第2、3讲主谓一致

第2、3讲主谓一致2016年9月20日主谓一致(subject-verbconcord)指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则的支配：语法一致原则(grammaticalconcord)意义一致原则(notionalconcord)就近原则(principleofproximity)。单数名词形式作主语的主谓一致集合名词作主语的主谓一致如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数；如果表示成员则用复数。常见的名词：army,audience,class,club,committee,company,crowd,couple,family,group,government,jury,party,personnel,staff,team,union,public等。Ifthefootballteam(wins,win)thegame,theclubwillbethechampion.Thefootballteam(are,is)discussingtheproblemwiththeircoachnow.在实际使用中，audience,board,committee,government,jury,public用作单数的频率超过80%，而staff用作复数的频率超过80%。还有一些在英国英语中作单复数均可的集体名词，如family,crew,在美国英语中多作单数。某些球队、俱乐部、航空公司、企业等带有集体意义的专有名称，通常作复数用，这在英国英语中比较常见，但在美国英语中一般仍作单数对待：Englandhavelostalltheirfootballmatchesthisseason.TheBritishAirwaysarebeingmodernized.TheBBChavebroadcastamessageinwhichtheyhaveaskedacertainMrGreentogototheOverhillHospitalwhendoctorsaretreatinghiswifeafteraseverestroke.有些集合名词，如：folk,people,police,militia,cattle,poultry,vermin等作主语，动词总是跟复数形式。Cattlearegrazinginthefield.Thepolicecarryweapons.Thesevermindoalotofharmtothepoultry.某些表示无生命的集体名词，如cutlery,machinery,jewellery,poetry,merchandise等，通常作单数用。单复数同形的名词作主语的主谓一致要根据上下文的意义及修饰这些词的词来确定其谓语形式。常见的这部分名词有：aircraft,deer,means,sheep,species,series,works,crossroads,headquarters等。There(is,are)variousspeciesofbutterflies.There(has,have)beenaseriesofcaraccidentsatthecrossing.Everymeans(has,have)beentried.Themeansofcommunicationbetweenhereandoutside(is,are)interrupted.Morethanathousandsheep(is,are)eatinggrassonthehillside.复数名词形式作主语的主谓一致以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名的主谓一致以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名等作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。专有名词作主语的主谓一致表示群岛、瀑布、山脉等词以“s”结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数形式。以-ics结尾的名词的主谓一致以-ics结尾的名词指一门学科时，作主语常用单数谓语动词形式。但是，当这些名词表示实际内容时，谓语动词用复数形式。Economics(is,are)hermajor.Economics(has,have)greatlyimprovedinthecountry.Statistics

(shows,show)thatthenumberofhousewiveswhoworkpart-timehasincreasedinthelastfewyearsintheU.S.Of构成的短语作主语的主谓一致“all(most,half,plenty,enough,some,therest,theremainder等）+of”短语作主语的主谓一致如果of后面的部分为复数形式，作主语时谓语动词用复数；如果of后面所接名词为单数，谓语动词用单数。Halfofthestudentsareboys.Therestofthelectureisdull.Therestofthebicyclesareonsaletoday.Whenenoughofthetreeischoppedaway,thetreefalls.上面这些词也可单独作主语，这时其主谓一致关系一般遵循意义一致的原则；如果所指为复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；如果所指为单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式Alliswellthatendswell.Allareeagertoreachanagreement.Althoughhismanyexampleswereallright,theremainder(was,were)notexact.“alot(mass,heap等)+of+名词”短语作主语的主谓一致“alot(mass,heap等)+of+名词”短语作主语时，如果of后面所接名词为复数形式，谓语动词就用复数形式；如果of后面所接名词为单数形式，谓语动词就用单数形式。themassof的用法也相同。Aheapofdifficulities(was,were)pressinghim.Amassofinformation(has,have)beenrevealed.Amassofbooks(is,are)arrangedinthebookstore.Lotsofdamage(was,were)causedbythefire.Themassofpeopleinthecountry(is,are)Christian.“noneof…,neitherof…,eitherof…”构成的短语作主语的主谓一致noneof后面若接的是可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单复数都可以，若接的是不可数名词，就用单数形式。Noneofushave/haseverbeenabroad.Noneofthemoneywaspaidtome.neitherof…和

eitherof…构成的短语作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式，但在口语中也可视为复数。Neitherofthecarswas/weredamaged.Eitherofthemwere/wearsglasses.“分数或百分数+of…”构成的短语作主语的主谓一致在“分数或百分数+of…”结构中，如果of后面的部分为复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；如果后面为单数或不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Three-fourthsofthe

surface

oftheearth(is,are)sea.Aboutonethirdofthebooks(is,are)worthreading.Only30%ofthework(was,were)doneyesterday.About20%ofthestudents

(was,were)absentfromthemeeting.“form(kind,part,piece,portion,section,sort,type等）+of…”短语作主语的主谓一致“formof…”等短语作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数取决于这些词本身的单复数，与of后面的名词没关系。Parts

ofthebookareinteresting.Anew

type

ofbusisnowonshow.Asubstantialportionofthereportsismissing.Thesearetwodifferentforms

ofthesamething.Thekindofbooksanauthorwritesdependsonthekindofmanwhoheis.“Oneof+复数名词或代词+定语从句”结构中的主谓一致Thisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthathavebeenasked.Hewastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowasgivenaprize.“a（the）

number（avariety）of+可数名词作主语时的主谓一致“anumber（avariety）of+可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数；而the

numberof和thevarietyof等+可数名词作主语时作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Thenumberofmistakesissurprising.Agoodnumberofbooksinthemarketareexamination-oriented.Thevarietyofgoodsonsaleinthatshopissurprising.“anamount(amounts)of或aquantity(quantities)of+不可数名词”作主语的主谓一致Alargeamountofmoney(is,are)spentontheproject.Alargequantityofdesert(covers,cover)theland.“quantitiesof或amountsof+不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Smallamountsofland(was,were)usedforraisinganimals.Largequantitiesofcoal(is,are)neededinthefactoryeveryyear.“agroupof+复数名词”作主语的主谓一致当“agroupof/aflockof/acrowdof等+复数名词”作主语时，如果强调的是整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调的是个体，谓语动词用复数形式。Agroupoflittlegirlswas/wereplayinginthepark.Thegroupofyoungpeoplecomefromdifferentpartsoftheworld.a(the)majority(of),a(the)minority(of)短语作主语的主谓一致在a(the)majority)/minorityof…短语中，of后面既可接单数可数名词和复数可数名词，也可接不可数名词。如果of后面的名词是单数形式，谓语动词就用单数形式。如果of后面的名词是复数形式，如视为整体，谓语动词就用单数；如视为个体，谓语动词就用复数形式。Themajorityofstudentswere/wasindifferenttothepoliticalmeeting.Onlyaminorityofstudentsreceive(s)thescholarship.ThemajorityofwoolusedinAmericaisimported.Themajoritywere(was)fortheproposal.Theminorityissubordinatetothemajority.并列主语的主谓一致由and并列的结构作主语时的主谓一致both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数。由and连接两个单数名词作主语时,指的是复数概念,谓语动词用复数形式；一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词也用复数.如：Themanagerandthesecretarywerepresentatthemeeting.Goodandbadbutterarethingsquitedifferenttoourtaste.Ancientandmodernhistoryare

thesubjectswearestudying.当and连接的并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。Myneighborandcolleagueiswateringtheflowers.Whiskyandsodaisalwaysmyfavoritedrink.Thehammerandsicklewasflyingfromtallflagpole.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.Yourassistanceandthatofyourfriendsis

greatlyappreciated.each…andeach…,every…andevery…,no…andno…等作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。Eachboyandeachgirliscongratulated.Noteacherandnostudentwaspresent.两个部件配成的物品,比如aknifeandfork,acupandsaucer,acartandhorse等,也可视为单数概念。or,either…or…,notonly…but(also)

…等连接的并列成分作主语时的主谓一致根据就近一致的原则处理。Eitherfansoranair-conditionerisnecessaryforthislaboratory.Notonlytheteacherbutalsohisstudentsobjecttothechange.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherobjects

tothechange.“名词(或代词)+介词词组”作主语的主谓一致当主语后面跟由with,togetherwith,alongwith,like,inadditionto,aswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,except等连接的词组时,其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定。Thepilot

aswellastwoofthepassengershasmiraculouslyescapeddeathMan,nolessthanthelowerformsoflife,is

theproductoftheevolution.Nooneexcepttwoservantswas

latefordinner.DoctorSmith,togetherwithhiswifeandtwosons,is

toarriveontheeveningflight.主语从句中的主谓一致What-分句作主语的主谓一致由what引导的主语从句放在句首,主句谓语动词一般用单数。Whathurtourfeelingmostwashisruderemarks.如果主句中的主语补语是复数形式，谓语动词也可以是复数形式。Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.当what分句的谓语动词及其补足语为复数结构时，主句的谓语动词也可以是复数形式。Whatareoftenregardedaspoisonousfungiaresometimessafelyedible.that等名词性分句作主语的主谓一致that等名词性分句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Thattheywerewronginthesemattersisnowcleartous.Whoistoheadthedelegationisstillopentoquestion.两个由and连接的名词性从句作主语的主谓一致两个由and连接的名词性从句作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremainamysterytous.其他结构中的主谓一致名词化的形容词作主语的主谓一致当“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；如果指某一抽象概念或事物，谓语动词则用单数。如：Thesick

hereareverywellcaredfor.Inmanystories,

thegoodarewellrewardedandthebadaredoomedtounfortunate.Thebeautifullivesforever.Wecandothedifficultfirst.Theimpossibletakesalittlelonger.Theaccusedwasacquitted.以-sh,-ch和-ese等结尾的形容词与定冠词the连用,表示总称,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类词有：theChinese,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theJapanese,theDutch,thePolish,theSwedish等。非限定分句作主语的主谓一致单个动名词短语或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。Yourleavingussosoonwasagreatdisappointmentforusall.Toplanacompositioninadvanceisagoodidea.如果主语为两个并列的非限定动词形式，且并列的两部分皆指同一概念或事情时，用单数谓语动词形式。Weepandwailingdoesnothingtowardssolvingtheproblem.由

“morethanone…”或

“manya…”

构成的短语作主语的主谓一致谓语动词用单数形式Thereismorethanoneanswertoyourquestion.Manyamanhassacrificedhimforthecauseoftherevolution.不定代词each,one,noone,some(any,no,every)+body(one或thing)等作主语时的主谓一致谓语动词一律是单数Eachcoupleisaskedtocompleteaform.Everyoneofushashadsuchanexperience.Eitherofthestudentsgoestothelibraryeveryday.某些表示时间，距离，金额，重量，计量，空间，体积等意义的名词词组作主语的主谓一致把这些复数名词看做一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。Eighthoursofsleepisenough.Tenthousandspoundsisquitealargesum.Twentyyearsi