第1讲句子结构

Lecture1

SentenceStructure句子结构

(

p.p.13—21)I.Clauseelements

Subject主语(p.13)Predication谓语(p.13)Predicateverb谓语动词Object宾语(directobject,indirectobject,complexobject)Complement补语(subjectcomplement,objectcomplement)Predicative表语Adverbial状语Attributive/Attribute定语Appositive同位语e.g.S1:Henryisthemoststudious用功的intheclass.

S4:Jennie’spaintingswerejudgedinferior不如toWanda’s.TheexpertsjudgedJennie’spaintingsinferiortoWanda’s.

Note1:

Singlesubject/predicate

S–V

andCompoundsubject并列主语/predicate并列谓语(p.14)

S1:Theboysandthegirlsareplanningadance.SVS

S4：Leahjumpedonherbikeandrodearoundtheblock.VSV

S7：Herbrotherandhersisterwereveryshyandwerereallyhardpersonstogetknow.SVSV

Note2:DoublePredicate双重谓语（P14）

S9：Helefthomeamerechildandreturnedquiteadifferentman.S10:Hewasamerechildwhenhelefthome,andhebecamequiteadifferentmanwhenhereturned.

S13:Abirdfelldead猝死totheground.S14:Hediedbeloved,revered尊敬的,andmourned

bymillionsoftheworkingpeople.

S11:--Everyonestoodlisteningintently.S12:--Thedoctorsatreadinganewspaperintheshade.

II.Sentenceanalysis

Subject主语(p.13)Predication谓语(p.13)Predicateverb谓语动词Object宾语(directobject,indirectobject,complexobject)Complement补语(subjectcomplement,object、complement）Predicative表语Adverbial状语Attributive定语Appositive同位语

DoEx.1A1.2,5,9,and14(p.15)

KeytotherestofEx.1A句子成分定义常用词类或表现形式主要成分主语句子的主体，叙述的中心，表明所说的是“谁”或“什么”名词、代词、数词、名词化的其他词类、不定式、动名词、分句谓语简单谓语说明主语的行为、动作、特征或所处的状态，即“是什么”、“干什么”、“怎么样”由不及物动词+主语的表语构成，表现主语的双重状况单个/并列实意动词或短语动词动词性复合复合谓语谓语名词性复合谓语情态动词+原形动词系动词+主语的表语（名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句）双重谓语不及物动词come,go,leave,arrive,return,rise,die,live等+名词、形容词或分词次要成分宾语、补足语、定语、同位语、状语句子成分定义常用形式主要成分主语谓语次要成分宾语直接宾语行为、动直接对象（指物）名词、代词、数词、名词间接宾语作的对象间接对象（指人）化的其他词类、不定式、复合宾语或承授者宾语+其补足语动名词、分句介词宾语介词+其补足成分补足语宾语补足语补足直接宾语/主语的意义，名词、形容词、副词、主语补足语使其完整，宾语/主语与其补介词短语、不定式、足语之间有逻辑主谓关系分词、动名词定语修饰或限定名词、代词，说明人或物的特性、状态、数量等形容词、名词、代词、名词所有格、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、分句同位语一个名词或代词放在另一个名词或代词后，说明前者，并与前者同指一个人或物名词、代词、or/of+名词、that引导的分句，等状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步，等副词、名词或名词词组、介词短语、不定式、分词、分句句子成分定义常用词类或表现形式主要成分主语句子的主体，叙述的中心，表明所说的是“谁”或“什么”名词、代词、数词、名词化的其他词类、不定式、动名词、分句谓语简单谓语说明主语的行为、动作、特征或所处的状态，即“是什么”、“干什么”、“怎么样”单个/并列实意动词或短语动词复合谓语动词性复合谓语情态动词+原形动词名词性复合谓语系动词+主语的表语（名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句）双重谓语由不及物动词+主语的表语构成，表现主语的双重状况不及物动词come,go,leave,arrive,return,rise,die,live等+名词、形容词或分词次要成分宾语直接宾语行为、动作的对象或承授者直接对象（指物）名词、代词、数词、名词化的其他词类、不定式、动名词、分句间接宾语间接对象（指人）复合宾语宾语+其补足语介词宾语介词+其补足成分补足语宾语补足语补足直接宾语/主语的意义，使其完整，宾语/主语与其补足语之间有逻辑主谓关系名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词主语补足语定语修饰或限定名词、代词，说明人或物的特性、状态、数量等形容词、代词、名词（所有格）、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、分句同位语一个名词或代词放在另一个名词或代词后，说明前者，并与前者同指一个人或物名词、代词、or/of+名词、that引导的分句，等

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步，等副词、名词或名词词组、介词短语、不定式、分词、分句DoEx.1A:1,2,5,9,14KeytoEx.1A1.A.hishomeworkB.quickly,toplay2.A.ThehugeblackhorseB.therace3.A.havethoughtaboutB.goingintospace4.A.warmsupandcrawlsB.outofthebag5.A.oneofthemostbeautifulplanetstolookatthroughatelescopeB.becauseofthemanyringsthatsurroundit6.A.165yearsB.tocompleteitspath,ororbit,aroundthesun7.A.youandyourbrotherB.Howmanypairsofshorts8.A.themostexpensivemeallistedonthemenuB.What9.A.an“OutdoorCode”B.theirmembers10.A.canblowB.asfastas180miles(290kilometers)anhour11.A.ThespiralofheatedairandmoistairB.totwistandgrowandspin12.A.Thedirectionahurricane’sspiralmovesB.counterclockwise13.A.doesnotshineB.Atthenorthpole,forhalfoftheyear14.A.ThecoldwindsthatblowoffoftheArcticOceanB.averycoldplace15.A.mighthavebeenB.guiltyofmurderIII.Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes

①Basicclausetypes(p.17)

[1]主─动─补（SVC）结构[2]主─动（SV）结构[3]主─动─宾（SVO）结构[4]主─动─间接宾─直接宾（SvoO）结构

[5]主─动─宾─补（SVOC）结构

[6]存在句（There+VSA）结构Therearelotsofpeopleinthepark.Isthereaseatforme?

②Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes

(p.18)A.Transformation可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句

DoEx.1B(p.19)

B.Expansion变成千变万化的句子（1）分句的并列S5,p.18--Hewasahandicappedchild,butheperseveredinhisstudies,andlaterhebecameawell-knownscholar.（2）增加修饰成分S3,p.18--TheAfricanpeoplehavelongbeenourclosefriendsinfightingagainsthegemonism霸权主义andpowerpolitics强权政治.（3）使用从属分句S2,p.19--WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously,butastheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.

DoEx.1C1,17,18and20(p.19)

KeytotherestofEx.1C1.WaldenPond,oncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty,isnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.2.Almosteverysummernightthecoolingnortheastwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,markingairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome./Sweepingthroughourbedroomwindowsalmosteverysummernight,thecoolingnortheastwindmade…3.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow,whichfedtwostreamsplungingdowntojoininthevalleybelow.4.Withtheriverononesideandalargetreeprovidingshade,thisisagoodspotforapicnic,andwecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.5.Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs,Mrwoodstoodathisneighbour’sdoorandknockedagainandagaintillsomeoneopenedit.6.ThetownfolkenviedHorace,whohadcomeintoasmallfortunewithwhichheboughtabighouseandobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryintown.7.Standinginfrontofthemirror,Jimlookedathisimage,wonderingatthebigchangethathadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.8.Theideathathisonlydaughterwhomhehadgreatlywrongedmightneverforgivehimalmostdrovehimmad.9.Thestory,writteninplainlanguage,consistsofthreepartswithaninterestingplotcenteringroundanaristocraticfamilylivingin17thcenturyFrance.10.Mud-coveredandshivering,Johnsathunchedoverabowlofhotbrothpreparedbyhisfathertodriveoffthechill.11.FarabovethewatersofabeautifullakeandoverthetopsofthetallpinetreesgrowingonthesteepofahillstandfiveChinese-stylepavilions.12.Fartherdownthestreet,theoldmanstoppedandleanedagainstalamp-post,listeningtoacheerfulsongcomingoutofarestaurantontheoppositesideofthestreet.13.Sarahsankinthenearestchair,completelyexhausted,herlimbsstiffwithcold,hermindapieceofblank.14.ThroughoutthedayMrsRymerbehavedveryproperly,herpleasant,refinedfacewearingagravelook,herelegantfigurewrappedindeepmourningwhileoccasionallysheutteredasighorasob.15.Tonythoughtitnecessarytobreakthenewstohisfamily,thatMrJacob,hisformeremployer,hadpromisedhimahalf-dayjobat20poundsaweek.16.Thethoughtthathemighthavewrongedhisfriendwhohadrenderedhimgoodservicesonmanyoccasionstroubledhismind,a