第二讲 实用文体与翻译

Lesson2PracticalWritingandItsTranslation第二讲实用文体与翻译李国玉liguoyu85@2013实用文体与文体学实用文体的体系实用文体的主要特征实用文体的翻译要求PracticalWritingStyleandStylistics文体学StylisticsStylisticsisthestudyandinterpretationoftextsfromalinguisticperspective.Asadisciplineitlinksliterarycriticismandlinguistics,buthasnoautonomousdomainofitsown.Thepreferredobjectofstylisticstudiesisliterature,butnotexclusively"highliterature"butalsootherformsofwrittentextssuchastextfromthedomainsofadvertising,popculture,politicsorreligion.文体学是从语言学角度研究和阐释文本的学科。这门学科将文学批评和语言学联系起来，它没有自己独立的领域。文体学的研究对象通常是文学作品，但并非无一例外总是“高雅文学”，它也研究其他形式的文本，比如广告、通俗文学、政治或宗教文本。Stylisticsattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.Otherfeaturesofstylisticsincludetheuseofdialogue,descriptivelanguage,theuseofgrammar,thedistributionofsentencelengths,theuseofparticularlanguageregisters,etc.文体学的目的是要找出一些规律，这些规律可以用来解释个人或群体在使用语言的过程中所作出的特定的选择。文体的其他特征还包括对话的使用，描述性语言的使用，语法的使用，长短句的分布，对某个特定语体的使用，等等。此外，文体学的研究在于：（1）分析各种语言习惯，以便确定哪些特征经常地或仅仅应用于某些场合；（2）尽可能地说明为什么某种文体具有这些特征，而不具备另一些特征；（3）以语言功能为依据，对这些特征进行分类。这里，“特征”是指任何可以从语流中挑选出来进行归纳的现象。它们存在于语言的任何平面——词、词组、句子、段落及篇章。凡是适用有限场合的特征，均可视为具有文体意义或在文体上可资区别的特征。实用文体的体系科技英语（EnglishforScienceandTechnology）Medicine,Engineering,Computer,Chemistry商业经济英语(EnglishforBusinessandEconomy)Economics,Business,Accounting社会科学英语(EnglishforSocialScience)Law,Journalism,LibraryScience学术英语（EnglishforAcademicPurposes）职业英语（EnglishforOccupationalPurposes）实用文体的主要特征MainFeaturesofPracticalStyle信息性Informative劝导性Persuasive匿名性Anonymous信息性Informative实用文体的基本功能是荷载人类社会的各种信息：叙事明理、传旨达意、立法布道。Themajorfunctionofpracticalwritingsaretoconveyvariousinformationofthehumansociety,namely,tonarrateastory,toillustrateanargument,togiveanotice,tomakeanannouncement,toissuealaw,tosetarule,andsoon.Themainbuildingofthehotel,12storieshigh,has659roomsandsuites,avarietyofrestaurants,bars,banquetroomsandfunctionroomsaswellasacompletesetofservicefacilitiesincludingbusinesscenters,shoppingarcadeandin-doorswimmingpool.饭店主楼12层，拥有客房659间，各式餐厅、酒吧、宴会厅等多功能厅齐备，并有商务中心、商场、室内游泳池等多项服务设施。聘请保姆我处有几个孩子（一岁半至两岁）需人照顾。每周约工作5天，每天上午9点至12点。如有愿者，请与圣·保罗大街3号楼2单元202联系。电话WANTEDlookafterchildren(1½to2years)inmyflat5daysawk.9to12a.m.St.PaulStreet3-2-2020532-85239278劝导性Persuasive实用文本劝导受众去相信什么或不相信什么，劝导人们去认可或否定什么。作者力图表述客观、文字确凿，使自己提供的信息可被验证或追本溯源。Practicalwritingspersuadetheaudiencetobelieveordisbelievethings,toapproveordisapprovethings.Theauthortriestobeobjectiveandunambiguous,sothattheinformationthatheconveysisverifiableortraceable.科技文本、知识普及类文本诉诸理性。ThepreviouslyunknownKoichiTanakabecamethecountry’ssecondyoungestNobelwinner,andtheonlyrecipientofthechemistryprizetohavenomorethanabachelor’sdegree.从前默默无闻的田中耕一成为日本第二位最年轻的诺贝尔奖得主。他是唯一的一位只有本科学历的化学奖获得者。Highertemperatureareassociatedwithgreatermeltingrates.温度越高，熔化速度就越快。旅游文本或广告文体诉诸想象或愿望。九寨沟是个童话的世界。冬天的九寨沟，童话的意味更长。Nine-VillageValleyisaworldoffairytales.Inwinter,ithasalotmoretotell.Cokerefreshesyoulikenoothercan.没有别的食品能像可口可乐那样使您精神豪爽；没有别的罐装饮料像可口可乐那样使您清新。夺“罐”清爽，唯有可口可乐！可口可乐，清爽一“冠”！匿名性Anonymous匿名性主要指实用文体的各类语篇缺乏、甚至没有作者或译者个性，而是按一定的（约定俗成的）程式行事，其次是指许多语篇不署作者、译者姓名。对于译者来说，作者因素并不重要，重要的是语篇提供的信息及信息传递的效果。Practicalwritingseitherlackoravoidtheauthor’sorthetranslator’sindividuality,writtenaccordingtogiven（conventional）formulas.Alotofthesetextsareunsigned.Forthetranslator,whatisimportantisnotwhowritesthetext,butwhatinformationisconveyedandhow.合同contractThiscontractismadebyandbetweentheauthorizedrepresentativesofHASTINGSLtd.(hereinaftercalledtheBuyer)andtheTAIHUAIndustriesCorporation(hereinaftercalledtheSeller)throughfriendlydiscussionaccordingtothetermsandconditionsstipulatedthereunder.赫斯汀有限公司（以下简称买方）授权的代表与泰华工业公司（以下简称卖方）通过友好协商根据以下条款签订本合同。广告ad有一套未配置家具的公寓，内有三间卧室和两个卫生间，有一个可停放两辆汽车的车库，公寓内有壁炉和电冰箱，有意者可通过电话联系面谈，电话号码

UNF.APT3bdrm.2ba.2–cargarfplc.,frig.callforappt用文体的翻译要求1.Correctness2.Fluency3.Appropriateness4.Efficiency1.正确性Correctness有些单词或词组在专业英语中，与在日常生活中常用的意思不一样，翻译的时候要注意正确理解，选用相应的行业术语或常用语。NoticesorothercommunicationsrequiredtobegivenbyonePartypursuanttothisAgreementshallbewritteninChinese.一方根据本协议要求发出的通知或其它书信应以中文书写。Theforeigninvestorhasacquiredmorethan10PRCdomesticenterprisesengaginginrelatedindustrieswithinayear.外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。1.正确性Correctness在表达空间、时间、位置、价值等概念时需精确，切忌主观臆断。如贵方能将尿素报价降至每吨1200法郎，我们可订购150至180吨。Ifyoucanreduceyourpriceofureato1,200Frenchfrancsperton,wemaybeabletoplaceanorderof150-180metrictons.2.通达FluencyAnypersonnotputtinglitterinthisbasketwillbeliabletoafineof$5.任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将处以罚款5美元。废物入筐，违者罚款5美元。大碗喝茶解渴，却说不上茶是怎样的好。Onecangetridofthirstbydrinkingteawithabowlbuthecannottellhowwonderfultheteais.Todrinkatagulpisaquickwaytoquenchthirst,butitgivesnotasteofthehighgradetea.当时上海行路难、乘车难成为突出的社会问题。ThenpeopleinShanghaifoundgreattroubleingettingtotheirdestinationsonfootorbycaranditbecameatopsocialproblem.3.适切Appropriateness政治语境、文化氛围、方针政策、技术规范香港特别行政区将保持自由港和独立关税地区的地位。TheHongKongSpecialAdministrationRegionwillretainthestatusofafreeportandaseparatecustomsterritory.“五讲四美三热爱”themovementoffivestresses,fourbeauties,andthreelove五个重点，四个美女，三个情人？Stressondecorum,manners,hygiene,disciplineandmorals;beautyofthemind,language,behavior,andtheenvironment;loveofthemotherland,socialismandtheCommunistParty3.适切Appropriateness…2010年被评为“先进工作者”。…wasrewardedas“AdvancedEmployee”in2010.被评为“高阶员工”？“老年员工”？TheweatherinWuhanissunnyandthetemperatureis84°F.武汉晴，温度84度。°F=FahrenheitF=32+Cx1.8°C=CentigradeC=（F-32）÷1.8武汉晴，温度30摄氏度。3.适切Appropriateness实用语篇，无论书信、合同、报告、标书，甚至论文、新闻报道等都有一定的程式。程式不仅指格式（表格、报告、论文、文摘等），也指文字式样。Weclaim:Whatisclaimedis:WhatI(we)claimis:Claims:请求权项：/专利权要求范围：/本专利的权项范围是：Havingthusdescribedtheinvention,weclaim:Theclaimsdefiningtheinventionareasfollows:WhatIclaimasmyinventionanddesiretosecurebyLettersPatentis:4.快捷Efficiency翻译速度是委托人或客户的要求之一。由于市场经济的运转速度加快，各行各业都重视时效，没有速度就没有翻译任务。过去“慢工出细活”的做法已不可行。现在的要求是既要质量好，又要译得快。Homework2

Therearetwomaintypesoftrainingthataprofessioncanprovideforitsmembers:vocationaltrainingandacademictraining.Vocationalcoursesprovidetraininginpracticalskillsbutdonotincludeastrongtheoreticalcomponent.Agoodexamplewouldbeacourseinplumbingortyping.Attheendofatypingcourse,astudentisabletotypeaccuratelyandatspeedandhasapieceofpapertoproveit.Butthatistheendofthestory;whats/heacquiresisapurelypracticalskillwhichisrecognizedbysocietyas‘skilledwork’butisnotgenerallyelevatedtothelevelofaprofession.Likevocationalcourses,mostacademiccoursessetouttoteachstudenthowtodoaparticularjobsuchcuringcertaintypesofillness,buildingbridges,orwritingcomputerprograms.Buttheydomorethanthat:anacademiccoursealwaysincludesastrongtheoreticalcomponent.Thevalueofthistheoreticalcomponentisthatitencouragesstudentstoreflectonwhattheydo,howtheydoit,andwhytheydoitinonewayratherthananother.Thislastexercise,exploringtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofvariouswaysofdoingthings,isitselfimpossibletoperformunlessonehasathoroughandintimateknowledgeoftheobjectsandtoolsofone’swork.Adoctorcannotdecidewhetheritisbettertofollowonecourseoftreatmentratherthananotherwithoutunderstandingsuchthingsashowthehumanbodyworks,whatsideeffectsagivenmedicinemayhave,whatisavailabletocounteracttheseeffects,andsoon.

Theoreticaltrainingdoesnotnecessarilyguaranteesuccessinallinstances.Thingsstillgowrongoccasionallybecause,inmedicineforexample,thereactionofthehumanbodyandtheinfluenceofotherfactorssuchasstresswillneverbetotallypredictable.Buttheval