排除在语言学的研究范围以外，认为词汇学属于语文学(philology)的范围。其实，结构主义语言学能够比较容易地阐明语音系统和语法系统的“结构”，而无力阐明词汇系统的“结构”，于是避重就轻、一推了之，使西方（尤其是美国）的词汇学研究耽误了几十年的时间。

2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学6此外，跟词汇有关的若干分支学科已经取得了相对独立的地位，例如词典学(lexicography)、形态学(morphology)和词汇语义学(lexicalsemantics)，还有一些分支学科已经取得了半独立的地位，例如短语学(phraseology)和心理词汇(mentallexicon)，这些分支学科似乎把词汇学的研究范围分割掉了。2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学7在20世纪结构主义语言学（尤其是美国结构主义语言学）的影响下，英语词汇研究和英语词汇教学的研究处于相对滞后的状态，LeonardBloomfield就认为，“词汇实际上是语法的附录，也就是不规则的基础形式的清单(reallyanappendixofthegrammar,alistofbasicirregularities)。”

21世纪以来，随着计算机科学的发展和语言学研究的深入，词汇研究在西方（尤其在欧洲）引起了越来越多的重视，相继出版了一系列词汇学著作。2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学8其中包括LeilaBehrens等主编的《聚焦词汇：当代词汇学的竞争与交汇》（TheLexiconinFocus:CompetitionandConvergenceinCurrentLexicology，2002）、由DavidAlanCruse等主编的1900余页的《词汇学：词和词汇性质和结构的国际手册》（Lexicology:AnInternationalHandbookontheNatureandStructureofWordsandVocabularies,2002，2005）、由DieterWunderlich主编的《词汇理论的进展》(AdvancesintheTheoryoftheLexicon,2006)、由M.A.K.Halliday等编著的《词汇学概论》（Lexicology：AShortIntroduction,2007）、由PatrickHanks主编的2400余页的《词汇学：语言学重要概念》（Lexicology:CriticalConceptsinLinguistics,2008）等一系列重要的词汇学论著，为英语词汇研究注入了活力，词汇取得了语言学研究的中心地位。AnnaWierzbicka甚至认为“句法只不过是把词粘在一起的粘合剂而已(nomorethanthegluethatisusedtopastewordstogether)。”2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学9II.两本词汇学巨著的启示意义Lexicology--AnInternationalHandbookontheNatureandStructureofWordsandVocabulariesbyD.AlanCruse(Editor)Publisher:MoutondeGruyter;Bilingualedition(2005)

第一本2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学10Thehandbook(1944pages)identifiesanddealswiththefollowingaimsforacademicprogressionandpractical/theoreticalresearch:-theestablishmentandmaintenanceofanindependentprofileforthedisciplineoflexicology-thecollectionanddocumentationofup-to-dateknowledgeinthefieldoflexicology-thedocumentationofresearchstillout-standingandtheprovisionofguidelinesonconcretefieldsofstudy.Inconclusionthepresentstateoflexicologymadeitnecessarytodealthoroughlywithquestionsaboutthediscipline,itsmethodologyanditslinkswithrelateddisciplines.

2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学11Thehandbookstartsoffwiththetwomainsections'word'and'vocabulary'.Thesenserelationsactasthethreadswhichbindthesetwosectionstogether,becausetheirabilitytolinkwordsinpairsallowsustomakesuccessiveinroadsintothevocabulary.Movingfromtheterm'word'totheterm'lexicalelement'forcesusintoamoredetailedinvestigationofphraseology.Detailedtreatmentsofeachofthewaysoflookingat'vocabulary'areprovided,inviewoftheambiguityoftheterm'vocabulary'(vocabularyinitsrelationtoanaturallanguagevs.vocabularyinitsrelationtoanindividual[mentallexicon]vs.vocabularyinitsrelationtogrammar[lexicon]).Similarly,synchronicanddiachronicpointsofviewaretakenintoaccount,inordertobeabletoarriveatanadequatedescriptionoftheunderlyingdynamicsofthevocabularyofnaturallanguages.2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学12VolumeOne该手册第一卷的23章可以分为五个部分，第一部分介绍了词和词汇学的基本概念：

I.ThefoundationsandfundamentalquestionsoflexicologyII.ReflectiononthewordIII.Thewordinthecontextofdifferenttheoriesoflanguage/grammar

2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学13第二部分介绍了词的形式层面和内容层面:IV.TheformlevelofthewordV.ThecontentlevelofthewordI:GeneraloverviewVI.ThecontentlevelofthewordII:LexicaldecompositionVII.ThecontentlevelofthewordIII:ConceptualapproachesVIII.ThecontentlevelofthewordIV:StructuringofwordmeaningIX.ThecontentlevelofthewordV:DimensionsofmeaningX.Relationsbetweenthelevelofformandthelevelofcontent2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学14第三部分介绍了词汇单位的特殊形式:XI.SpecialformsoflexicalunitsI:IdiomsXII.SpecialformsoflexicalunitsII:Shortenedwords,abbreviationsandotherlexicalunitswithastatussimilartowords第四部分介绍了词汇结构的意义关系：XIII.LexicalstructuresbasedonsenserelationsI:Generaloverview,inclusionsandidentityXIV.LexicalstructuresbasedonsenserelationsII:Exclusionandopposition,derivationalrelationsXV.LexicalstructuresbasedonsenserelationsIII:Descriptivemodels2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学15第五部分介绍了词与词汇的各种共时关系：XVI.LexicalstructuresinasyntagmaticperspectiveXVII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyI:WordclassesXVIII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyII:WordfamiliesXIX.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyIII:LexicalfieldsXX.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyIV:StructuringsrelatedtoconceptsXXI.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyV:FunctionalvarietiesXXII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyVI:LayersoforiginXXIII.ThearchitectureofthevocabularyVII:Vocabulariesforspecificpurposes

2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学16VolumeTwo该手册第二卷也可以分为五个部分，第一部分介绍了词汇学的方法论和词汇的特征：XXIV.MethodologyofLexicologyXXV.StructuralPropertiesofVocabulariesfromContrastiveandTypologicalPointsofViewXXVISpecialPropertiesofVocabularies2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学17第二部分从社会语言学的角度介绍了语言的地域方言、时间变迁和社会方言：XXVII.ASelectionofRegionalVocabulariesandVocabulariesofDialectsI:GermanXXVIII.ASelectionofRegionalVocabulariesandVocabulariesofDialectsII:EnglishXXIX.TheEtymologyofWordsXXX.LexicalChangeXXXI.EpochVocabulariesXXXII.VocabulariesofFamousPersonalitiesI:LiteratureXXXIII.VocabulariesofFamousPersonalitiesII:Church,Music,StateandScienceXXXIV.ContrastiveStudiesofLexicalFields2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学18第三部分介绍了词汇与语法的关系：XXXV.LexiconandGrammarI:TheAnalysisofLexicalUnitsXXXVI.LexiconandGrammarII:ChangingLexicalUnitsXXXVII.LexiconandGrammarIII:TheCombinationofLexicalUnits第四部分介绍了心理词汇：XXXVIII.MentalLexiconI:TheWordXXXIX.MentalLexiconII:TheVocabularyXL.MentalLexiconIII:AcquisitionandLoss第五部分介绍了词汇学跟其他学科的关系：XLI.LexicologyandNeighbouringDisciplines最后还附有索引：IndexofnamesIndexoftopics2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学19P.Hanks,ed.Lexicology--CriticalConceptsinLinguistics6vols.Publisher:Routledge(2008)第二本2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学20ThisnewRoutledgeMajorWorkisasix-volumecollection（2768pages)ofnearlyonehundredpapers,articles,andextractscoveringeveryaspectoflexicology.Itrangesoverphilosophyoflanguage,prototypetheory,artificialintelligence,cognitivelinguistics,systemiclinguistics,structuralism(EuropeanandAmerican),generativelexicontheory,meaning-texttheory,naturalsemanticmetalanguagetheory,computationallinguistics,corpuslinguistics,andchildlanguageacquisition.CarefullyeditedextractsfromwritingsonthelexiconbyAristotle,Wilkins,Leibniz,andWittgensteinmakethecentralobservationsofthesegreatthinkersreadilyavailabletoscholarsandstudents.Andmajorarticlesbylexicalsemanticfieldtheorists(Trier,Porzig,Gipper,andCoseriu)aremadeavailableforthefirsttimeinEnglishtranslation.AgeneralintroductionbyPatrickHanks,aleadingscholarinthefield,givesacomprehensiveoverviewofthesubjectanditsmainissues2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学21Volume1:PhilosophyandWordMeaning

Part1:Foundations

Part2:BeyondNecessaryConditions

Part3:VariabilityandVagueness

Volume2:LexicalSemanticsandStructures

Part4:SemanticFieldTheory

Part5:StructuralistSemantics

Part6:ComponentialAnalysisofKinship

Part7:TheLexiconinEarlyGenerativeGrammar:Markerese

Part8:TheLexiconinModernGenerativeTheory

Volume3:CoreMeaning,ExtendedMeaning

Part9:PrimesandUniversals

Part10:Polysemy

Part11:Cross-LinguisticComparativeLexicology

2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学22Volume4:Syntagmatics

Part12:Syntagmatics:TheFirthianTradition

Part13:LexiconGrammar

Part14:FrameSemantics

Part15:Preferences,Meaning,andContext

Volume5:CognitionandtheLexicon

Part16:ChildLanguageAcquisition

Part17:PrototypesandStereotypes

Part18:TheMentalLexicon

Volume6:FormalApproachestotheLexicon

Part19:Meaning-TextTheory

Part20:StatisticsofWordAssociation

Part21:LexicalResourcesforComputationalLanguageProcessing

Part22:ComputationalRepresentationoftheLexicon2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学23Volume1:PHILOSOPHYANDWORDMEANING第1卷哲学和词义

第1卷包括3个部分，主要介绍词汇学这门学科的哲学基础，探讨了“词”和“意义”的关系。该卷精选了自Aristotle以来18位著名哲学家如Porphyry，Russell，Wittgenstein和Quine等有关词汇研究的作品。第1卷的论述高屋建瓴，不仅可以帮助读者了解词汇学研究的历史渊源和哲学意义，而且还为词汇学研究奠定了哲学基础。2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学24Part1:Foundations1.Aristotle(4thcenturyBC),‘MeaningandEssence’,excerptsfromAristotle’swritings,selected,arranged,andeditedbyEkateriniStathi(Berlin,2005)2.Porphyry,‘Eisagoge’,IntroductiontoAristotle’sCategories,trans.J.Barnes(Oxford,2003),pp.3–193.JohnWilkins(1668),excerptsfromEssayTowardsaRealCharacter,andaPhilosophicalLanguage(London:TheRoyalSociety)4.JohnLocke(1690),‘Ofthesignificationofwords’,Chapters1to5fromBookIIIoftheEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding,andTableofContentsofBookIII(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1975),pp.402–385.GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz(1704),excerptsfrom‘Tablededefinitions’,inLouisCouturat(ed.),OpusculesetfragmentsinéditsdeLeibniz(Paris:FelixAlcan,1903),selectedbyDonaldRutherford,trans.EmilyRutherford6.LouisCouturat(1903),excerptsfromTheLogicofLeibniz,trans.DonaldRutherfordandTimothyMonroe,publishedontheInternet(1997–2002)7.BertrandRussell,‘WordsandMeaning’,TheAnalysisofMind(London:Allen&Unwin,1922),pp.135–442023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学25Part2:BeyondNecessaryConditions8.LudwigWittgenstein,excerptsfromPhilosophicalInvestigations,selectedandeditedbyYorickWilks(Oxford,2005)9.WillardvanOrmanQuine(1940),‘UseVersusMention’,inWillardvanOrmanQuine,MathematicalLogic(NewYork:Norton)10.WillardvanOrmanQuine,excerptsfromWordandObject(Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1960),pp.51–7;80–95;114–3411.HilaryPutnam(1970),‘IsSemanticsPossible?’,inH.KieferandM.Munitz(eds.),Languages,BelieveandMetaphysics,VolumeIofContemporaryPhilosophicThought:TheInternationalPhilosophyYearConferencesatBrockport(reprintedinMind,LanguageandReality(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1975),pp.139–52)12.HilaryPutnam(1975),‘TheMeaningof«Meaning»’,inK.Gunderson(ed.),Language,Mind,andKnowledge,MinnesotaStudiesinthePhilosophyofScience,VII(UniversityofMinnesotaPress)(reprintedinMind,LanguageandReality(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress),pp.215–71)13.J.L.Austin,‘Performative-constative’,inCharlesE.Caton(ed.),PhilosophyandOrdinaryLanguage,trans.G.J.Warnock(Urbana,IL:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1963),pp.22–542023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学26Part3:VariabilityandVagueness14.JorgeLuisBorges,‘TheAnalyticalLanguageofJohnWilkins’,inJorgeLuisBorges,OtherInquisitions:1937–1952,trans.RuthL.Simms(NewYork:Simon&Schuster,1964),pp.101–515.WilliamLabov,‘TheBoundariesofWordsandtheirMeanings’,inC.-J.BaileyandR.Shuy(eds.),NewWaysofAnalyzingVariationinEnglish(WashingtonDC:GeorgetownUniversityPress,1973),pp.340–7316.AnnaWierzbicka,‘PrecisioninVagueness’,JournalofPragmatics,10,1986,pp.597–61317.AnnaWierzbicka,extractsfrom‘Introduction’and‘ThePromiseGroup’,inEnglishSpeechActVerbs(Sydney:AcademicPress,1987),pp.1–26;30–2;205–1318.TimothyWilliamson,‘Vagueness,IndeterminacyandSocialMeaning’,inColinB.GrantandDonaldMcLaughlin(eds.),Language–Meaning–SocialConstruction:InterdisciplinaryStudies(Amsterdam:Rodopi,2001),pp.61–762023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学27Volume2:LEXICALSEMANTICSANDSTRUCTURES第2卷包括5个部分，共15篇文章。该卷具体讨论了词的意义和结构以及它们之间的关系，介绍了语言学两大主要传统——欧洲的结构主义语言学和美国的生成语言学——有关词汇学研究的成果。2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学28Part4:SemanticFieldTheory19.WalterPorzig,‘IntrinsicSemanticRelations’,trans.ElkeGehweiler(originallypublishedas‘WesenhafteBedeutungsbeziehungen’,BeiträgezurdeutschenSpracheundLiteratur,58,1934,pp.70–97)20.JostTrier,‘TheLinguisticField:AnInvestigation’,trans.ElkeGehweiler(originallypublishedas‘DasSprachlicheFeld:EineAuseinandersetzung’,NeueJahrbücherfürWissenschaftundJugendbildung,10,1934,pp.428–49)21.HelmutGipper,‘SesseloderStuhl?AContributiontotheDefinitionofWordContentsintheObjectWorld’,trans.ElkeGehweiler(originallypublishedas‘SesseloderStuhl?EinBeitragzurBestimmungvonWortinhaltenimBereichderSachkultur’,inHelmutGipper(ed.),Sprache:SchlüsselzurWelt;FestschriftfürLeoWeisgerber(Düsseldorf:PädagogischerVerlagSchwann,1959),pp.271–92)22.WolfgangWildgen,‘TheHistoryandFutureofFieldSemantics:FromGiordanoBrunotoDynamicSemantics’,inL.Albertazzi(ed.),MeaningandCognition:AMultidisciplinaryApproach(Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,2000),pp.203–262023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学29Part5:StructuralistSemantics23.LouisHjelmslev,‘Dansquellemésurelessignificationsdesmotseuventelleêtreconsideréescommeformantunestructure?’,inEvaSivertsenetal.(eds.),ProceedingsoftheEighthInternationalCongressofLinguists(Oslo:OsloUniversityPress,1958),pp.636–5424.BernardPottier,‘Versunesémantiquemoderne’,inTravauxdelinguistiqueetdeLittérature,2,1,1964,pp.107–3725.EugenioCoseriu,‘TowardsaStructuralistDiachronicDemantics’,trans.PatrickHanks(originallypublishedas‘Pourunesémantiquediachroniquestructurale’inTravauxdelinguistiqueetdelittérature(CentredePhilologieetdeLittératuresRomanesdel’UniversitédeStrasbourg,II/1,1964),pp.139–86)26.JohnLyons,‘Semanticstructure’,inIntroductiontoTheoreticalLinguistics(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1969),pp.443–812023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学30Part6:ComponentialAnalysisofKinship27.WardH.Goodenough,‘ComponentialAnalysisandtheStudyofMeaning’,Language,32,1956,pp.195–21628.FloydG.Lounsbury,‘TheStructuralAnalysisofKinshipSemantics’,inProceedingsofthe9thInternationalCongressofLinguists,CambridgeMA1962(TheHague:MoutondeGruyter,1964),pp.164–92Part7:TheLexiconinEarlyGenerativeGrammar:Markerese29.JerroldJ.KatzandJerryFodor,‘TheStructureofaSemanticTheory’,Language,39,2,1963,pp.170–21030.DwightBolinger,‘TheAtomizationofMeaning’,Language,41,4,1965,pp.555–7331.ManfredBierwisch,‘SomeSemanticUniversalsofGermanAdjectivals’,FoundationsofLanguage,3,1967,pp.1–362023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学31Part8:TheLexiconinModernGenerativeTheory32.JamesPustejovsky,‘TheGenerativeLexicon’,ComputationalLinguistics,17,4,1991,pp.409–4133.RayJackendoff,‘What’sintheLexicon?’,inSiebNootebom,FredWeerman,andFrankWijnen(eds.),StorageandComputationintheLanguageFaculty(Dordrecht:Kluwer,2002),pp.23–582023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学32Volume3:COREMEANING,EXTENDEDMEANING第3卷核心意义和引申意义第3卷共3个部分，详尽说明第1卷和第2卷所讨论的内容，特别讨论了语义基元（semanticprimitives）和自然语言中的多义词问题。另外，第3卷还从人类学视角对词汇学进行研究。2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学33Part9:PrimesandUniversals34.AndrzejBoguslawski,‘OnSemanticPrimitivesandMeaningfulness’,inA.J.Greimas,R.Jacobson,M.R.Mayenowaetal.(eds.),Sign,Language,Culture(TheHague:MoutondeGruyter,1970),pp.143–5235.JurijD.Apresjan,‘OntheLanguageofExplicationsandSemanticPrimitives’,inSystematicLexicography(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2000),pp.215–2336.AnnaWierzbicka(1995),‘UniversalSemanticPrimitivesasaBasisforLexicalSemantics’,FoliaLinguistica,29,1–2,pp.149–6937.StephenG.Pulman,‘LexicalDecomposition:ForandAgainst’,inJohnI.Tait(ed.),ChartingaNewCourse:NaturalLanguageProcessingandInformationRetrieval:EssaysinHonourofKarenSpärckJones(Dordrecht:KluwerAcademic/Springer,2005),pp.155–7438.DanielleCorbinandMartineTemple,‘Lemondedesmotsetdessensconstruits:catégoriessémantiques,catégoriesréférentielles’,Cahiersdelexicologie,65,1994,pp.213–3639.CliffGoddard,‘Lexico-semanticuniversals:acriticaloverview’,LinguisticTypology,5,1,2005,pp.1–662023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学34Part10:Polysemy40.JurijD.Apresjan,‘RegularPolysemy’,Linguistics,142,1973,pp.5–3241.JiweiCi,‘SynonymyandPolysemy’,Lingua,72,1987,pp.315–3142.PaulD.Deane,‘PolysemyandCognition’,Lingua,75,1988,pp.325–6143.AdrienneLehrer,‘Polysemy,Conventionality,andtheStructureoftheLexicon’,CognitiveLinguistics,1–2,1990,pp.207–4644.DirkGeeraerts,‘Vagueness’sPuzzles,Polysemy’sVagaries’,CognitiveLinguistics,4,1993,pp.223–7245.DavidTuggy,‘Ambiguity,Polysemy,andVagueness’,CognitiveLinguistics,4,1993,pp.273–90Part11:Cross-LinguisticComparativeLexicology46.CecilH.Brown,‘LexicalTypologyFromanAnthropologicalPointofView’,SprachtypologieundSprachuniversalien(Berlin,NewYork:DeGruyter,2001),pp.1178–9047.CliffGoddard,‘ThinkingAcrossLanguagesandCultures:SixDimensionsofVariation’,CognitiveLinguistics,14,2/3,2002,pp.109–402023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学35Volume4:SYNTAGMATICS第4卷组合理论第4卷分4个部分，探讨词的横组合关系。2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学36Part12:Syntagmatics:TheFirthianTradition48.MichaelHalliday,‘LexisasaLinguisticLevel’,inC.E.Bazell,J.C.Catford,M.A.K.Halliday,andR.H.Robins(eds.),InMemoryofJ.R.Firth(London:Longman,1966),pp.148–6249.JohnSinclair,‘BeginningtheStudyofLexis’,inC.E.Bazell,J.C.Catford,M.A.K.Halliday,andR.H.Robins(eds.),InMemoryofJ.R.Firth(London:Longman,1966),pp.410–3050.EugeneO.Winter,‘ALookattheRoleofCertainWordsinInformationStructure’,inK.P.JonesandV.Horsnell(eds.),Informatics3:ProceedingsofaConferenceHeldbytheAslibCo-ordinateIndexingGroup(1978),pp.85–9751.JohnSinclair,‘TheLexicalItem’,inEddaWeigand(ed.),ContrastiveLexicalSemantics(Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,1998),pp.1–2452.MichaelHoey,‘TheTextualPrimingofLexis’,inGuyAston,SilviaBernardini,andDominicStewart(eds.),CorporaandLanguageLearners(Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,2004),pp.21–4153.AlanPartington,‘«UtterlyContentinEachOther’sCompany»:SemanticProsodyandSemanticPreference’,InternationalJournalofCorpusLinguistics,9,1,2004,pp.131–562023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学37Part13:LexiconGrammar54.MauriceGross,‘ConstructingLexicon-Grammars’,inB.T.S.AtkinsandA.Zampolli(eds.),ComputationalApproachestotheLexicon(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1993),pp.213–6355.ChristianLeclère,‘OrganizationoftheLexicon-GrammarofFrenchVerbs’,LingvisticaeInvestigationes,25:1(Amsterdam,Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins,2002),pp.29–4856.RichardHudson(2002),‘BuyingandSellinginWordGrammar’,inJózsefAndorandPeterPelyvás(eds.),EmpiricalCognitive-BasedStudiesintheSemantics-PragmaticsInterface(Oxford:ElsevierScience,2006)Part14:FrameSemantics57.CharlesJ.Fillmore,‘AnAlternativetoChecklistTheoriesofMeaning’,PapersfromtheFirstAnnualMeetingoftheBerkeleyLinguisticsSociety,1975,pp.123–3258.BerylAtkinsandCharlesJ.Fillmore,‘TowardsaFrame-BasedLexicon:TheSemanticsofRISKanditsNeighbors’,inAdrienneLehrerandEvaF.Kittay(eds.),Frames,FieldsandContrasts:NewEssaysinSemanticandLexicalOrganization(Hillsdale,NJ:LawrenceErlbaum,1992),pp.75–10259.AdrienneLehrer,‘NamesandNaming:WhyWeNeedFieldsandFrames’,inAdrienneLehrerandEvaF.Kittay(eds.),Frames,FieldsandContrasts(Hillsdale,NJ:LaurenceErlbaum,1992),pp.123–4160.ThierryFontenelle,‘ABilingualLexicalDatabaseforFrameSemantics’,InternationalJournalofLexicography,13,4,2000,pp.232–482023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学38Part15:Preferences,Meaning,andContext61.JeffreyGruber,‘LookandSee’,Language,43,1967,pp.937–4762.YorickWilks,‘Frames,SemanticsandNovelty’,inDieterMetzing(ed.),FrameConceptionsandTextUnderstanding(Berlin,NewYork:MoutondeGruyter,1980),pp.134–6363.AnnaWierzbicka,‘WhyCanYouHaveaDrinkWhenYouCan’t*HaveanEat?’,Language,58,1982,pp.753–6964.EugeneNida,‘TheMolecularLevelofLexicalSemantics’,InternationalJournalofLexicography,10,4,1997,pp.265–742023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学39Volume5:COGNITIONANDTHELEXICON第5卷认知和词汇第5卷对认知和词汇的关系进行了探讨。2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学40Part16:ChildLanguageAcquisition65.RogerW.Brown,‘HowShallaThingbeCalled?’,PsychologicalReview,65,1958,pp.14–2166.EveClark,‘What’sinaWord?OntheChild’sAcquisitionofSemanticsinHisFirstLanguage’,inT.E.Moore(ed.),CognitiveDevelopmentandtheAcquisitionofLanguage(NewYork:AcademicPress,1973),pp.65–11067.EveClark,‘ConceptualPerspectiveandLexicalChoiceinAcquisition’,Cognition,64,1997,pp.1–3768.J.C.Goodman,L.McDonough,andN.B.Brown,‘TheRoleofSemanticContextandMemoryintheAcquisitionofNovelNouns’,ChildDevelopment,69,1998,pp.1330–442023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学41Part17:PrototypesandStereotypes69.EleanorRosch,‘CognitiveRepresentationofSemanticCategories’,JournalofExperimentalPsychology,104,1975,pp.192–23370.NickBraisby,‘SituatingWordMeaning’,inR.Cooper,K.Mukai,andJ.Perry(eds.),SituationTheoryanditsApplications,Vol.I(Stanford,CA:CenterfortheStudyofLanguageandInformation,1990),pp.315–4171.GeorgeLakoff,‘HedgesandMeaningCriteria’,inRavenI.McDavidandAudreyR.Duckert(eds.),LexicographyinEnglish:AnnalsoftheNewYorkAcademyofSciences,1973,pp.144–5372.PatrickHanks,‘LinguisticNormsandPragmaticExplanations,orWhyLexicographersNeedPrototypeTheory,andViceVersa’,inF.Kiefer,G.KissandJ.Pajzs(eds.),PapersinComputationalLexicography:Complex’94(ResearchInstituteforLinguistics,HungarianAcademyofSciences,1994),pp.89–1132023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学42Part18:TheMentalLexicon73.LawrenceW.Barsalou,‘AdhocCategories’,MemoryandCognition,11,1983,pp.211–2774.RogerW.Schvaneveldt,DavidE.Meyer,andCurtisA.Becker,‘LexicalAmbiguity,SemanticContext,andVisualWordRecognition’,JournalofExperimentalPsychology:HumanPerceptionandPerformance,2,1976,pp.243–5675.SharonLeeArmstrong,LilaR.Gleitman,andHenryGleitman,‘WhatSomeConceptsMightNotBe’,Cognition,13,1983,pp.263–30876.HerbertH.ClarkandRichardGerrig,‘UnderstandingOldWordsWithNewMeanings’,JournalofVerbalLearningandVerbalBehavior,22,1983,pp.591–60877.MiraAriel,‘TheDemiseofaUniqueLiteralMeaning’,JournalofPragmatics,34,2002,pp.361–40278.TomaszP.Krzeszowski,‘TheAxiologicalAspectofIdealizedCognitiveModels’,inJ.TomaszczykandB.Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk(eds.),MeaningandLexicography(Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,1990),pp.135–652023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学43Volume6:FORMALAPPROACHESTOTHELEXICON第6卷词汇的形式研究第6卷包括从形式和计算机角度对词汇研究的一些探讨。这一卷的选文内容较新，时间跨度不大。选文内容涉及意义－语篇理论（texttheory）、词汇联想测评（measuringwordassociations）、计算机语言处理的词汇来源和词汇的计算表征（computationalrepresentation），这些研究主题基本上代表了词汇学研究的最新动态和发展趋势。2023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学44Part19:Meaning:TextTheory79.IgorMel’cuketal.,‘Introduction’,inDictionnaireExplicatifetCombinatoireduFrançaisContemporain(1984),pp.3–1680.IgorMel’cuketal.,articlesonadmiration,admirer,désespoir,enthousiasme,envie,étonnement,étonner,s’étonner,inDictionnaireExplicatifetCombinatoireduFrançaisContemporain(1984),pp.54–7,90–2,97–10581.IgorMel’cuk,‘SemanticDescriptionofLexicalUnitsinanExplanatoryCombinatorialDictionary:BasicPrinciplesandHeuristicCriteria’,InternationalJournalofLexicography,1,3,1988,pp.165–8882.IgorMel’cuk,‘Collocationsdansledictionnaire’,inTh.Szende(ed.),LesécartsculturelsdanslesDictionnairesbilingues(Paris:HonoréChampion,2003),pp.19–642023/2/521世纪的英语词汇学45Part20:StatisticsofWordAssociation83.MichaelLesk,‘AutomaticSenseDisambiguationUsingMachineReadableDictionaries:HowtoTellaPineConefromanIceCreamCone’,inProceedingsofthe1986SIGDOCConference(NewYork:AssociationforComputingMachinery,1986),pp.24–684.MichaelLesk,‘TheySaidTrueThings,ButCalledThembyWrongNames:VocabularyProblemsOverTimeinRetrieval’,Proceedingsofthe1988WaterlooOEDConference(UniversityofWaterloo,Ontario,1988),pp.1–1085.KennethChurchandPatrickHanks,‘WordAssociationNorms,MutualInformation,andLexicography’,Proceedingsofthe27thAnnualMeetingoftheAssociationforComputationalLinguistics,1990,editedversionreprintedinComputationalLinguistics,16,1,1990,pp.22–986.GregoryGrefenstette,‘MultilingualCorpus-BasedExtractionandtheVeryLargeLexicon’,LanguagesandComputers,43,1,2002,pp.137–4987.PatrickPantelandDekangLin,‘DiscoveringWordSensesfromText’,inProceedingsofACMSIGKDDConferenceonKnowledgeDiscoveryandDataMining2002(Edmonton,Canada,2002),pp.613–1988.RobertC.Moore,‘OnLog-Likelihood-RatiosandtheSignificanceofRareEvents’,inDekangLinandDekaiWu(eds.),ProceedingsofEMNLP2004(Barcelona:AssociationforComputationalLinguistics,2004),pp.333–4089.AdamKilgarriff,‘HowDominantistheCommonestSenseofaWord?’,inP.Sojka,I.Kopecek,andK.Pala(eds.),Text,Speech,Dialogue:LectureNotesinArtificialIntelligence(Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,2004),pp.103–1190.AdamKilgarriff,PavelRychly,PavelSmrz,DavidTugwell(2004),‘Thesketchengin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