2023年上海高考英语概要写作技巧方法指导(含例题讲解)

►专题19概要写作之说明文+高考题型组合练_________________________________________________________________________________________考点精讲考点精讲概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说明文为主、议论文次之，，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。【要点梳理】要点一：说明文概要写作技巧说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：现象揭示类：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)利弊对比类：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…研究显示类：Thestudyrevealsthat…;Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…要点二：说明文概要写作模板说明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffect),introductionofanobject(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)要点三：说明文概要写作的步骤1.Skimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.快读原文，明确主题2.Analyzethetext’sstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutbrieflywithyourownwords.(onesentence)划分各段，找出要点3.Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutminordetails.抓重点，去枝节4.Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.归纳整理，转述大意5.Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.复读核对，检查错误_____重点小练Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

重点小练TeachingIs“OneoftheLeastPopularJobsintheUK”TheUKgovernmenthasjustpublishedareportonthefutureofsecondaryschoolteaching,andtheconclusionofthereportisthatmanysecondaryschoolsnowfacegreatdifficultiesinfindingpeoplewhowanttobeteachers.Sincethe1980s,thenumberofgraduateswhowould“seriouslyconsider”teachingasacareerhasfallensharply,from64%in1982tojust17%today.Thereportsuggeststhaturgentactionneedstobetakeninordertoencouragemoreintelligentyounggraduatesintoteaching.①Themaindrawback（缺点）ofsecondaryteaching,accordingtothereport,isthelowsalary.Earningsinteachingaremuchlowerthaninmanyotherjobs.JoanneManners,24,isagoodexample:“Igraduatedinmathslastyear,andIwasthinkingofdoingateacher-trainingcoursetobecomeamathsteacher---butIsawIcouldearntwiceasmuchifIworkedinmarketingoradvertising,soIdecidednottobecomeateacher.”②It'snotjustaboutthemoney,however.Thesurveyconcludedthatanotherreasonwhypeopledon’twanttobeteachersisthatsometeenagersbehaveverybadlyinschool.Alotofschoolshaveproblemswithdiscipline,anditseemsclearthatchildrendonothavethesamerespectforteachersasinthepast.③Here’stheviewofDaveHallam,anaccountantfromLondon:“Ithinkparentsaretoblame.Theyshouldhavestricterruleswiththeirchildrenathomeandalsoteachtheirchildrentohavemorerespectforteachers.”④Thereportisclearthattheproblemofteachershortageisaveryseriousone.Itsaysthatthegovernmentshouldraiseteachers’paysignificantly,tocatchupwithworkersinotherprofessions.Italsoindicatesthatthegovernmentcouldlaunchanationwidepublicitycampaign,withsomeadvertisementsonTVandinthenewspapers,toshowthepositivesidesofteachingtoyoungpeople.⑤做题步骤：Step1：细读全文，明确主题。本文主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。Step2：划分要点。本文分5个要点，已在文中标出。提出主题——两点原因——两点建议。②和③要点可以合并。Step3：标主题句或关键词。已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。Step4：概括。Asisreported,secondaryschoolsinUKexperienceddifficultiesrecruitingyoungteachers.Thereasonsarelowsalaryandkid’sbadbehaviors.Therefore,poorlybehavedstudentsneedtoobeystricterrulesandparentsneedtodisciplinethemathome.Also,governmentshouldincreaseteachers’incomeandpromoteateachingcampaigntodisplayteaching’sbrightside.(55words).Summary2Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Plantedforestsarefarfromuniversallypopular.InIreland,thecriticismsfocusonthesitkaspruce,afast-growing,damp-toleranttreefromAmerica'sPacificNorthwest.Spruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolife.Theyareaccusedofwreckingruralcommunitiesanddrivingfarmersofftheland.Andtheyaresaidtobeoutofplaceinmostlypastoral(田园风光的)setting.GerryMcGovern,anotherfarmerinCountyLeitrim,putsitbluntlyconiferforestsare"notlandscape".Thefirstchargeisfalse.MarkWilsonoftheBritishTrustforOrnithologysaysthatspruceplantations-supportmorebirdlifethanfarmland,largelybecausetheyharbourmoreinsects.Inevitably,somebirdsbenefitmarethanothers.Themarchofsprucesacross-BritainandIrelandhasincreasedthenumbersofsprucelovingbirdssuchassiskinsandcrossbills.Thesecondaccusationthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.Forestrysubsidies(补贴)andregulationshaveindeedchangesIreland'slandmarket.Farmerswhoplanttreesgetgenerouspaymentsfor15years,whilecontinuingtoreceiveordinaryfarmingsubsidies.Atthatpoint,withperhaps20yearstogobeforesprucesareharvested,theyoftenselltopensionfundsandotherinvestors.Thefinalaccusation,thatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountryside,isspot-on.Advocatesmaypointtoaforestedpast.Butruralpeoplehavebecomeusedtothelandscapeasitisandoftendonotwantittochange.WhatworriesMrStenson,inCountyLeitrim,isnotjustthattheever-spreadingtreeswilldisplacefarmersandmakeithardforhimtoacquiremoreland,butalsothattheywillpreventhimfromseeinghisneighbours'lightsatnight.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考答案】InIreland,plantedforestsarefarfromuniversallypopular.ThefirstreasonisthatSpruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolife.Actually,thechargeisfalse.Thesecondaccusationthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.Thefinalaccusationthatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountrysideisspot-on.【解析】本文是说明文。在文章中，作者说明了人工森林在爱尔兰不受欢迎的原因并且对人们不喜欢人工深林的原因进行评论。【详解】1要点摘录1.Plantedforestsarefarfromuniversallypopular.2.Spruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolife.3Thefirstchargeisfalse.4.Thesecondaccusationthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.5.Thefinalaccusation,thatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountryside,isspot-on.2.缜密构思第一句话引出文章即将要解释说明的话题；将第2、3要点进行重组，罗列4、5要点，表达了人们不喜欢人工林的原因。3.遣词造句InIreland,plantedforestsarefarfromuniversallypopular.ThefirstreasonthatSpruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolifeisfalse.Thesecondaccusationisthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.Thefinalaccusationthatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountrysideisspot-on.【点睛】[高分句型1]：ThefirstreasonisthatSpruceplantationsaresaidtocontainnolife.运用一个that引导的表语从句对前面的抽象名词reason进行解释说明，使主语的内容更加具体化，表达了人们不喜欢人工林的第一个原因。这种用法表达高级。[高分句型2]：Thesecondaccusationthattreespushoutotherkindsofagriculture,isonlypartlytrue.Thefinalaccusationthatforestsaredramaticallychangingtheappearanceofthecountrysideisspot-on.这两句话都用了that引导的同位语从句对前面的accusation进行解释说明，表达非常高级。Summary3Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Areyouworkingwithyourcomputerroutinelyeitherasaofficeemployeeoragamelover?Areyoureyesdry,watery,blurry,seeingdoubleorsensitivetolight?Ifyouranswerisa“yes”,youarelikelyoneofmanypeopletodaywhosufferfromdigitaleyestrain,alsocalledcomputer-visionsyndrome.Whatonearthisthissyndromecomingfrom?Whatcanwedotodealwiththisproblem?Eyestrainisoftenrelatedtotheamountofexposuretoscreens,thedistancefromeyestoscreensandtheuseofmultiplescreenssimultaneously.However,studieshavealsoshownthatthebluelightproducedbydigitaldevicestodayreachesfurtherintotheeyesthanotherkindsoflight.Thislightactuallyassistsattentionduringthedaybutcanresultininterruptedsleeppatternsatnight.Yearsofscientificresearchesindicatethateyestrainisn’tnecessarilyanunavoidableproblemforthosewhodealwithcomputerworkinthedailybase.Therearewaysyoucanadoptwhichcanovercometheproblemconsiderably.Tobeginwith,yourcomputerscreenshouldbehigh-resolution(高分辨率),atleast50centimeterswidediagonallyandmayrequireascreenfiltertodecreasereflections.Also,beawarethat“computerglasses”,whichcutdownglareandbluelight，areavailable.Besides,toreduceyourriskforcomputer-visionsyndrome,takefrequentbreaksduringyourcomputerworkday.Manyworkerstakeonlytwo15-minutebreaksfromtheircomputerthroughouttheirday.Accordingtoarecentstudy,eyestrainaresignificantlyreducedwhencomputerworkerstakefouradditionalfive-minute“mini-breaks”throughouttheirworkday.Finally,manyofusfallintobadhabitswhileusingdigitalscreens,whichonlyworsentheeffectsofeyestrain.Whileviewingdigitalscreens,manypeopleblink(眨眼)onethirdlessoftenthantheyusuallydo.Placeareminderonyourcomputerto“blink”sothatyoureyesdon’tdryout.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Digitaleyestrainisrelatedtotheamountofexposuretoscreensandthedistanceoftheeyestothescreens.Scientistssuggestweshouldusehigh-resolutionscreensandtrytodecreasereflections.Moreover,besideslongerbreaks,weshouldtakemoreadditionalmini-breaks.Finally,remindourselvestoblinkasmuchaspossibletopreventoureyesfromdryingout.【解析】本文为说明文。文章对“数码眼疲劳”也被称为“电脑视觉综合症”的症状、原因及如何避免进行了介绍。眼睛疲劳通常与接触屏幕的次数、眼睛与屏幕的距离以及同时使用多个屏幕有关。因为数字设备产生的蓝光导致眼睛干涩、模糊的、对光敏感等。研究发现眼疲劳是可避免的，首先要减少屏幕的反射，此外要经常休息或增加间隔休息时间，最后要提醒自己尽量多眨眼睛，以防眼睛干涩。【详解】本文首先要概括出四段的大意。第一段介绍了什么是“Digitaleyestrain”，也叫做“computer-visionsyndrome”及其症状。第二段叙述眼睛疲劳的原因，即眼睛疲劳有关的内容，即与“Eyestrainisoftenrelatedtotheamountofexposuretoscreens,thedistancefromeyestoscreensandtheuseofmultiplescreenssimultaneously”这是确切的定义，可照搬。第三段和第四段主要叙述了如何避免眼疲劳，即尽量避免反射（trytodecreasereflection.），多休息（longerbreaks）以及提醒自己多眨眼（remind…toblink…），以防眼睛干涩(此句要用动词不定式来表示目的)。最后按照大意，用恰当的句式表达出来即可。在用英语句式表达时，要尽可能用自己的话，让句子灵活多变些。但句式一定要符合英语语言的要求，避免运用汉语式的英语。答案如下：Digitaleyestrainisrelatedtotheamountofexposuretoscreensandthedistanceoftheeyestothescreens.Scientistssuggestweshouldusehigh-resolutionscreensandtrytodecreasereflections.Moreover,besideslongerbreaks,weshouldtakemoreadditionalmini-breaks.Finally,remindourselvestoblinkasmuchaspossibletopreventoureyesfromdryingout._____好题必测【2017上海春考好题必测Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Wherearethebees?Beesareessentialtotheproductionoffoodweeat.Beesmakehoney,buttheyalsopollinatelargeareasofcrops,suchasstrawberries,applesandonions.Aboutathirdofthefoodweeatisaresultofpollinationofthebees.Unfortunately,beeshavebeendisappearingatanalarmingrate.In2006,beekeepersstartedreportingaboutsomethingcalledColonyCollapseDisaster(CCD).ThemainsignofCCDisthelossofadulthoneybeesfromahive.InOctoberof2006,somebeekeepersreportedthattheyhadlostbetween30and90percentoftheirhives.Thereweremanytheoriesforthedisappearanceofthebees.Butthemostconvincingonehastodowithpesticidesandlifestylesofbeestoday.Nowadays,beekeepergetmostoftheirincomenotfromproducinghoneybutfromrentingbeestopollinateplants.Thismeansthatthelifeofthetypicalbeenowconsistsoftravellingallaroundthecountrytopollinatecropsastheseasonschange.Thatmeansalotoftravelingontrucks,whichisverystressfultobees.Itisnotunusualforupto30%ofthehivetodieduringtransportduetostress.Inaddition,beesthatspendmostoftheirtimelockedupontrucksarenotexposedtowhattheyusuallyliveon.Instead,theyliveonasweetliquidfromcorn,usuallypollutedwithpesticides.Theexactreasonforthedisappearanceofbeesisnotsure,butlosingbeesisverycostlytotheeconomy.Thebeepollinationservicesareworthover$8billionayear.Withnobees,pollinationwillhavetobedonebyhand,whichwouldhaveeffectsonthequalityoffoodandincreasedfoodpriced.Wehearalotaboutbigenvironmentaldisastersalmosteveryday.Butoneofthebiggestmayjustbethelessofthattinyflyinginsect.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Beesnotonlyprovideuswithhoney,butalsohelppollinatecrops.However,theyaredisappearingatanalarmingrateforunknownreason,whichwillbedisastroustousandeconomy.Somepeoplethinkitisthepesticidewhileothersthinkitisduetotransport.【解析】【分析】本文属于环保文章，介绍蜜蜂正以惊人的速度消失，这可能和运输、农作物使用杀虫剂以及环境有关，但是没人知道确切原因。要求考生阅读完总结论点，不能超过60个词。【详解】第一步，归纳各个段落的段落大意，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响。第二步，可以择出重要的信息，蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，可能造成此现象的原因，以及影响。第三步，得出答案，注意过渡与衔接，字数控制在60字以内。【点睛】概要写作做题技巧。概要写作不是对段落大意的简单堆积，需要学生读懂文章的大概意思和文章结构，还需要一定写作替换技巧，且注意语言的简洁性。第一步，确定文章的话题和各段的段落大意，比如本文话题为蜜蜂的消失，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响；第二步，分析各个段落的逻辑关系，确定主观点和次要观点；第三步，注意一定的写作技巧，比如同义词、近义词的替换，句型和结构的转换；第四步，检查单词拼写，语法规则，字数问题等。【2022崇明二模】71.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.BuildingTrustinVirtualEnvironmentsResearchintothesciencebehindhumancommunicationtellsusthatupto90percentofwhatwetelloneanotherisnonverbal.It’sthecountlesseye,facialandbodymovementsweflashoneanotherthathelpusunderstandsomeone’sintentionanddetermineifweshouldtrustthem.Thechallengeweallfaceisfiguringoutwaystobuildtrustinvirtualenvironments.Sure,wehavesomeinteractionsonvideoconferences,butthephysicalcues(暗示)we’vebecomeaccustomedtoreactingtoarerestrictedandmasked.Thisisforcingustodevelopnewwaystotrustoneanother.Goodleadersareworkingtoengineerthoseopportunitiestobuildtrustintheirnowvirtualteams.Therearelessonswecanlearnfromglobalmultinationalcompaniesthathavefiguredouthowtomakevirtualrelationshipsworkoverthepastfewdecades.Ifyouhavevitalbusinesspartners,orevenemployeesworkingoverseas,youhave,atbest,limitedopportunitiestomeettheminperson.Whatthesecompanieshavelearnedisthatactionsspeaklouderthanwords,andpeoplebaseasimpleanalysisoftrustworthinessondeliveringoncommitments.Peoplethatdoaretrustworthy;peoplethatdon’taren’t.Whenyouhirevirtualworkersandgetanewvirtualteammember,thereisthequestionofwhethersomeonehasthebackgroundandexperiencetheyclaimtohave.Thatmeansweallneedtoleanontoolsandtechniquestohelpcertify(证实)someone’sbackground.Somecompanieshavebuilttalentdatabasesinwhichpeoplecansearchtheirteammatesandconfirmtheirimpressivebackgrounds.Knowingthatyouareworkingwithacertifiedsuperstarbuildstrust.Findingwaystogetsomeonetoprovetheirtrustworthinessbydoingwhattheysaytheywillandbackinguptheirclaimsofexperiencewillgoalongwayinhelpingyouadapttothenewrealitythatweworkin.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Physicalcues,vitalincommunication,helpbuildtrust.Butthesecuesarelimitedinvirtualenvironments,whichblockstrust-building,soweshouldseeknewwaystoprovetrustworthiness.First,wecantrustthosewhodoaspromised.Second,peoplewhoseclaimedbackgroundandexperiencehavebeenconfirmedareworthtrusting.(50words)【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。肢体暗示在沟通中至关重要，有助于建立信任。但这些线索在虚拟环境中是有限的，这阻碍了信任的建立，所以我们应该寻找新的方法来证明可信性。首先，我们可以信任那些言出必行的人。第二，那些声称的背景和经验被证实的人是值得信任的。【详解】1.要点摘录①It’sthecountlesseye,facialandbodymovementsweflashoneanotherthathelpusunderstandsomeone’sintentionanddetermineifweshouldtrustthem.②Thephysicalcueswe’vebecomeaccustomedtoreactingtoarerestrictedandmasked.Thisisforcingustodevelopnewwaystotrustoneanother.③Peoplebaseasimpleanalysisoftrustworthinessondeliveringoncommitments.Peoplethatdoaretrustworthy.④Thereisthequestionofwhethersomeonehasthebackgroundandexperiencetheyclaimtohave.Weallneedtoleanontoolsandtechniquestohelpcertifysomeone’sbackground.2.缜密构思将第1、2个要点进行重组，将第3、4个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句Physicalcues,whicharevitalincommunication,helpbuildtrust.Physicalcuesarelimitedinvirtualenvironments,whichblockstrust-building,soitforcesustoseeknewwaystoprovetrustworthiness.First,wecantrustthosewhodeliveroncommitments.Second,peoplewhohavethebackgroundandexperiencetheyclaimtohaveareworthtrusting.【点睛】【高分句型1】Butthesecuesarelimitedinvirtualenvironments,whichblockstrust-building,soweshouldseeknewwaystoprovetrustworthiness.（运用了一个复杂的主从复合句对第二段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级）【高分句型2】Second,peoplewhoseclaimedbackgroundandexperiencehavebeenconfirmedareworthtrusting.（运用了一个复杂的主从复合句对第四段进行了概括。其中whose引导的限制性定语从句表达高级）【2022虹口二模】Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.WhyIsLitteringaSurprisinglyBigIssue?Comparedwiththeblindinglyobviousenvironmentalissueswehearabouteveryday,litteringoftentakesabackseat--butit’smorepressingthanwemaythink.Ifyouweretothrow,say,abananapeel(香蕉皮)outofyourcarwhiledrivingalongthemotorway,thatwouldbeacompletelyharmlessaction,duetothefactthatit’spartofafruit--right?Actually,no.Abananapeelcantakeuptotwoyearstodecompose(分解),andwithathirdofmotoristsadmittingtolitteringwhiledriving,that’sawholelotofabandonedbananapeels,ormuchworse.Anorangepeelandacigarettebutthasasimilarbiodegrading(生物降解)termtothatofabanana,buttinandaluminiumcanslastupto100years,andplasticbottleslastforever,asdoglassbottles,Styrofoamcupsandplasticbags.Despitethefactthatlonger-lastingmaterialswillservetodamagetheenvironmentanditsanimalsforlonger,wecan’tonlymeasuretheseverityofacertaintypeofrubbishbyitslifetime.Forexample,despitehavingafairlyshortbiodegradingperiod,morethan120tonsofcigarette-relatedlitterisabandonedintheUKeveryday.Similarly,ourregularlitteringhereandtherehascausedtheUK’sratpopulationtoincreaseby60million.Thissuddenlyisn’tsomysteriouswhenyouconsiderthatsincethe1960sourannuallitteringhasincreasedbyanastonishing500percent.It’snotacheaphabiteither:UKtaxpayersshelveout£500millioninordertokeepourstreetsclean,andwhenyouincludeourgreenspaces,thatgoesupto£1billion.So,it’snotsurprisingthatifcaughtfly-tippingyoucouldfacea£20,000fineorevenjailtimeand,ifyoulitteredsomethingdangerous,thecourtcouldgiveyoufiveyearstoserve.Totakebackourbeautifulcountrysideandcitiesweneedtodomorethansimplynotleavingrubbishwhereitoughtnottobe.Weneedapridemakeover,andweneedtotrulycaremoreabouttheworldaroundus._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Thoughoftenoverlooked,litteringisactuallyanurgentenvironmentalproblem.Thefirstthingisthatlitterlikeplasticbottlesmaytakeyearstodecomposeandplasticbottleslastforever,thuscausingadestructiveeffectontheenvironment.Evenrubbishwithashorterbiodegradingtermcanbringaboutseriousproblemslikeratissues.Furthermore,itissurprisinglycostlytoclearuplitterthrownonthestreet.【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕为什么乱扔垃圾是一个大问题展开说明，主要列举了乱扔垃圾造成的危害，并呼吁大家不要乱扔垃圾。乱扔垃圾不仅影响环境美观，而且垃圾降解也会花费几年，甚至永远。除此之外，乱扔垃圾还会引发例如老鼠数量增加、耗费资金清理垃圾等其他严重问题。因此，大家应该爱护身边的环境，从不乱扔垃圾做起，努力营造美丽的乡村和城市环境。【详解】1要点摘录①Litteringoftentakesabackseat--butit’smorepressingthanwemaythink②Anorangepeelandacigarettebutthasasimilarbiodegrading(生物降解)termtothatofabanana,buttinandaluminiumcanslastupto100years,andplasticbottleslastforever,asdoglassbottles,Styrofoamcupsandplasticbags.③Forexample,despitehavingafairlyshortbiodegradingperiod,morethan120tonsofcigarette-relatedlitterisabandonedintheUKeveryday.Similarly,ourregularlitteringhereandtherehascausedtheUK’sratpopulationtoincreaseby60million.④It’snotacheaphabiteither:UKtaxpayersshelveout£500millioninordertokeepourstreetscleanandwhenyouincludeourgreenspaces,thatgoesupto£1billion.2.缜密构思将第1个要点进行改写，第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4个要点进行整合。3.遣词造句Thoughoftenoverlooked,litteringisactuallyanurgentenvironmentalproblem.Thefirstthingisthatlitterlikeplasticbottlesmaytakeyearstodecomposeandplasticbottleslastforever,thuscausingadestructiveeffectontheenvironment.Evenrubbishwithashorterbiodegradingtermcanbringaboutseriousproblemslikeratissues.Furthermore,itissurprisinglycostlytoclearuplitterthrownonthestreet.【点睛】[高分句型1]Thoughoftenoverlooked,litteringisactuallyanurgentenvironmentalproblem.运用了一个主从复合句改写了第一段的内容。其中though引导让步状语从句。[高分句型2]：Thefirstthingisthatlitterlikeplasticbottlesmaytakeyearstodecomposeandplasticbottleslastforever,thuscausingadestructiveeffectontheenvironment.用that引导的表语从句对第二段进行了概括，现在分词causing引出结果状语，表达非常高级。[高分句型3]：Itissurprisinglycostlytoclearuplitterthrownonthestreet.用it作形式主语，不定式toclearuplitter作为真正主语、thrown过去分词作后置定语的用法比较高级。【2022金山二模】Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.FatigueFatigueisafeelingofbeingextremelytired.Basically,therearethreetypesoffatigue,physical,pathological(由疾病引起的),andpsychological.Asyoumightsuspect,eachdifferssignificantlyfromtheothers.Whenyouexerciseyourbody,youproducewasteproducts.Muscles,forexample,releaselacticacid(乳酸)intotheblood;cellsdumpincarbondioxide.Whenthesewastesreachacertainlevelintheblood,thebrainisinformedandyouractivityleveldrops.Excesswastesinthemusclesmayproducesoreness.Thesolutiontothistypeoffatigueissimple—rest.Thatshouldrefreshyou;ifitdoesn’t,anothercauseshouldbesought.Haveyoueverbecomeinvolvedinsomanyactivitiesthatyouhadtobeintwoplacesatonce?Thisiswhathappenswhenyourbodyhasadisease.Thecellsareoverusedandcannotkeepupwithbothfightingthediseaseandkeepingyouactive.Theresultisfatigue.Somecommunicablediseaseslikethefluandcoldsare“well”knownfordrainingyourenergy.Othernon-communicablediseases,likeanemia(贫血),drainyoubecauseyouarelackinganimportantbodyingredient.Beingoverweightcancausepathologicalfatigue.Itshouldbeobviousthatthistypeoffatigueisnotgoingtogoawaywithouttreatment.Inaway,pathologicalfatigueisalifesaver.Itletsyouknowsomethingiswrongandthatyouneedrest.Hereisthemostcommontypeoffatigue.Almosteverybodyexperiencesitnowandthen.Often,thecauseisanemotionalwaryouarehavingwithyourselforthosearoundyou.Someofthesefamiliarfactorscanbringonpsychologicalfatigue:worries,stress,lackofexercise,boredom,depression.Ifyouknowsomeonewithpsychologicalfatigue,wouldyouadvisehimtorest?Noway!Thatmightbefineforourothertypesoffatigue,butforthisone,it’sdeadly.Ifyouareevergoingtobeabletocopewithstress,depression,orworry,youneedoxygeninyourcellsandamoreoptimisticattitude.Getoutofthechairanddosomething!Believeitornot,manypeoplethrowthemselvesintophysicallaborlikecleaningto“de-fatigue”themselves.Ifyoufindyourselfinaparticularlystressfulsituationthatyoucan’tphysicallyescape,escapementally.Whenfatiguecontinues,maybeyouneedtogettotherootoftheproblem.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________