美国英语第四册 Lesson 15

Lesson15ByAdamWu1.Readandlisten1.aCD3T18chimpanzeen.黑猩猩chimpherbn.草specificadj.特定的bushn.灌木bebelievedto被认为aspiliapreciselyadv.精确地overnightadv./adv./n.经过一夜地explanationn.解释bitteradj.苦的severaladj.好几个，很多tuskn.象等动物的长牙，獠牙crunchv.处理；嘎吱嘎吱地咀嚼sodiumn.钠元素neutralizev.【化学】中和neutraladj.中立的，中性的2.Grammar被动语态动词的语态表示的是主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态。主动语态（ActiveVoice）表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态（PassiveVoice）则表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态。

构成形式：be+done

Everybodylikeshim.Heislikedbyeverybody.（动作接受者+be+done+by+动作发出者）

一、主动语态和被动语态

各时态动词的被动语态形式，以do为例：

时态

时间一般时进行时完成时现在am/is/are

doneam/is/arebeingdonehave\hasbeendone过去was\weredonewas\werebeingdonehadbeendone将来shall\willbedonewillbebeingdoneshall\willhavebeendone过去将来should/wouldbedoneshould/wouldhavebeendone二、何时使用被动语态动作谁做的不知道，说出谁做的没必要。

如：

Paperismadefromwood.

Thehousewasbuiltin1950.

Hewaswoundedinthefight.

2.需要强调动作承受者。

如：

Calculatorcan'tbeusedinthemathsexam.

Booksandnewspapersinthereading

roommustn'tbetakenaway.

3.为了使语气委婉，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，使句子得以更好的安排。如：

Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbe

completedbytheendofnextmonth.

4、科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍等媒体中，突出描述的客观性。如：Over13peoplehavebeenkilledinthisaccidentsofar.三、被动语态的形式

含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+过去分词Childrenshouldbegivenenoughfreedomtodeveloptheirinterests.Thiscan’tbedoneinashorttime.Canthisbedonebymachine?Theworkmustbedoneatonce.

2.带有双宾语的句子变为被动语态(1)变间接宾语为被动语态的主语，保留直接宾语：

Hesentmeapresent.Iwassentapresentbyhim.

(2)变直接宾语为被动语态的主语，把间接宾语

改为介词to或for引起的状语：

Apresentwassenttomebyhim.

3.含有复合宾语的主动句变被动句

(1)形容词、名词作宾补时，将宾语变为主语，宾补不变。

如：TheycallherXiaoLi.

SheiscalledXiaoLi.

Heleftthedooropen.

Thedoorwasleftopenbyhim.

(2)感官动词(hear,listento,watch,see,feel,notice)和使役动词(make,let,have,help)等动词后接不定式做宾补时一般不加to，但变为被动时，必须加to。

S+be（的各种形式)+felt/seen/heard/noticed/watched/observed/made/had

etc+todosth.口诀：一感，二听，三让，四看。

主动句中to拿走，被动句中to回来。Tomwasmadetorecitethosedullpoems.Shewasheardtosinginherroomlastnight.

一般来讲，只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有许多由“动词+介词/副词/副词+介词”构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态，但应注意动词短语是一个不可分割的整体。变被动时，不可丢掉构成短语的介词或副词。这样的短语有：lookafter,listento,lookat,payattentionto,takecareof,lookforwardto,makeuseof,etc.

4动词短语的被动语态①Theyhadputoutthefirebeforethefire-brigadearrived.

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②Theywillsetupanewpublicschoolhere.

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Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefire-brigadearrived.Anewpublicschoolwillbesetuphere.练习

主动语态中的宾语是从句，变成被动时有两种句型。WeknowthatBritainisanislandcountry.

It'sknownthatBritainisanislandcountry.Britainisknowntobeanislandcountry.

5、宾语从句的被动语态6.其他谓语动词是以下时，无被动。

如：

happen,takeplace,belongto,suit,fit(适合),have,let,join,fall,last（延长）,cost（花费）

breakout（爆发）appear,lack（缺乏），hold(容纳)，burstout(迸发)，agreewith（同意）。Thewarbrokeoutbetweentwocountries.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.2.c2.aresaidtobeableto3.areknowntoeat4.arebelievedtomake5.aresaidtobe6.areknowntobehave7.arebelievedtohave8.aresaidtobedying3.Readayearlycheck-up年度体检approachesto方法，途径

healv.治疗acupuncturen.针灸massagen.按摩therapyn.疗法long-standingadj.长期的conventionalmedicine常规治疗alternativemedicineeasternadj.东方的orientaladj.东方的4.Vocabulary4.achjgb,fiaed4.b1.check-up2.operatedon3.surgeon4.ananaethetic5.painkiller6.diagnosis7.suffers5.PronunciationCD3T20CD3T211.thin/thing2.sun/sung3.ran/rang4.sin/sing5.ban/bang6.run/rung5.b1.Heraninwhenthephonerang.2.Don’tbangonthetable.It’sbannedhere.3.Sorry,Ron.You’rewrong.6.Listen6.aCD3T226.bCD3T221.heather[植]石南属植物2.honeysuckle金银花3.rockrose沙漠坐莲4.violet紫罗兰5.gorse金雀花6.olive橄榄

dcbfaeFTTTF7.Vocabulary1.panicky2.homesick3.inattentive4.absent-mindedadj.心不在焉的5.over-anxious6.nostalgicadj.怀旧的cdaefb1.absent-minded2.homesick3.over-anxious4.nostalgic9.Vocabulary9.aCD3T191.ctooperateonsomeone2.hapainkiller止痛药3.torecoverfrom4.g.ananesthetic麻醉药5.banemergencyroom6.fadiagnosis7.itosufferfrom8.aasurgeon9.esymptom症状10.dacheck-up10.b1.check-up2.operatedon3.surgeon4.ananesthetic,painkiller5.recoverfrom6.diagnosis7.suffers9.Greatbreakthroughinmedicine9.cCD3T23beusedto习惯于breakthroughn.突破advancen.进步advancedadj.先进的curev.治疗vaccinen.疫苗organtransplant器官移植groundbreakingadj.突破性的pumpv.泵vaccinationn.注射疫苗cowpoxn.牛痘smallpoxn.天花beexposedto暴露于killercholeran.霍乱typhoidn.伤寒stethoscopen.听诊器germn.细菌microorganismn.微生物microben.微生物microbioticadj.微生物的

microbiologyn.微生物学pasteurizationn.巴氏消毒法problematicadj.有问题的radiationn.辐射transfusionn.输血fusev.