母猪的营养Frank-Aherne博士

NutritionoftheSow

母猪的营养美国大豆协会中国办事处畜禽技术主任PhilipMcKinnon,Ph.DLivestockTechnicalDirectorASAChina美国大豆协会

FrankAherne博士讲稿改编AdaptedfromDr.FrankAherneASAConsultant母猪的饲喂FeedingSows确定母猪饲喂水平和营养需要的根据是：Thefeedinglevelsandnutrientrequirementsofsowsshouldbedeterminedby:妊娠期：母猪体重和目标增重InGestation:sowweight+targetweightgain泌乳期：母猪体重和泌乳量InLactation:sowweight+milkyield数据越全面，母猪能量和营养需要量就确定得越准确Themoredataavailable,thebettertheestimateofthesows’energyandnutrientrequirements.Asuggestedfeedingprogramforreplacementgiltsto115kgliveweight

后备母猪到115千克体重的饲喂方案2.46Avg

平均3.25.50.60.6514.02.9090-1153.25.55.65.7515.52.7575-903.25.65.75.8517.02.550-753.25.7.801.0519.51.725-50McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)Phosphorus磷Calcium钙Lysine赖氨酸Protein蛋白质Feed/d(kg)日采食

(千克)Wt.(kg)体重

(千克)Commontargetsforreplacementgilts

后备母猪通常的体况标准Giltsselectedonfarmat145–155daysweight95to105kg11to13mmP2backfat小母猪到达繁殖猪场时应为145-155日龄,届时体重应为95-105千克，P2背膘厚应为11-13毫米

Forgiltsyoungerthan145daysofageand/orwithlessthan14mmP2backfatat110to115kg(finalselection)对于145日龄时体重小于110-115千克体重或背膘厚小于14毫米的小母猪(最后选育时)Feedafatenhancingdietuntilthegiltshave16t017mmP2应饲喂脂肪强化日粮直到P2背膘厚达到16-17毫米GiltDiets-Afterselection(115kgtoservice)选择后的小母猪日粮(115千克体重到配种).75.70Phosphorus(%)磷(%).85.80Calcium(%)钙(%).55.65Lysine(%)赖氨酸(%)13.514.5Protein(%)蛋白质(%)3.453.25McalDE/kg

消化能(千卡/千克)<14mm>14mmBackfat(P2)P2

背膘厚FatEnhancing脂肪强化日粮GiltDeveloper发育期日粮Theeffectsofageatbreedingonlongevityandperformance2357records,L42PICsows(AlbertaPigCompany2000)PIC42系母猪,2357份记录2313039490782083#animals母猪头数2.83.33.64.04.04.0Removedparity淘汰时已产窝数34.037.841.244.843.341.5Totalliveborn/lifetime终生活产仔数12.011.5311.3510.9510.8210.25Totalliveborn/litter终生平均窝产活仔数82.546.6453528.825.7Entrytoconception(d)入群至受胎天数296268238209183158Aveserviceage(d)平均首配日龄217215197176160141Entryage(d)入群日龄286-350255-285226-255196-225166-195135-165Rangeinserviceage(d)首配日龄范围首配日龄对利用年限和性能的影响Holderetal.1995.175939%farrowing5litters

产5胎比例.028.120.8WSI断奶至配种天数NS8.58.5#Weaned窝断奶仔数NS14.314.1Ovulationrate排卵率.04144158Ageatpuberty(d)

初情日龄PEarly早成熟Control对照Performanceofearlyandlatematuringgilts早成熟和晚成熟小母猪的性能Whentobreed??何时配种??Ourrecommendation我们的建议Preferredage/weightatbreeding

配种时适宜的日龄和体重>190days大于190日龄120to130kg体重120-130千克16to18mmP2backfat

P2背膘厚16-18毫米secondestrus第二情期PerformanceGoals性能目标40Annualreplacementrate%

年更新率5Lifetimelitters一生所产窝数10.8Firstlittersize(totalborn)头胎窝产仔数(总数)90%cyclingwithin28dofentry入群后28天内开始发情的比例200–230dMeanageatfirstmating

首配平均日龄170–180dMeanageatpuberty

初情平均日龄150–160dAgeatstartofpubertystimulation开始初情诱导时的日龄妊娠期Gestation断奶到配种间隔天数窝产活仔数分娩率(%)目标是，各胎次母猪分娩时的P2背膘厚都应为18-20毫米(用超声波背膘测试仪检测)Aimfor18-20mmP2backfatforallparitysowsatfarrowing,measuredwithultrasonicbackfattester.妊娠期采食量对母猪生产率的影响母猪体增重(千克)窝产仔数仔猪初生重(千克)日采食量(千克)正常范围妊娠期蛋白质摄入量对母猪生产率的影响母猪体增重(千克)窝产仔数仔猪初生重(千克)正常范围日粮粗蛋白(%)妊娠母猪饲料需要量(0-100天)

Feedrequirementsforgestatingsows(d0-d100)

2.42.62.72.82.9200-225V.Heavy很重2.32.42.52.62.7175-200Heavy重2.12.22.32.42.5150-175Medium中1.92.12.22.32.4115-150Light轻

17-1815-1613-1411-1210

BreedingBackfatP2(mm)

配种时P2背膘厚(毫米)Breedingweight(kg)配种时体重(千克)日粮含蛋白质13.5%；赖氨酸0.55；代谢能3兆卡/千克Dietcontains13.5%protein,0.55%lysine3McalME/kg妊娠后期的饲喂方式PatternofFeedingLateGestation从妊娠90天到分娩期间，每天的标准饲喂水平必须增加1.0-1.5千克以预防动用体脂.Standardfeedinglevelsmustbeincreasedby1.0to1.5kgfeedperdayfromd90ofgestationuntilfarrowingtopreventmobilizationofbodyfat.妊娠期胎儿的生长胎儿和胎膜的重量(克)受胎后天数泌乳期LACTATION最大限度增加采食量maximizefeedintakes泌乳期采食量对泌乳量和母猪失重的影响摘自：Whittemore,1984母猪泌乳期失重(千克)日泌乳量(千克)日采食量(千克)许多母猪都不能摄入足够的能量和养分以满足自身的需要

Manysowsdonotconsumesufficientenergyand/ornutrientstomeettheirrequirements

后果Consequence失重过多会导致泌乳量和繁殖性能降低,并提早被淘汰。

Excessiveweightloss,whichmayleadtoreducedmilkyield,poorreproductiveperformanceandearlycullingfromtheherd.泌乳期采食量对繁殖性能的影响

Effectoffeedintakeduringlactationonreproductiveperformance

2.967.281.4EmbryoSurvival胚胎存活率0.917.216.4OvulationRate排卵率4.265.584.5PregnancyRate%妊娠率(%)1.89.05.1DaystoEstrus断奶到发情天数9293Sows母猪数SEM标准误Restricted限饲AdLibitum自由采食UniversityofAlberta,1990加拿大Alberta大学在泌乳期的任何一周限制养分都会显著影响母猪的

繁殖力Nutrientrestrictioninanyweekoflactationwillsignificantlyinfluencesowfertility.Wespeculatethatlossofmaternalproteinreserves,ratherthanlossofmaternallipidreserves,driveslactationalperformanceandsubsequentreproductiveefficiency.我们认为，是母体蛋白质储备的损失而非母体脂肪储备的损失危害了母猪的泌乳期性能和其后的繁殖性能。头胎泌乳母猪蛋白质损失和卵巢功能的关系Relationshipbetweenproteinlossandovarianfunctioninlactatingfirst-littersows

.027.623.724.7Numberoffollicles4-6mm直径4-6毫米卵泡的数量.00815.19.46.9Proteinloss,%(offarrow)蛋白质损失(分娩时的%)NS1.711.440.96Backfatloss,mm背膘厚减少(毫米).00228.217.012.7Wtloss,kg体重减轻(千克)PP值低蛋白LowProtein中蛋白MediumProtein高蛋白HighProteinLactationDiets泌乳期日粮ClowesandAherne1999由于母猪泌乳期体重损失中既损失了蛋白质，也损失了脂肪，

所以脂肪损失和以后繁殖性能之间的强相关可能明确地反映了蛋白质损失到了阈值以下。

Becausesowweightlossinlactationusuallyconsistsofbothproteinandfat,astrongcorrelationbetweenfatlossandsubsequentreproductiveperformancemaysimplyreflectthelossofproteinbelowherthreshold

泌乳早期采食量的重要性

Importanceofearlylactationfeedintake

采食量低或高的母猪在泌乳第一周的差别最大Differencebetweenpoorandhighconsumingsowsgreaterduringfirstweekoflactation猪群繁殖性能会因泌乳早期个体间的巨大差异而出现巨大差别。

Herd’svariationinreproductiveperformanceduetohighersowtosowvariationinearlylactationfeedintake周平均最差的10%最好的10%平均Dial和Koketsu,19953周泌乳期中每周的平均日采食量(千克)(30个猪场，共11,700头母猪)母猪泌乳期采食量变化模式124365泌乳天数泌乳天数泌乳天数泌乳天数泌乳天数泌乳天数千克千克千克千克千克千克泌乳期的饲喂方式PatternofFeedingDuringLactation逐渐增加采食量到满足母猪的食欲，这可能需要每天饲喂三次。Increasefeedintakegraduallytosow’sappetite.Thismayrequiregoingto3meals/day.Day12toWeaning第12天到断奶保持最低目标水平Holdatminimumtargetlevel.Day8-12第8-12天增加日采食量,以达到泌乳第7天的目标.

Increasefeedintakedailytomeetminimumtargetbyday7oflactationDay3–7第3-7天2.5Day1and2

第1和第2天

1.5to2.0DayofFarrowing(d0)分娩后天数(第0天)Kgfeed/day

日采食(千克)Reasonsforgradualincreaseinsowfeedintake

缓慢增加泌乳母猪采食量的理由Sowconstipation母猪便秘Agalactia无乳Mastitis乳房炎Milkscoursinthelitter乳猪下痢Sowsgoingofffeedlaterinlactation泌乳后期采食量下降泌乳母猪的能量和营养需要量

Energyandnutrientrequirementsoflactatingsows

58.244.931.661.948.635.3Lysine,g/day赖氨酸(克/天)1.030.970.890.970.910.82Lysine,%赖氨酸(%)10878836121178936703Protein,g/day蛋白质(克/天)19.218.517.218.417.516.3Protein,%蛋白质(%)18.515.111.620.917.514.1MEintake,Mcal/day*

兆卡代谢能/天5.664.613.566.405.354.31Feed/day,kg母猪日采食(千克)101010000Sowwtloss,kg母猪失重(千克)250200150250200150Piggrowth,g/d仔猪日增重(克)175175175175175175Sowwt,kg母猪体重(千克)NRC1998*dietcontains3.27McalME/kg每千克日粮含代谢能3.27兆卡合成乳汁所需要的理想蛋白质组成

Idealproteinratiosformilksynthesis

55Isoleuc异亮氨酸85Val缬氨酸18Try色氨酸58Thr苏氨酸45Me+Cyst.蛋+胱氨酸100Lysine赖氨酸高瘦肉型泌乳母猪饲喂指南

HIGH-LEANSOWSLACTATIONFEEDGUIDELINES玉米-豆粕基础日粮（去皮）

-不添加麸皮或添加量最高不超过5%CORN-SOYBEANMEAL(DEHULLED)-NOWHEATBRANORMAXIMUM5%自由采食-猪能吃多少喂多少FULLFEEDTOAPPETITE–ASMUCHASSOWWILLEAT18%粗蛋白

18%CRUDEPROTEIN

0.95-1%赖氨酸-全价蛋白质(豆粕,膨化全脂大豆),非合成氨基酸0.95-1.0%LYSINE–COMPLETEPROTEIN(SBM,ExtrudedFullFatSBM),NOTSYNTHETICAMINOACIDS-(夏天需要高水平的日粮以补偿采食量的降低)-(HIGHERLEVELSMAYBENEEDEDINSUMMERTOCOMPENSATEREDUCEDFEEDINTAKE)

3-5%豆油3-5%SOYOIL泌乳母猪的实用饲喂方案APracticalFeedingProgramforLactatingSows最低标准MinimumTarget维持需要1.5千克，加上每哺乳一头仔猪增加0.5千克1.5kgforsowmaintenanceplus0.5