“英语词汇学”课件7-10章

Meaningchangesindifferentways.Extensionthemeaningchangesfromspecifictogeneralizedoneorcoverabroaderconceptthing-审判大会、政治会议anythingChapter7ChangesinWord

Meaning2)Specialization/narrowing

(缩小）Originally,theymean:garage-安全的地方poison-饮料hospital-休息娱乐场所3)Elevation

（升格）贬义/中性义--褒义（或高级别）Marshall--马夫-元帅Executive一般执行者-行政官员4)Degradation（降格）中性/褒义贬义Cunning有学问的--狡猾的Sly-熟练的-偷偷摸摸的；狡猾的5.Transference(transfer)ofMeaningAwordusedtodesignateonething,butlateritbegantomeansomethingelsePaperpapyrus(纸莎草)-纸mainly:(1)AssociatedTransfertooth,lip,nosecanusedtorefertothings:thelipofawound,thenoseofaplane(2)TransferbetweenabstractandConcreteMeaningsRoom-space-房间(concrete)Grasp抓-understand(abstract)(3)TransferbetweenSubjectiveandObjectivethingsDreadfulsomethng/sbfullofdreadsomething/sbthatcausesdreadPitiful(4)synesthesia联觉(感官词之间)sweetmusic,warmcolors,clearsounding6.Euphemism委婉语ToiletRestroom,bathroom,John,convenience,washroom,comfortroom,powderroom,lady’s,gentleman’s,…DieCausesofchange:extra-linguisticfactorssuchashistoricalreason(pen),classreason(revolution,communism.humanrights)andpsychologicalreason(garbagecollectorsanitationengineer)2)Linguisticfactors(1)Internalfactorscausethechangegoldmedal-gold;lightbulbbulb(2)InfluenceofalienwordsDeerreferstoanimal,but“animal”fromLatinwaslaterintroducedintoEnglish,sothemeaningofdeerwasnarrowed.(3)analogy

Fruition-享用,享受-结果(fruit),实现Chapter8

MeaningandContextThemeaningofawordisoftendecidedbywhereitisused,eitherinaspokenorwrittendiscourse.-contextMeaninglivesincontexttypesTypesofContext:Linguisticcontext,extra(non)-linguisticcontextLinguisticcontextmaybedividedinto2:lexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Apieceofpaper,atermpaper,today’spaper,examinationpaper,etc.Whatcontextdoyouthinktheabovebelongto?doone’steeth;dotheflowers;dofish;dowell(atschool)Lootatthefollowingsentenceswith“become”,whichcontextaretheyrelatedtotounderstanditsmeaning?Hebecameveryexcitedaboutthefinalexam.(linkverb)Thecoatdoesn’tbecomeyouatall.(transitiveverb)Sometimesthemeaningofawordcanbedecidedonlyafteraparagraph,achapterorevenabookisread.Forexample,“Janet!Donkeys!”Extra-linguisticContextCulture,situation,cognition3basicelementsJohnisquick(quick-minded;fast,hot-yempered…..)Lookout!Tradeunion:strongpoliticalmeaningintheWestAggressiveLoverTheroleofContext1)getridofambiguityTheballwasveryattractive.Tomrantherace.Theysawherduck.Noun?Verb?2)helpdefinereferentsThis/that,now/then,etc.3)providecluesforinferringword-meaningexample:Kinesics,thestudyofbodymovement,wassuggestedbyProfessorBird-whistell.Chapter9EnglishIdiomsExpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheliteralmeaningsofindividualelements.(setphrasesandsortsentences)Inabroadsense,theycanincludecolloquialisms,slangexpressions,proverbs,etc.Characteristics:(1)SemanticUnityraincatsanddogs;It’sapieceofcake.Howdoyoudo!(2)StructuralStabilitylipserviceoutofthequestionGodblessyou!ClassificationofidiomsManyways.Inthisbook,grammmaticalfunctionisthecriterion1.Idiomsnominalinnature--functionsasanounAwhiteelephant,Jackofalltradesbraintrust(智囊团)2.Idiomsadjectivalinnatureaspoorasachurchmouse,cutanddried(常规的、例行的)beyondthepale（发疯的）3.idiomsverbalinnaturelookinto…getawaywith…makeitfallflatletthedogseetherabbit4.Idiomsadverbialinnatureheartandsoulinnothingflat（inaverylittletime)throughthickandthin（不顾艰难险阻）toothandnail(竭尽全力）如何区分一般短语和习语？Canyoutellus?可否从字面意义确定意义已有知识5)sententialidiomsNothingsucceedslikesuccess.Feedacoldandstarveafever.Nothingventure,nothinghave.Helaughsbestwholaughslast.Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.……UseofIdiomsWehavetoknowsomecharacteristicsofidiomstousethempeoperlyinrealcommunication.1.stylisticfeaturesformal,informal(colloquial)1)colloquialismsHanginTom!(Donotgiveup)Sheisabigwheelinthecommunity.(influentialperson)2)slangCancerstickHitthesack(gotobed)3)literaryexpressions书面语Terriblethingscametopasslastyear.Faminefollowedinthewakeofwar.2.RhetoricalFeatures1)PhoneticManipulationA.alliterationmightandmain（全力以赴）partandparcel（mostimportantpart)B.rhymebyhookandbycrook（千方百计）fairandsquare(honest)wearandtear磨损2）LexicalManipulationA.reiteration

同义反复ScreamandshoutPickandchooseB.Repetitionbyandby(soon),outandout彻头彻尾的neckandneck并驾齐驱C.juxtaposition并置（反义词）Rainorshine,hereandthere,pennywiseandpoundfoolish3)SemanticManipulationA.simile

As…as..Asmuteasafish;asgracefullikeaswanAsbusyasa____;asstrongas___

//like…B.metaphorHeisasnakeinthegrass（暗藏之敌）C.metonymyFromcradlet