英汉词化程度对比 (second major)

英汉词化对比

ContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseLexicalization

Instructor:WeiHaiyanOntheotherhand,somepeoplethinkthatsettingofffirecrackersisabadthing.Becausefirecrackersareverydangerous.Theymightcausethefire,maketheeyes

blindandevenkillsomebody.Sotheymustbebanned.Ithinkfirecrackersneedn’tbebanned,buttheymustbelimited.Firecrackersaregoodthings,butwhentheymakepeopledangeroustheybecomebadthings.Sowhenwearesettingofffirecrackers,wemustpaymuchattentiontosafety.1.AnintroductiontoLexicalizationItistheprocessofmakingawordtoexpressaconcept.Oritistherealizationofameaninginasinglewordormorphemeratherthaninagrammaticalconstruction.(词化是指一个短语或句子在使用过程中逐渐凝固成一个词或词项)AccordingtoBanczerowski,forthesameconceptormeaning,ifitisexpressedbyaphrase,itisanalyticexpression(分析型表达法);ifitisexpressedbyaword,itissyntheticexpression(综合型表达法)。Obviously,syntheticexpressionislexicalizedexpression.2.英汉词化程度对比2.1derivativewords有前缀in-,inter-,en-,dis-,counter-等构成的派生词。Inflame:使燃烧；使交替Interlace:使交织；EnableEmbarrass:使窘;使不好意思,使局促不安Dispirit:使气馁;使沮丧Counterpoise:使平衡expound用例子说明,enlist谋取……的支持disown否认同自己有关,disfigure毁损外形/容貌,·有后缀–ize,-en,-fy,-ate等构成的派生词。Dramatize使……戏剧化；使惹人注目Flatten把……弄平；弄平；使失去光泽；Identify使等同于isolate使孤立;使脱离2.2convertedwords转类词Heraisedhiseyebrows,cockedhishead,andregardedmeasthoughmeasuringmeforasuit.·形容词转使役性动词Empty把……弄空，Perfect使完美，Clear使明净·具体名词转动词Plague使染上瘟疫，Bog使陷入泥塘，Wrinkle使起皱纹，Powder把……弄成粉末，Frown皱眉表示反对，Hedge用树篱笆围起来Spiral呈螺旋状上升，Diagram用图来表示，Shepherd向牧羊人一样照料，Patent获得……的专利这些官员只是在鱼肉百姓。小朋友们很喜欢在舞台上秀自己。“春风又绿江南岸”驴不胜怒蹄之汤武身之也Example:John'sfathermovedasmallgeneratorintothedownstairshallway,wiredseverallightbulbstoitandpreparedaconnectiontotherefrigerator.Windandrainnowwhippedthehouse.Waterincheditswayupthestepsasfirst-flooroutsidewallscollapsed.Stripsofclothingfestoonedthestandingtrees.

Householdandmedicalsuppliesstreamedinbyplane,train,truckandcar.Camille,meanwhile,hadrakeditswaynorthwardacrossMississippi,…2.3单纯词Asimplewordiscomposedofasinglemorpheme.Itiscomparativelyhighindegreeoflexicalization.hit使认识;使明白,merge使合并，使结合,baffle使困惑；使挫折，阻碍,flush使得意；使兴奋；使脸上发红,strike使人突然想到,deprive是不能有,afflict使遭受极大的痛苦，折磨；annoy使生气,puzzle使迷惑,dim使……看不清,fidget使坐立不安,verbsfor“talk,laugh,shout,see,motion”exclaim大声说,guffaw大笑着说,blurt脱口而出；突然说出,stammer吞吞吐吐地说，结结巴巴地说,howl吼叫着说出,snap厉声说；愤怒地说,bet打赌说,reiterate反复说,grasp气喘吁吁地说,mumble含糊地说,whisper低声说,babble喋喋不休,ejaculate突然说出,flounder错乱地说出,支吾hiss嘶嘶地说出;sneer轻蔑地笑,beam眉开眼笑,chortle哈哈大笑,titter嗤嗤地笑；傻笑;brawl高声叫喊,clamor大声叫喊;stare目不转睛地看,blink惊愕地看;quiver微微颤抖,feast大吃大喝,grip紧紧抓住,buffet反复不断地撞击,accost走向前与之攀谈,slouch无精打采地站,swish刷刷地甩动,nudge臂肘轻推促使某人注意,dangle晃来晃去地吊着；悬垂着,dread极度的害怕RadioandtelevisionwarningshadsoundedthroughoutthatSunday,lastAugust17,asCamillelashednorthwestwardacrosstheGulfofMexico.ItwascertaintopummelGulfport,Miss.,wheretheKosherslived.Theplacehasbeenheresince1915,andnohurricanehaseverbotheredit.Johnwatchedthewaterlapatthesteps…"riseslowly"

Rainfellsteadilythatafternoon;graycloudsscuddedinfromtheGulfontherisingwind.TheFrenchdoorsinanupstairsroomblewinwithanexplosivesoundButthecarswouldn'tstart;theelectricalsystemshadbeenkilledbywater.Shepeerednervouslyatherlitter.Amomentlater,thehurricane,inonemightyswipe,liftedtheentireroofoffthehouseandskimmedit40feetthroughtheair.Telephonepolesand20-inch-thickpinescrackedlikegunsasthewindssnappedthem.Atthatmoment,thewindtoreoutonewallandextinguishedthelantern.Asecondwallmoved,wavered,CharlieHilltriedtosupportit,butittoppledonhim,injuringhisback.Thelargerchildrensprawledonthefloor,withthesmalleronesinalayerontopofthem,andtheadultsbentoverallnine.Thefloortilted.TheKoshaksandtheirfriendshadsurvived.3.英汉词化差异对英语教学的影响

Turnthefollowinganalyticexpressionsintosyntheticexpressions.1.Thenewsmadeusnolongeranxiousbutjoyful.2.WatchingtoomuchTVmakeschildrenunabletostudywell.3.Thisopportunitymakesmesharetheirexperienceandknowledge.4.Thelessonmakesmeneverforget.5.Allthefactsmakemeconcludethatmoneydoesn’tmeaneverything.6.TVmakespeoplehavefewchancestocommunicateeachother.7.Inasensethesocietymakeswomenunabletoenjoytheequalright.8.TVmakesusknowabouttheoutsideworld.9.Thisfailuremakesthemlearnthatcarefulpreparationisalwaysimportant.10.Ithinkitmakesmedealwithaffairslogically.11.Herdeparturefrommylifealsomademebecometodistrustthefriendship.12.Familylifemakesmefeelhappy.13.Settingofffirecrackersmightmakepeople’slivesdangerous14.Thepresentsituationsmakeushavethereasontobeoptimistic.15.Thecampaignshave,however,mademoreandmorepeoplerealizetheimportanceoftrafficrules.16.Thefloodcausedsome500peopletolosetheirlives.17)UsuallyIwillreadthenewspaperveryquicklyandtrytofindsomeinterestingstories.18)Itisnoteasytolookafteraspoiledchildlikeamother.19)Itrytohidemyinnerfearwithamaskofshowingconfidence.20)TakingaBoeing767plane,wewenttoShanghai.21)Thestreetsofthecityarecomplex,whichmakesmanyvisitorspuzzled.正如何善芬(2002:135)指出：“中国学生在用母语即汉语表达时，大多说情况习惯采用分析型表达，只偶尔用一用复合词，这是语言的形态使然。但这种定式对用英语表达相应的汉语意义时选择表达法干扰甚大，而英语动词本身的情况（词化程度的单纯词占绝大多数）则要求中国学生在用英语表达时不能只使用或太多太滥的使用分析型表达法，必须采用一些综合型表达发来表达用分析型表达法来表达的一些汉语意义。否则，不可能学会比较地道、简练的英语，无法做到尽可能缩小中国式英语和地道英语的差距。”翻译1)…whoattachsuchgreatimportancetostayingalivethattheyclawtheirneighborstodeathjustfortheprivilege.2)Thenewspapersheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.3)Theprocessmadeisdwarfedbytheextentoftheproblem.4)Thedroughtisexpectednotonlytocripplethemodestindustrialdevelopmentofthosecountriesbutalsotoweakenprospectsforpoliticalstability.5)Thepresentpositionandpotentialitiesofthisregionjustifyoptimism.AnAmericanteacheroncesaid,toproducevivid,economic,andidiomaticlanguage,oneshouldtrytoavoidusing“bePattern”,usingmorepowerfulactionverbs（强有力的行为动词）。1)TheSummerpalaceisoneofthebiggestandoldestparksinChina.ItisthemostbeautifulparkinBeijingaswell.Inthepark,therearemanyfamousarchitectureswhichmakeitquietdifferentfromotherparks.ManyfamousarchitecturalfeaturesdistinguishtheSummerPalace,oneofthebiggestandoldestparksinChina,fromjustanyotherpark.2)Afteritsnaturalscenery,thedominantfeatureofNankingistheYangtzeRiverBridge.Secondonlytothenaturalscenery,theYangtzeRiverBridgedominatesNanking.3)Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse.ThenameoftheparkisTian-tanPark,whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago.ItisthebiggestparkinBeijing.TheTian-Tanparkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell.NearmyhousestandsTian-Tan,thebiggestparkinBeijing,builtseveralhundredyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness.4)Thereisaplacewheredreamsofparadiseremotearetransformedintoreality.ItisverymuchtherealChina,embracingallofthetraditionalChinesegoods,cultureandhistory.Theplacetransformsdreamsofaremoteparadiseintoreality.ItembracesallofthetraditionalChinesegoods,cultureandhistory.5)Nanking’sclimateismarkedbyintensedryheatduringsummermonths,theoriginofitsreputationasoneoft