第三章课件通用 2

Sentences

SentencetypesoutlinewritingWhereShouldStudentsLive?DomitoryorApartment?1.2(1)(2)(3)3.I.BasicSentenceStructuresWhatisasentence?

Asentenceisagroupofwordsthatformsastatement,command,exclamationorquestion,usuallycontainsasubjectandaverb,andinwritingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithoneofthemarks

“.”

“?”

or“!”RequirementsofCorrectSentences1)Itshouldbestructurallycomplete;2)Itshouldbeginwithacapitalletter;3)Itshouldendwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;4)Itshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea.

TherearesevenbasicelementsinEnglishsentences:

subject,predicate,predicative(subject

complement),object,objectcomplement,attributive,andadverbial

人治PK法治就句子结构而言，英语句子是法治的，而汉语是人治的。无主语：下雨了。无动词：我二十岁。无宾语：词典来了，快去买吧。无逻辑：晒衣服/晒太阳吃苹果/吃食堂救国/救火ClassificationofEnglishSentencesFromafunctionalangle

---declarativesentence,interrogativesentence,imperativesentence,andexclamatorysentenceFromastructuralangle---simplesentence,compoundsentence,complexsentence,andcompound-complexsentenceFromarhetoricalangle

---loosesentence,periodicsentence,parallelsentence,andbalancedsentenceFromaformalangle

---shortsentenceandlongsentenceFromafunctionalangleAdeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.Animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.

Accordingtotheiruse:Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,andExclamatorySentences

Adeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.(positive/negative)Howtofinancetheireducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.general/special/alternative/tagquestionAnimperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.Howfortunatewearetobethestudentsofthenewcentury!e.g.1)Anidealteacherisalearnedandrestrictone.2)Ishonestythebestpolicy?3)Neverthrowstonesinglasshouses.4)WhattheAncientGreatWallcouldtellus!1.Simplesentences

Asimplesentenceincludesonlyoneindependentclausealthoughsometimesitcanbequitelong.Forexample:

Thishasmadeitnecessaryforagricultureandindustrytodevelopveryquickly.

Sometimesthesimplesentencemayhavetwoormoresubjectswithonepredicate.Forexample:

FastserviceandlowcostareimportantintheUnitedStates.Sometimesinasimplesentence,asubjectmayhavetwoormorepredicates.Forexample:

Ivisitedmuseumsandsatinpublicgardens.

Sometimesasentencemayhavetwosubjectsandtwopredicates.Forexample:

RoseandCameronwenttotheforestandcollectedalotofinsectspecimens.Thebasicsentencestructures1.Subject+verb

Thetelephonerang.

2.Subject+verb+complementWearestudents./Milkturnssour.3.Subject+verb+object

Laborcreatedman.4.Subject+verb+IO+DO

Isenthimaletter.

5.Subject+verb+object+complementWeelectedhimourmonitor.2.Compoundsentences

Acompoundsentencehastwoormoremainclauses,eachcontainingasubjectandapredicate,eachdescribinganactioncompleteinitself.1)Withacommaandacoordinatingconjunctionfor,and,nor,but,or,yet,sofanboysnotonly…butalso…,either…or…,neither…norReadingaclassicismorechallengingthanreadingathriller,butitisalsomuchmorerewarding.Eitheryoucomeinperson,oryouentrustsomeonewiththematter.2)WithasemicolonorcolonandnocoordinatingconjunctionColumbussetouttofindashorterroutetoIndiaandChina;heendedupdiscoveringanewworld.Thereisonlyonesolution:drunkendriversmustgotojail.3)Withasemicolonandaconjunctiveadverbfollowedbyacomma.Hefailedinthisyear’scollegeentranceexamination;therefore,hedecidedhissecondattemptthenextsummer.Thesalesvolumesoaredthisyear;accordingly,itsnetprofitincreased.therefore,consequently,thus,accordingly,hence,otherwise,furthermore,besides,moreover3.Complexsentences

Acomplexsentencecontainsonemain/principalclauseandoneormoredependent/subordinateclauses,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.(1)Sheisespeciallyinterestedinherdinnerbecausesheisusinganewkindofcooker.(2)Whatisgoodmannersinonecountrymaynotbeappropriatebehaviorinanother.(3)Theywantedtomanagearestaurant,althoughtheyhadnocookingskillsandmanagementexperience.ComplextsentenceMainclause+SubordinateclauseSubordinateclauses

Adverbialclauses

Nominalclauses(Nounclauses)

AttributiveclausesAdverbialclausesAdverbialclausesoftimeAdverbialclausesofplaceAdverbialclausesofconditionAdverbialclausesofpurposeAdverbialclausesofresultAdverbialclausesofmannerAdverbialclausesofcomparisonAdverbialclausesofreasonAdverbialclausesofconcessionAdverbialclausesoftimeSubordinatingconjuctions

after,before,when,whenever,while,once,since,till,until,as,assoonas,etc.Examples1)I’lldoitnowbeforeIforgetit.2)Whenthetreefalls,themonkeysscatter.AdverbialclausesofplaceSubordinatingconjuctions

where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere,etc.Examples1)Youcangoanywhereyouwant.2)Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.AdverbialclausesofconditionSubordinatingconjuctions

if,unless,as(so)longas,onconditionalthat,incase,providedthat,providingthat,suppose,supposingetc.Examples1)IfIwereyou,I’dgoshoppingwiththem.2)Hewillgothereunlessitrains.AdverbialclausesofpurposeSubordinatingconjuctions

that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,etc.Examples1)Helookedovertheenginecarefullylestitshouldgowrongontheway.2)HespokeinsimpleEnglishsothateveryonepresentcouldunderstandhim.AdverbialclausesofresultSubordinatingconjuctions

that,sothat,so...that,such...that,etc.Examples1)Hewassoillthathehadtoaskforsickleave.2)Theteacherworkedveryhard,sothathegotgoodresults.AdverbialclausesofmannerSubordinatingconjuctions

as,asif,asthough,etc.Examples1)Ididasyouasked.2)SmithspeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.AdverbialclausesofcomparisonSubordinatingconjuctions

as,than,as...as,notso(as)...as,the(-er/more)...the(-er/more)...,etc.Examples1)ItismuchbetterthanIexpected.2)Sheisasbeautifulasamodel(is).AdverbialclausesofreasonSubordinatingconjuctions

as,because,since,now(that),inthat,considering(that),seeing(that),etc.Examples1)Hefailedtheexambecausehewasnotwellprepared.2)Ashewasnotwell,shehadtogowithouthim.AdverbialclausesofconcessionSubordinatingconjuctions

as,though,although,eventhough,whatever,whoever,however,evenif,nomatterwhat[when/how],etc.Examples1)Evenifwewintremendoussuccessesinourwork,weshouldnotbeconceited.2)Nomatterwhathappens,wewillgoondoinglikethat.NominalclausesSubjectclausesObjectclausesPredicativeclausesAppositiveclausesSubjectclauses1)Whoknowshimselfknowsothers.2)Whatyoudidisbeyondreproach.3)Thatherfatherisaheroisknowntoall.4)Itisafactthatheworksinasmallcompany.5)Itisimportantthatweshouldtakedrasticmeasurestokeepairpollutionundercontrol.6)Itissaidthattheyhavealreadydivorced.7)IthappenedthatthemanagerhadleftforU.S.A..Objectclauses1)Whocanguaranteethatshe’llkeepherword?2)Astrawshowswhichwaythewindblows.3)Iwassurprisedatwhatshesaid.Predicativeclauses1)That’snotwhatImeant.2)That’swhyIwaslateforthemeeting.Appositiveclauses1)Therewasnodoubtthathewillsucceed.2)Ihavenoideathatyoucamesoearly.Attributiveclauses1)Thisisthephotowhich/thatshowsmyoffice.2)IsthereanyoneherewhosenameisLiLin?3)Hehasason,whoteachesEnglishinacollege.4)Aswasusualwiththem,theytookawalkaroundhereaftersupper.1)Heandhiswife,thoughtheywerebitterlycold,remainedtocheerthevictorywiththethousandsthathadgatheredinfrontoftheschoolgate.2)Theproblemisthatyouconsiderimpossiblewhatcanreallybedoneifeffortsaremade.3)Richard,thoughhehadnotpreviouslyansweredanyquestionswhentheteacheraskedhim,nowsaidthatheknewtheanswertothisonebecauseitwasinthelessonthathehadjustread.ComplexsentencesCompound-complexclausesWhentheearthquaketookplace,Jackwaslisteningtothestereo,andLindawasreadinginbed.AfterIreturnedtoschoolfollowingalongillness,themathteachergavememake-upwork,butthehistoryteachermademedrophercourse.Iwantedtoconductmyowndefenseincourt,butassoonasmyfatherfoundoutwhathadhappened,hehiredaverygoodsolicitor.(Iteachbecauseteachingisaprofessionbuiltonchange.)Whenthematerialisthesame,Ichange---andmoreimportant,mystudentschange.4.Compound-complexsentences

Frequentlywecombinecompoundandcomplexsentences,usingatleasttwomainclausesandonesubordinateclause.Forexample:

Theworldisfullofremarkablemenandwomen,butevenifwehadtimetogoallovertheearthtovisitthem,weshouldstillnotbeabletomeetmorethanasmallfractionofthem.题型判断WillCreditCardsBringHarmtotheStudents?

Recently,inordertoextendbusinesstouniversitycampus,somebanksoffercreditcardstocollegestudents.Manypeopleworrythatcreditcardsmaydoharmtostudents,whileothersdon'tthinkso.

Inmyopinion,creditcardsaregoodforstudentsiftheyareusedappropriately.分论点一

First,whenastudentusescreditcards,heneedn'tbringmuchcashwithhimeveryday.Andthelesscashhebrings,thelessheneedstoworryaboutbeingstolen.分论点二

Second,usingcreditcardscanminimizethechancesofreceivingforgednotes.Studentsarenotquitegoodatdistinguishingforgednotes,andthusoftenbecomevictimsofcoiners.（原因解释）Iftheyusecreditcards,itwillbeverypossibleforthemtoavoidreceivingforgednotesbecausetheydon'tneedtogetthechanges.（情景假设）分论点三

Third,usingcreditcardscanhelpstudentstoknowmoreabout"credit".Iftheydon'trepaytheircreditaccountintime,theywillhavetopaymoreinterestsandwhat'sworse,theywillgetabadcreditrecordwhichwillbringinconveniencetotheminthefuture.（情景假设-如果没有你）结尾重申主题

Therefore,creditcardswillnotbringharmtostudentsifusedreasonably.专四作文技巧之开头法Loose:Readtheletteragainifyouhavetime.Periodic:Ifyouhavetime,readtheletteragain.Loose:Hemissedthelecturealthoughhehaddoneallhecouldtocomeearly.Periodic:Althoughhehaddoneallhecouldtocomeearly,hemissedthelecture.Accordingtorhetoric:Looseandperiodicsentence

Accordingtorhetoric:Looseandperiodicsentence

LoosesentenceisthemostcommonkindofsentencesusedinEnglish.Itbeginswithamainclausethatmaybefollowedbywords,phrasesoradditionalclauses,thatexpandordevelopthemainclause.e.g.Itwasanimmensecrowd.Itwasanimmensecrowd,twothousandatleast.Itwasanimmensecrowd,thoughitwasanunrulyone.Itwasanimmensecrowd,twothousandatleastandgrowingeveryminute.Itwasanimmensecrowd,lookingupintothesky.Hewassittinginalargearmchairbeforethefirewhenweenteredtheroom.Loosesentencegivesprominencetoemphasesandcomesstraighttothepoint.Periodicsentencepresentsmodifiersfirst,followedbythemainclause.It’snotgrammaticalcompleteuntiltheendisreached.Theeffectisgradualbuildingupofintensity,sometimesofsuspense,untiltheclimaxinthemainclauseisreached.E.g.IfyouthinkIamfromthecountryside,ifyouthinkIamweakerthanyouandwanttobullyme,youarewrong.Theoneabsolute,unselfishfriendamanmayhaveinthisselfishworld,theonethatneverdesertshim,theonethatneverprovesungratefulortreacherous,ishisdog.2.IalwaystakemyraincoatwheneverIgooutthesedays.(periodic)WheneverIgooutthesedays,Ialwaystakemyraincoat.3.Theywereonholiday.Theirhousewasbrokeninto.Somevaluablepaintingswerestolen.(compound–complex)Whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsomevaluablepaintingswerestolen.4.Thefiremenfoughtforthreehours.Theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.(complex)Afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.5.Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect.Weallhavesomefaults.(compound)Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect;weallhavesomefaults.Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect,forweallhavesomefaults.6.ThetrainisgoingtoDalian.Thetrainleavesat20:15.(simple)ThetraintoDalianleavesat20:15.7.Inspiteoftheinterruption,hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasover.(loose)Hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasoverinspiteoftheinterruption.Exercise1.Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue.Heletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.(compound)Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue,soheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue;heletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalueandheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.II.CommonErrorsofSentenceStructureSentenceFragmentsA.SentenceFragmentsAsentencefragmentisaphraseoradependentclausethatispunctuatedasifitwereacompletesentence.Usu.(1)itlacksapredicateorbothasubjectandapredicate.Or(2)itisonlyasubordinateclause.Forexample:Intenseconds,Imadeadecision.Adecisionthatchangedthenexttenyearsofmylife.Correctthesentencefragment:

1.Attachthemissingpredicateand/orsubjecttothefragment.Fragment:FlorencewasthecenterofRenaissance（rə‘neisəns）life.Inthefifteenthcentury.Revised:FlorencewasthecenterofRenaissancelifeinthefifteenthcentury.2.Deletethesubordinatingconjunctionorrelativepronoun.Fragment:Intenseconds,Imadeadecision.Adecisionthatchangedthenexttenyearsinmylife.Revised:Intenseconds,Imadeadecision.Thedecisionchangedthenexttenyearsinmylife.subordinateconjunctions:after,before,because,eventhough,what,when,whenever,where,while,whetherrelativepronoun:that,which,who,whoever,whichever,whose,whomthat,who,which,whoevercanbethesubjectofthedependentclause3.Addanindependentclausetosomefragmenttoformacomplexsentence.Fragment:Copernicus(哥白尼)whofirstsuggestedthatthesun,nottheearth,wasthecente